Cotton has played a great role in the global and Indian economies since immemorial time. The antiquity of cotton in the Indian subcontinent has been traced to the 4th millennium BC. The wild species of Gossypium are important sources of useful traits such as special and superior fibre properties, cytoplasmic male sterility, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses etc. which can be introgressed into the cultivated species for improvement. Since the variability available in cultivated germplasm is limited and has been exhaustively utilized in breeding programmes, it has become a necessity to collect, conserve and develop basic germplasm materials enriched with rare useful genes. Conservation is very important in mango, because many species are becoming extinct and many others are threatened and endangered.

1. PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE STRATEGIES
IN COLLECTION OF MAJOR CROPS OF INDIAN
ORIGIN SUCH AS COTTON, MANGO AND
APPROACHES FOR COLLECTION INCLUDING
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
Presented by
DHANUJA.N
2019508005

2. COTTON
GERMPLASM

3. INTRODUCTION
 The genus Gossypium which belongs to the
family Malvaceae includes about 50 species, out
of which four species are cultivated for their
spinnable fibre.
 There are 43 diploid species with 2n = 26
chromosomes which have been classified into 7
genomes from A to G, and 7 tetraploid species
with 2n = 52 chromosomes with genome
designation AD.
 World production are about 25 million tonnes or
110 million bales annually, accounting for 2.5% of
the world's arable land.
 India is the world's largest producer of cotton. The
United States has been the largest exporter for

4. COMMERCIALLY GROWN
SPECIES OF COTTON
 Gossypium hirsutum – upland cotton, native
to Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean and
southern Florida (90% of world production)
 Gossypium barbadense – known as extra-long
staple cotton, native to tropical South America
(8% of world production)
 Gossypium arboreum – tree cotton, native to
India and Pakistan (less than 2%)
 Gossypium herbaceum – Levant cotton, native to
southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula (less
than 2%)
 The two New World cotton species account for
the vast majority of modern cotton production

5. COTTON IN MOONChina's Chang'e 4 brought
cotton seeds to the Moon's
far side. On January 15, 2019,
China announced a cotton
seed sprouted, the first
"truly otherworldly plant in
history.“

6. WORLD GERMPLASM
 The cultivated Gossypium spp. (cotton)
represents the single most important, natural fi
ber crop in the world.
 Cotton - 49,000 (FAO 1997)
 G. hirsutum exhibits diverse types of
morphological forms (i)latifolium, (ii)punctatum,
(iii) marie-galante, (iv) morrilli, (v) palmeri,
(vi)yucatanense, and (vii) richmondi.
 Selection for photoperiod insensitivity, may have
caused genetic bottlenecks in cultivated cotton
and all have been accompanied by losses in
genetic diversity.

7. Cotton Gene Bank:
 India has one of the world’s largest gene banks with
an array of 11,345 accessions of all the four cultivated
species.
 India is the only country in the world that cultivates all
the four species Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense,
G. arboreum and G. herbaceum.
 The National Centre for Cotton Genetic Resources
with more than 11,345 accessions of the four
cultivated species of Gossypium (G. hirsutum –
8265, G. barbadense- 305, G.arboreum – 1936, G.
herbaceum - 565) and twenty six wild species, 193
perennials, six races of G.arboreum and seven races
of G. hirsutum, one race of G. barbadense, one race
of G. herbaceum and 32 derivatives are maintained in
the species garden at CICR, Nagpur.

8.  The All India Coordinated Cotton Improvement
Project (AICCIP) was established in 1967 with
headquarters at Coimbatore
 CICR with headquarters at Nagpur was
established in 1976 (Regional Station for South
zone at Coimbatore, Regional Station for the
north zone at Sirsa (Haryana State))
 By periodical evaluation, duplicate germplasm
accessions were eliminated by growing in the
fields of the CICR and its regional stations.

9.  By periodical evaluation, duplicate germplasm
accessions were eliminated by growing in the
fields of the CICR and its regional stations.
 The germplasm purification was followed by
characterization for 76 characters as per
Germplasm Index Card, catalogued, data
computerized and seeds conserved in medium
term and short term cold storage at CICR and
long term storage at the NBPGR New Delhi by
depositing selfed (self-fertilized) seeds.
 Working collections were constituted in all the
four cultivated species germplasm and made
available to Indian institutions for breeders’ use in
crop improvement.

10. CHANGE IN VARIABILITY
 Until the 17th century, India was growing only the
diploid (2n=26) cultivated G. herbaceum L.
 Gradual breeding and extension efforts resulted
in increase in area under the Upland cotton
replacing the desi (diploid cultivated) cottons on a
large scale by 1970s and after the introduction of
Bt-transgenic cottons of G. hirsutum x G.
hirsutum hybrids in 2002-03, the species
composition in India changed drastically.

11. GERMPLASM NEEDS FOR INDIA’S
COTTON IMPROVEMENT
 Wide adaption
 Response to advanced production technologies
 Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses
 Cotton requirements for the textile industry
 Improving the utility of cottonseeds
 Specialty cotton requirements

12. Genetic resources of cotton

13. Wild species and related
stocks
 The four species in cultivation have their
botanical and geographical races which are
available in distinct accessions of germplasm of
cotton maintained in gene banks of CICR Nagpur
and its regional station Coimbatore and certain
other State Agricultural University Centres like
UAS Dharwad, GAU Surat, TNAU etc.
 Intermediary germplasm-genetic stocks and
breeding lines developed out of crosses between
wild and cultivated species and between
cultivated species have been integrated into the
maintenance under germplasm for gene banks at
CICR and State Agricultural University (SAU)
centers and used for crop improvement
programmes.

14. Genetic resources of cultivated
cottons
 The total cotton accessions available in India was
reported as 7484 in G. hirsutum, 263 in G.
barbadense, 1877 in G. arboreum and 530 in G.
herbaceum, besides wild species and perennials

15. Germplasm exploration and
collection
 Carried out by the Germplasm Advisory
Committee (GPAC) involving the CICR and the
NBPGR in seven expeditions

17. Characterization, evaluations and
utilization
 Germplasm Index Card (GIC) designed by the
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur.
This card contains some 76 important characters
of cotton plant and produce for precise evaluation
of genetic resources of cotton.

19. Selected list of superior
germplasm

20. RANGE VARIABILITY

21. UTILISATION
 Possession of germplasm in numerical strength in
R&D Centres and in a nation is really a great
asset. Unless and until the resources are utilized
effectively in crop improvement and significant
achievements of farming and commercial value is
demonstrated, the conservation and maintenance
is not really justified.
 Exanchage by A MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING (MOU) OR MATERIAL
TRANSFER AGREEMENT (MTA)

22. NOVEL TRENDS AND
PERSPECTIVES
 Quantum jumps in yield of lint
 Fibre quality for competing /coexistence with
man-made / synthetic fibres for improving the
share of cotton in textile use
 Suitability for mechanization of harvesting cotton
 Organic cotton production
 Naturally colour-linted cotton production under
isolation from normal cotton growing areas

23. PRIVATE SEED COMPANIES
 The private seed companies maintain their own
germplasm accessions in cold storage modules
and germplasm use as per requirements. Secrecy
and privacy is maintained.

24. CICR, Nagpur
 10227 accessions including 7484 accessions of
G. hirsutum, 263 G.barbadense, 1877 G.
arboreum, 530 G. herbaceum, 26 wild species,
32 perennials and 15 races of cultivated species
and cytogenetic materials.
 Organized as primary germplasm pools
(comprising germplasm accessions with AD
genomes), secondary germplasm pools (including
germplasm accessions with A, B, F and D
genomes) and tertiary germplasm pools
(containing germplasm lines with C, G, K and E
genomes)

25.  Germplasm banks were also established under
AICCIP in important cotton research centres such
as Delhi, Surat, Indore, Akola, Nanded, Nandyal
and Coimbatore.
 One hundred and thirty seven harknessii
cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines, 15 aridum
CMS lines, 19 genetic male sterile (GMS) lines
and 57 restorer lines
 Mutant Lines

26. OTHER INSTITUTES
 CCS-HAU, Hisar
 TNAU, Coimbatore 1012 accessions of G.
hirsutum, 149 accessions of G. barbadense and
wild species of G. aridum and G. hirsutum race
punctatum
 UAS, Dharwad
 PAU, Ludhiana

28. COLOURED COTTON
 Coloured cotton cultivars Cocanada 1 and 2 were
commercially cultivated in Andhra Pradesh and
exported to Japan.
 Similarly, cotton with black, brown, creamy white
and khaki linted types were grown in Assam.
Kumta in Karnataka was the home for G.
herbaceum with dull white colour.
 Nearly 40 colour linted cotton germplasm
accessions are being maintained at National
Cotton Gene Bank, CICR, Nagpur.

29. MANGO

30. INTRODUCTION
 Genus: Mangifera ( 41 species)
 Family: Anacardiaceae
 Originated in South East Asia. The genus had
its origin in the continental regions of
Myanmar, Thailand, Indo-China and the
Malayan Peninsular. It has been in cultivation
in the Indian sub continent for well over 4,000
years.
 The Sunda Islands (Java, Sumatra and
Borneo), the Philippines form the secondary
centres of Diversity

31. NEED TO CONSERVE
 Conservation is very important in mango,
because many species are becoming extinct and
many others are threatened and endangered.
 The species like Mangifera blommesteinii, M.
leschenaultia, M.superba and M.paludosa are in
real danger of extinction.
 Apart from M.indica, India is also the home of four
other species, viz. M.andamanica, M.khasiana,
M.sylvatica and M.camptosperma.

32.  Some important species are
• M.andamanica King
• M.khasiana Pierre
• M.sylvatica Roxb
• M.camptosperma Pierre
 Endangerd
 M. cochinchinensis M. flava M.lagenifera M.pentandra
M. reba M.superba
 Vulnerable
 M.duperreana M.inocarpoides M.monandra M.timorensis
M.zeylanic
 Rare
 M.andamanica M.camptosperma M.gedebe

33. INDIA
 Indian peninsula, the most important centre of
diversity for M. indica has a large array of
cultivated varieties as well as wild types.
 Other Mangifera species viz., M. andamanica, M.
khasiana, M. sylvatica and M. camptosperma
have been reported from India.
 Mangifera sylvatica occurs in the Eastern
Himalayas (up to 1300 m altitude) in Sikkim,
Darjeeling district, Khasi Hills, Upper Assam and
Surma valley; and in the Andaman Islands.
Mangifera andamanica, an endemic and rare
species is widespread in tropical, wet evergreen
forests of Andaman Islands.

34.  Mangifera indica is distributed throughout the
tropical and subtropical parts of India.
 Wild forms occur in abundance in forests as well
as in cultivated areas.
 Many wild types occur almost throughout the
tropical and subtropical hilly forests and ravines
up to 1000 m and in the Andamans and Nicobar
Islands.
 The total number of distinct mango varieties
named and maintained in India has been
estimated to be over one thousand. About 30
varieties are commercially grown in India.

36. REASONS FOR DIVERSITY
• Presence of high heterozygosity.
• Seed propagation.
• Absence of vegetative propagation in the earlier
days
• Indiscriminate selections.

37. VARIETIES
 Alphonso', 'Banganapalli', 'Bombay', 'Bombay
Green', 'Chausa', 'Dashehari', 'Fazli',
'Fernandian', 'Himsagar', 'Kesar', 'Kishen Bhog',
'Langra', 'Mallika', 'Mankurad, 'Mulgoa', 'Neelum',
'Pairi', 'Samar Behisht Chausa’, 'Suvarnarekha',
'Totapuri', 'Vanraj', 'Zardalu', 'Amrapali',
'Bangalora', 'Gulabkhas'

38. CONSERVATION
 ON FARM conservation
 Community biodiversity management
 Cryopreservation of embryonic cultures
 Pollen storage

40. GERMPLASM COLLECTION
 THE MANGO COLLECTION CENTRE, Auatralia
is the largest public sector holding 18,606 mango
germplasm (73%)
 ICAR- CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR
SUBTROPICAL HORTICULTURE – 772
Germplasm in field banks

42. USING GIS TOOLS
 For mapping biodiversity and its assessment
for tropical fruit tree species, software such as
FloraMap and DIVA which were developed by
the International Potato Centre (CIP) and
International centre for Tropical Agriculture
(CIAT) for research purposes.
 Using DIVA and FloraMap maps have been
generated for fruit species like Mangifera.

43. MANGO DATABASE
 India being primary and secondary centre of
domestication of Mangifera indica, substantial
contribution of mango industry in economy,
export, livelihood support is well known.
 Enormous genetic diversity exists in the country.
Considering the importance of mango national
database on mango has been developed with the
support of DBT (Department of Biotechnology,
Government of India, New Delhi) in network mode
involving ten research institutes/universities .

44.  Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture (CISH),
Lucknow;
 Indian institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR),
Bengaluru;
 Horticultural College & Research Institute for Women
(HCRIW) (Tamil Nadu Agricultural University), Trichy;
 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV),
Nadia;
 National Research Centre for Litchi (NRCL),
Muzaffarpur
 Central Horticultural Experiment Station (CHES),
Bhubaneswar;
 Fruit Research Station (FRS) (Andhra Pradesh
Horticultural University), Sangareddy;
 Regional Fruit Research Station (RFRS) (Dr.
Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth),
Vengurle;
 Agriculture Experimental Station (AES) (Navsari

47. STATE OF KERALA EXSITU
CONSERVATION
 All the 126 varieties documented were
conserved ex-situ and the Institute itself has
taken the programme to run forward to make
it an exclusive conservatory of Mango by
adding varieties from the whole Peninsular
India
 The project started during the year 2013 has
successfully completed in 2016. The primary
objective of the project was to document and
conserve the fast depleting traditional mango
varieties with a view to tap their potential as a
genetic stock for future breeding programmes