This document only for knowledge purpose.

2.  For providing flooring on other than expansive
soils, the ground shall be well consolidated
and 100mm thick sand shall be spread and
well rammed.
 For places such as garages where wheeled
traffic comes into contact, 100mm thick hard
core of well consolidated dry brick or stone
aggregate blended with moorum
(disintegrated rock) or coarse sand, laid over
well rammed sand filling of 100mm thick.

3.  In the regions having expansive soils like
black cotton soil, Stone ballast 40mm graded
aggregate mixed with locally available yellow
or red soil or soft moorum in 1:1 proportion
shall be compacted to about 300mm
thickness and thoroughly saturated with
water.
 This surface should be further covered with
another 200mm thick layer of soft moorum or
cinder or sand and compacted properly
before laying the base concrete.

4.  Base concrete, CC 1:3:6 with 40mm
aggregate, shall be provided with the pre-
determined slope.
 The work shall be so phased, that before the
final finish is laid, all other constructional or
finishing works, which are liable to damage or
disfigure it, are completed and scaffolding,
etc., removed.
 The concrete shall be cured for atleast 14
days before any finishing is provided over the
concrete.

5.  Concrete shall be laid in panels not exceeding 2.5
metres in any direction.
 Alternative panels shall be done first and after
these have set for atleast 24 hours, the remaining
panels shall be completed.
 No break of work shall occur during the laying of
one panel.
 For placing concrete in panels proper size forms
shall be used.
 These shall be so constructed that the top level is
exactly at the desired finished level throughout.
 The sides of the form (made with angle iron/flat)
shall be oiled with form oil or raw linseed oil or
whitewashed for easy removal.

6.  The joints at junction of panels are filled with strips
made of glass (4mm thick) / plain 5mm asbestos /
aluminium 2mm thick / PVC 2mm thick / Brass 2mm
thick or with any other approved material.
 The cost of providing and fixing strips shall be paid
separately.
 Over the base concrete the laying of the topping shall
preferably be done after the former has taken initial
set.
 Where the base concrete is more than 48 hours old,
the surface shall be thoroughly wetted and cement
slurry applied over it at the rate of 2.5 kg of
cement/square metre, before the topping is laid on, so
as to ensure proper bond between the two.
 The same procedure shall be followed in the case of
R.C.C. structural slabs.

7.  No dry cement or a mixture of dry cement and sand is to be sprinkled on the
surface. The final finished surface shall be free from defects and blemishes.
 Before laying the topping, the surface shall be soaked with water at least for
12 hours and surplus water shall be removed by mopping immediately before
the topping is laid in position.
 Screed strips shall be fixed over the base concrete dividing it into suitable
panels.
 The screed strips shall be so arranged that the joints, if any, in the base
concrete shall coincide with the joints in the topping before placing the
concrete mix for topping.
 Neat cement slurry shall be thoroughly brushed into the prepared surface of
the base concrete just ahead of the finish.
 The topping consisting of approved mix shall then be laid very thoroughly,
rammed struck off level of the surface floated with wooden float.
 The surface shall be tested with straight edge and masons spirit level to
detect any inequalities in the surface which, if any, shall be made good
immediately.
 The finish shall be laid in alternate panels.

8.  Where the topping is to be laid in two layers to obtain a very
smooth and dense finish, the base concrete shall be
prepared as above.
 The first layer of approved mix shall be laid thoroughly
tamped level but not finished smooth with a trowel but left
rough after tamping it and levelling it with screed board.
 The second layer or wearing layer of approved mix shall be
laid to the specified thickness.
 The consistency of the second layer shall be stiffer than that
of the first layer and shall be laid immediately over the
rough but green surface of the first layer.
 It shall be thoroughly rammed struck off level and the
surface floated with wooden float.
 The surface shall be tested with a straight edge and
masons spirit level to detect any undulation in the surface,
which, if any, shall be made good immediately.

9.  Where it is ordered to colour the surface, approved
coloured cement or approved colouring matter shall be
used.
 For polished red cement flooring approved brand of red
cement can be used or alternatively ordinary Portland
cement mixed with red oxide of Iron or pure red ochre in the
proportion of 5 kg. of the colouring matter per bag of
cement or any other proportion as directed by the Engineer
to get the desired shade can be used.
 The cement and the colouring matter shall first be mixed
together dry and sieved through a fine sieve.
 It shall then be mixed with the dry sand and the resulting
dry mortar will be of uniform colour throughout. Wet mortar
shall be prepared in the usual manner by adding water to
give the required consistency.

10.  Finishing operations shall start shortly after the
compaction of concrete, and shall be spread over a
period of one to six hours.
 The surface shall be trowelled three times at intervals
to produce a uniform and hard surface.
 The interval of time between successive trowelling is
important and will depend upon temperature and
atmospheric conditions.
 The final trowelling shall be done well before the
concrete has become too hard, but at such a time, that
considerable pressure is required to make any
impression on the surface.
 Curing shall be done for 14 days.

11.  Polishing when ordered shall be done manually or by
mechanical grinder.
 However, polishing should be done only after the
topping has hardened for 21 days.
 Grinding shall be done in 2 stages first with medium
grained carborundum and then with fine grained
carborundum.
 The surface shall then be cleaned thoroughly and
polished with a mixture of 1 part of bees-wax and 3
parts of turpentine well rubbed with coir yard.

12.  The sub-grade over which the bedding mortar will be
placed shall be rigid and not liable to settlement.
 The tiles shall be stored in a room or under such areas
as will prevent exposure to damp, sun, rain, accidental,
damage or staining.
 Before spreading the Mortar, the base shall be cleaned
of all dirt, scum, or laitance or loose materials and then
well wetted down without forming any water pools on
the surface.
 In the case of reinforced concrete floors, the top shall
be left rough by cleaning with brushes or broomsticks
while the base concrete is green.

13.  The cement mortar 1:3 of average thickness of 12mm
or 20mm shall then be evenly and smoothly spread
over the base by the use of screed battens.
 The top of the mortar bed should be left slightly rough
to form a satisfactory key for the tiles.
 The actual fixing of the tiles may begin after the
bedding mortar has become sufficiently hard to offer a
fairly rigid cushion for the tiles and to enable the mason
to place a wooden plank across, and squat on it.
 The fixing of tiles may be done on the same day or the
next day.

14.  Tiles, which are fixed in the floor adjoining the wall,
shall enter not less than 12 mm under the plaster,
skirting or dado.
 The junction between wall plaster and tile work
shall be finished neatly and without waviness.
 Neat cement grout of honey like consistency shall
be spread over the mortar bed over such as area
at a time as would accommodate about 20 tiles.
 The cement grout shall be spread at the rate of
about 4.5 kg per square metre (or as prescribed in
item description).

15.  The tiles shall be fixed in the grout one after
another, each tile being gently tapped with a
wooden matter or trowel handle to set truly home
to the correct alignment, and level.
 Adjoining tiles shall be matched in both directions
and the joints kept as uniform as possible to a
thickness of approximately 1.5mm.
 It is important that before laying the tiles shall be
soaked in water and are allowed to become
surface dry to ensure that the tiles do not absorb
moisture from the grout. Tiles can be laid with
closed joints with manufacturer’s instructions.

16.  Tiles can be laid with closed joints with
manufacturer’s instructions.
 Polymer or epoxy adhesives of approved make
may also be used for fixing of tiles on flooring,
skirting and dado. In such cases manufacturer’s
instructions shall be followed for fixing the tiles.
 It is recommended to give expansion joints in big
halls for every 5 to 10 metres to give a gap of 3 to
5mm and fill the same with any flexible material.
 After the required area has been covered by laying
of tiles in the above manner, any surplus cement
grout that may have come out the joints shall be
cleaned off.

17.  The day after the tiles have been fixed, the joints
shall be refilled with cement paste or grout of the
same or approximately the same shade as the
colour of the tile, after first cleaning the joints, with
a wire brush or with the point of a trowel to a depth
of at least 5mm of all loose cement, dirt, dust etc.,
the grouting done shall be finished off flush.
 Tiles fixed in the floor shall go about 10 mm under
the plaster, skirting or dado as provided. The lower
portion of the wall may be left unfinished to ensure
this.
 After the joints have set, the work shall be cured for
7 days, and then allowed to dry.

18.  After this, it may be used for light traffic, heavy
traffic shall not be allowed on the floor for at least
14 days from the date of laying of tiles.
 Non-slippery tiles must be used for toilet flooring.
Flooring and dado in toilets, the joints between the
tiles should fill with epoxy grout like Bal-
Endura/Fosroc /Laticrete SP100 or similar make.
 Usage of white cement is not advisable to fill the
joints in toilets.
 The surface of the flooring during laying shall be
frequently checked with a straight edge atleast 2
metre long, so as to obtain a true surface with the
required slope.

19.  Where full tiles or half tiles cannot be fixed, tiles
shall be cut (sawn) from full tiles to the required
size and their edges rubbed smooth to ensure a
straight true joint.
 The day after the tiles are laid all joints shall be
cleaned of the grey cement grout with a wire brush
or trowel to a depth of 5 mm and all dust and loose
mortar removed and cleaned.
 Joints shall then be grouted with grey or white
cement mixed with or without pigment to match the
shape of the topping of the wearing layer of the
tiles.

20.  The same cement slurry shall be applied to the
entire surface of the tiles in a thin coat with a view
to protect the surface from abrasive damage and
fill pin holes that may exist on the surface.
 The floor shall then be kept wet for a minimum
period of 7 days.
 The surface shall thereafter be grounded evenly
with machine fitted with course grade grit block
(No. 60).
 Water shall be used profusely during grinding.
 After grinding the surface shall be thoroughly
washed to remove all grinding mud, cleaned and
mopped.

21.  It shall then be covered with a thin coat of grey or
white cement, mixed with or without pigment to
match the colour of the topping of the wearing
surface in order to fill any pin hole that appear.
 The surface shall be again cured. The second
grinding shall then be carried out with machine
fitted with fine grit block (No. 120).
 The final grinding with machine fitted with the finest
grade grit blocks (No. 320) shall be carried out the
day after the second grinding described in the
preceding para or before handing over the floor, as
ordered by the Engineer-in-charge.

22.  For small areas or where circumstances so
require, hand polishing may be permitted in lieu of
machine polishing after laying. For hand polishing
the following carborundum stones, shall be used:
1 st grinding - course grade stone (No.
60)
2 nd grinding - medium grade (No. 80)
Final grinding - fine grade (No. 120)
 In all other respects, the process shall be similar as
for machine polishing.

23.  After the final polish, oxalic acid shall be dusted
over the surface at the rate of 33 gm per square
metre sprinkled with water and rubbed hard with a
namdah block (pad of woolen rags).
 The following day the floor shall be wiped with a
moist rag and dried with a soft cloth and finished
clean.
 If any tile is disturbed or damaged, it shall be
refitted or replaced, properly jointed and polished.
 The finished floor shall not sound hollow when
topped with a wooden mallet.

24.  This type of flooring may be used for major goods
sheds and for goods platforms at big stations,
where the traffic is extremely heavy.
 It may also be used in major workshops for heavy-
duty shop floors.
 In all cases, a concrete sub grade (1:3:6 mix) of
adequate thickness should be provided.
 The thickness of 1:3:6 cement concrete sub grade
should be from 10 cm to 15 cm depending upon
traffic as specified. In vicious soils, it should be
strengthened with weld mesh or round bar
reinforcement.

25.  The thickness of mastic asphalt shall be 2.5cm on
top of the base concrete.
 Bitumen Mastic for flooring shall confirm to IS
1195: 2002.

26.  Bitumen: should conform to the following
requirements.
Characteristic Requirement Method of test (Ref. to
Indian Standard).
Softening point (ring and
ball)
850C to 1350 C IS: 1205 - 1978
Penetration @ 25oC. 5 to 20 mm IS: 1203 - 1978
Loss on heating for 5h at
1630C,percent by mass,
Max
0.5 IS: 1217 - 1978
Solubility in
trichloroethylene,
percent, Min
99 IS: 1216 - 1978

27.  Fine Aggregate: – This should consist of naturally
occurring limestone rock containing not less than
80% calcium carbonate content, and finely ground
to the following grading.
(i) Passing through IS Sieve 75 micron - 45 to 55 percent
by weight.
(ii) Passing through IS Sieve 212 micron and retained on IS
sieve 75 micron - 10 to 30 percent by weight.
(iii) Passing through IS Sieve 600 micron and retained on
IS sieve 212 micron - 10 to 30 percent by weight.
(iv) Passing through IS Sieve 2.36 mm micron and retained
on IS sieve 600 micron - 5 to 20 percent by weight.

28.  Coarse Aggregate – This should consist of
crushed siliceous stone (igneous stone or sand-
stone), containing not more than 15 percent by
weight of constituents soluble in hydrochloric acid,
and graded as follows:
a) Passing through 10mm mesh – 100 percent by weight.
b) Retained on IS Sieve 2.36 mm – 95 percent by weight.
 The percentage by weight of the different
ingredients shall be:
Bitumen 11% 7.6 Kg/m2
Fine Aggregate 54% 37 -do-
Coarse Aggregate 35% 24 -
do-

29.  The fine aggregate shall be heated to a
temperature of 170 to 2050C and then the required
amount of bitumen heated 1800C shall be added to
it.
 They shall be mixed and cooked for five to six
hours, mixing thoroughly with rotating paddles
during the cooking process.
 The temperature at no time shall exceed 2050C.
 After the mastic has been cooked for three to four
hours, the requisite percentage of coarse
aggregate shall be added and thoroughly
incorporated during the manufacturing process.

30.  In the alternative, mastic composed only of
bitumen and fine aggregate may be cooked and
formed into 25 kg blocks and remelted at site and
incorporated with coarse aggregate.
 The mastic making plant should be so sited that
the distance over which the hot molten mastic has
to be carried, is as short as possible.
 To prevent the molten material from sticking to the
carrying pans, they may sprinkled inside with a
minimum quantity of inert inorganic material, such
as limestone dust, cement, ashes.
 Oil or slaked lime powder shall not be used for this
purpose.

31.  Laying of Bitumen mastic flooring shall be done as
per IS: 1196 - 1978.
 Prior to laying the 25mm thick mastic composition
on the floor, loose or broken portions of the existing
surface should preferably be removed, and voids
and depressions should be filled with mastic
composition.
 If the existing surface is not likely to firmly adhere
to the mastic composition, better bond between the
mastic layer and the existing flooring may be
obtained by the application of mexphalte 10/20 or
bitumen of similar grade, heated to about 175oC
and spread at the rate of 0.5 kg/m2.

32.  Mastic asphalt should be laid in bays (Made out
with wooden battens 25mm deep) generally in one
coat.
 It should be spread by means of hand tools to the
specified thickness, gauges being used in
conjunction with a straight edge and level to
ensure accuracy.
 Any blows, which occur, should be stabbed and the
area affected carefully made good whilst the mastic
is still hot.
 The surface should be floated to a uniform level
with the help of steel floats (warmed up prior to
use) to a finish free from roughness, depressions
and imperfections due to insufficient working or
unsuitable compounding.

33.  Oil, paint and distemper droppings shall be
avoided. The floor shall also be protected from
solvent chemicals, hot surfaces and open fires.
 It may be necessary to cut into existing mastic
asphalt flooring.
 Considerable damage may result from an attempt
to cut away an affected area with a hammer and a
chisel or to soften it with a blow lamp.
 The correct method is to place hot asphalt around
and cover the area concerned and after this has
had a sufficient softening effect, the area shall be
carefully cut away.

34.  In floors, which are likely, to have water split on
them, a cross fall of not less than 1 in 100 shall be
provided towards the outlets.
 Junctions between bays should be even and neat.
 Where skirtings are specified they should be in
accordance with details supplied by the Railway.
 Flooring shall not be subjected to traffic until the
mastic asphalt has cooled to the temperature of
the surrounding atmosphere.
 On the finished surface, concrete or mortar shall
not be mixed directly.

35.  When multiple-coat work is being restored or made
good, the edge along the perimeter of the area
shall be cut back not less than 7.5mm to half the
total thickness of asphalt, to form a lapped joint.

36.  In this type of flooring, a topping layer of 1.5 cm
thickness and consisting of hard metal chippings,
cement and a metallic based chemical (with specially
treated iron fillings), is laid over the base concrete to
provide a tough and wear resisting surface.
 This treatment may be applied to goods shed floors,
circulating areas and goods platform at medium size
stations, where the traffic is fairly heavy and cannot be
withstood by ordinary concrete.
 The base concrete should be of 1:3:6 cement concrete
of thickness varying from 10 cm to 15 cm (depending
on traffic) as specified.

37.  In vicious soils, it should be strengthened with weld
mesh or round bar reinforcement.
 In the case of new concrete floors, as soon as the
base course has been consolidated and brought to
proper grade, the hard topping layer should be laid
before the base course has set.
 Any surplus moisture on the base should be
removed before the topping is laid.
 In the case of existing concrete floor, which has to
be topped, the top surface should be hacked or
roughened to obtain a good bond.

38.  The surface should be clean, free from grease, oil,
dust and loose particles etc. and thoroughly
soaked with water to prevent absorption of mixing
water by the base course concrete.
 If the base course requires levelling, a 30mm
levelling course of 1:2:4 concrete should be laid on
it after a thin coat of cement grout is applied a little
ahead of the levelling course.
 This course should be compacted, brought to the
proper grade and the hard topping layer laid before
the levelling course has set.

39.  If no levelling course is required, thin cement grout
should be applied to the thoroughly cleaned and
roughened existing surface, and the hard topping
course laid immediately thereafter.
 Except when otherwise mentioned by the
manufacturer of proprietary brands of hardening
compounds, cement and the compound should be
mixed thoroughly in the dry state in the ratio of 4:1
by weight.
 To this should be added angular crushed hard
stone chips of maximum size 6mm, in the ratio of
one of the cement compound mixture to 2 of the
stone chips by volume, and thoroughly mixed in
dry state.

40.  Necessary quantity of clean water is added to the
mixture and the same thoroughly mixed to form a
stiff workable mass.
 The amount of water used should be as low as
possible consistent with the workability.
 For ten square metres of area, the following
quantities should be used:
Cement : 100 kg.
Hardening compound : 27.5
kg.
Chips : 0.14 m3
 The hardening compound should be stored in its
original packing in a dry place, and kept protected
from getting damp before use.

41.  The hardening coat mix should be laid on the base
course with sufficient material for the required
thickness, and compacted with a screed or a float
and the surface finished evenly.
 Use of neat cement or dry cement mortar on the
topping to speed up the work or correct inequalities
should be avoided.
 As soon as the topping has partially set, the
surface should be trowelled to a desired smooth
finish.
 Excessive trowelling should be avoided.
 The surface should be wet cured for atleast 14
days before it is opened to traffic.

42.  The slabs shall be of the kind of marble/granite
specified in the item.
 The Marble/Granite, from which the slabs are
made, shall be of selected quality, hard, sound,
dense, and homogeneous in texture, free from
cracks, decay weathering and flaw.
 The sample of Marble/Granite stone slabs shall be
got approved from the Engineer-in-charge before
starting the work. The slabs shall be hand or
machine cut to the requisite dimensions.

43.  Every stone shall be cut to the required size and
fine chisel dressed to give a smooth and even
surface on all sides to the full depth.
 A straight edge laid along the side of the stone
shall be fully in contact with it.
 Chisel dressing shall also be done on top surface
to remove any waviness.
 The sides and top surface of marble slabs shall be
machine rubbed or table rubbed with coarse sand
before using.
 All angles and edges of the slabs shall be true,
square and free from chippings.

44.  Thickness shall be 18mm to 26mm (40 to 50mm
for use on concourse) or as specified in the item.
 The allowable tolerance in thickness shall be
+2mm and it shall be ± 5mm in length and breadth.
 Base concrete or R.C.C. slab shall serve as the
sub-grade.
 Bedding for the marble slabs shall be cement
mortar 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) of average
thickness 20mm or as given in the description of
the item.
 Minimum thickness at any place shall be not less
than 10mm.

45.  Sub-grade shall be cleaned, wetted and mopped.
 Mortar of the specified thickness shall then be
spread on an area sufficient to receive one
marble/granite slab.
 The slab shall be washed clean before laying.
 It shall be laid on top, pressed, and tapped gently
to bring it in level with the other slabs.
 It shall then be lifted and laid aside.
 Top surface of the mortar shall then be corrected
by adding fresh mortar at hollows or depressions.
 The mortar is then allowed to harden a bit.

46.  Over this surface, cement slurry of honey like
consistency at 4.4 kg. of cement per square metre.
 The edges of the slabs already paved shall be
buttered with grey or white cement with or without
pigment to match the shade of the marble slabs as
given in the description of item.
 The slab shall then be gently placed in position and
tapped with wooden mallet till it is properly bedded
in level with and close to the adjoining slab.
 The joint shall be as fine as possible.
 Surplus cement on the surface of the slab shall be
removed.

47.  The slabs fixed in the floor adjoining the walls shall
enter not less than 10mm under the plaster,
skirting or dado.
 The junction between the wall and flooring shall be
finished neatly.
 The finished surface shall be true to levels and
slopes as instructed by the Engineer-in-Charge.
 The floor shall be cured for a minimum period of
seven days.
 Unevenness at the meeting edges of slabs shall be
removed by fine chiselling.

48.  Grinding shall normally be commenced after 14
days of laying the slabs.
 Except for skirting or small areas machine shall be
used for the purpose.
 First grinding shall be done with carborandum
stones of 48 to 60 grade grit fitted in the machine.
 Water shall be properly used during grinding.
 When the floor has been uniformly rubbed, it shall
be cleaned with water.
 Thereafter second grinding shall be started with
carborandum of 120 grit.

49.  Final grinding shall be done when other works are
finished.
 The machine shall be fitted with carborandum of
grit 220 to 350 using water in abundance.
 The floor shall then be washed clean with water.
 Oxalic acid powder shall then be dusted at 33
grams per square metre on the surface and the
surface rubbed with machine fitted with hessian
bobs or rubbed hard with pad of woollen rags.
 The floor shall then be washed clean and dried
with a soft cloth or linen.

50.  The finished floor shall not sound, hollow when
tapped with a mallet. If any slab is disturbed or
damaged.
 It shall be refitted or replaced, properly jointed and
polished.
 Cement slurry with or without pigments shall not be
applied on the surface before each polishing.
 Skirting & Dado: In case of brick masonry wall,
the joints shall be racked out to a depth of atleast
15mm, while the masonry is being laid.
 In case of concrete wall, the surface shall be
hacked and roughened with wire brushes.

51.  The surface shall be cleaned and wetted
thoroughly before commencing the laying work.
 The wall surface shall be cut uniformly to the
requisite depth so that skirting face shall have the
projection from the finished face of wall as shown
in drawings or as required by the Engineer-in-
Charge.
 The risers of steps and skirting shall be set in grey
or white cement admixed with or without pigment
to match the shade of the stone, as specified in the
description of the item.

52.  The slab shall be so placed that the back surface is
at a distance of 12mm, from the wall, subject to a
minimum of 10mm, at any place.
 If necessary the slab shall be held in position with
the help of M.S hooks temporarily fixed in wall for
the purpose at suitable intervals.
 The skirting or riser, face shall be checked for
vertically and corrected.
 The gap between the rear of slab and the wall shall
be filled and packed with cement mortar 1:3 (1
Cement: 3 coarse sand) or with polymer adhesive
as specified in the item.

53.  After the mortar in the gap has acquired sufficient
strength, the hooks holding the slab shall be
removed.
 The joints in between the slabs shall be as fine as
possible.
 The top line of skirting and risers shall be truly
horizontal and the joints truly vertical or as per
desired pattern.
 The surface shall be kept wet for a minimum of 7
days so that bedding and joints set properly.
 Grinding for marble slabs shall normally be
commenced after 14 days of laying the slabs.
 Polishing shall be done only manually.

54.  The face and top of skirting shall be polished.
 First grinding shall be done with carborandum
stones of 48 to 60 grade grit.
 Water shall be properly used during grinding.
 When the surface has been uniformly rubbed, it
shall be cleaned with water.
 Thereafter second grinding shall be started with
carborandum of 120 grit.
 Final grinding shall be done when other works are
finished.
 In final grinding carborandum of grit 220 to 350 is
to be used with water in abundance.

55.  The surface shall then be washed clean with water.
 Oxalic acid powder shall then be dusted at 33
grams per square metre on the surface and the
surface rubbed with hessian bobs or rubbed hard
with pad of woollen rags.
 The surface shall then be washed clean and dried
with a soft cloth or linen.
 The finished surface shall not sound hollow when
tapped with a mallet.
 If any slab is disturbed or damaged it shall be
refitted or replaced properly jointed and polished.

56.  Paver blocks having Broken/ Cracked edges shall
not be accepted/laid.
 The surface should be of anti skid and anti glare
type.
 The paver should have uniform chamfers to
facilitate easy drainage of surface run off.
 The pavers should have uniform interlocking space
of 2mm to 3mm to ensure compacted sand filling
after vibration on the paver surface.
 Kerbing using M20 RCC blocks and RCC ramps to
be provided at approaches at the junction of Paver
Block drive way and Asphalt carpet approach road.

57.  Shape – Uniform shape with no Hollow or Cracks.
 Chamfer – 4mm to 6mm along top edges.
 Dimensional Tolerance (±) 2mm for Length & width,
(±) 3mm for Height (Thickness)
 Compressive Strength: Minimum 40 N/mm2 (for 80
mm)
 Flexural Strength: Minimum 4.5N/mm2.
 Abrasion Resistance: Maximum2.5
 Water Absorption: Maximum 5.80%.

58.  The concrete mix for paver blocks shall be M40
grade design mix for 80mm thick blocks and M30
grade for 60mm thick blocks.
 Thickness of slab should not less than 80mm. for
roadways and 60mm for pathways.
 Additional layer of WBM to be provided to achieve
sub grade of desired strength, stabilization and
slope, if it is so required, before laying Paver block
drive way.
 It will be the responsibility of the contractor to
ensure that the tank manholes/covers in case of
masonry pits in the driveway area are raised to the
Paver block driveway level.

60.  The areas of potholes /deep depressions at the
isolated locations also have to be filled up by stone
metal/WBM and fully rolled by power roller before
laying the paver blocks.
 It will be the responsibility of the contractor to
ensure that undulations on the paver blocks (after
the traffic is allowed on it) if any are
eliminated/made good.
 Proper slope for draining off water needs to be
ensured by the contractor.
 The bedding sand shall consist of a clean well
graded sand passing through 4.75 mm sieve and
suitable to concrete manufacture.

61.  The sand shall be of uniform moisture content and
within 4% - 8% when spread and shall be
protected against rain when stockpiled prior to
spreading.
 Saturated sand shall not be used.
 The bedding sand shall be spread loose in a
uniform layer as per drawing.
 The compacted uniform thickness shall be of 50
mm and within ± 5mm.
 Sand shall be slightly screeded in a loose condition
to the predetermined depth only slightly ahead of
the laying of the paving unit.

62.  Paving units shall be laid in herringbone laying
pattern throughout the pavement.
 Once the laying pattern has been established, it
shall continue without interruption over the entire
pavement surface.
 Cutting of blocks, use of infill concrete or
discontinuities in laying pattern is not to be
permitted in other than approved locations.
 Paving units shall be placed on the uncompacted,
screeded sand bed to the nominated laying
pattern, care being taken to maintain the specified
bond throughout the job.

63.  The first row shall be located next to an edge
restraint.
 Specially manufactured edge paving units are
permitted may be cut using a power saw, a
mechanical or hydraulic guillotine, bolster or other
approved cutting machine.
 Paving units shall be placed to achieve gaps
nominally 2 to 3 mm wide between adjacent paving
joints.
 No joint shall be less than 1.5 mm nor more than
4mm.
 Frequent use of string lines shall be used to check
alignment.

64.  Should the face become out of alignment, it must
be corrected prior to initial compaction and before
further laying job is proceeded with.
 In each row, all full units shall be laid first.
 Closure units shall be cut and fitted subsequently.
 Such closure units shall consist of not less than
25% of a full unit.
 In fall spaces between 25mm and 50mm wide, a
concrete having1:1.5:3 (Cement: Sand: Coarse
aggregate) mix approximately and strength of 40
N/Sq.m. shall be used.

65.  Within such mix the nominal aggregate size shall
not exceed one-third the smallest dimension of the
in fill space.
 For smaller spaces dry packed mortar shall be
used.
 Except where it is necessary to correct any minor
variations occurring in the laying bond, the paving
units shall not be hammered into position.
 Where adjustment of position is necessary care
shall be taken to avoid premature compaction of
the sand bedding.

66.  After laying the paving units they shall be
compacted to achieve consolidation of the sand
bedding and brought to design levels and profiles
by not less than two (2) passes of suitable plate
compactor.
 The compactor shall be a high frequency, low
amplitude mechanical flat plate vibrator having
place area sufficient to cover a minimum of twelve
paving units.
 Prior to compaction all debris shall be removed
from the surface.
 Compaction shall not, however, be attempted
within one meter of the laying face.

67.  Compaction shall continue until lipping has been
eliminated between adjoining units.
 Joints shall then be filled and recompacted.
 All work other than one meter from the laying face
shall be left fully compacted at the completion of
each day’s laying.
 Any units that are structurally damaged prior to or
during compaction shall be immediately removed
and replaced.
 Sufficient plate compactors shall be maintained at
the paving site for both bedding compaction and
joint filling.

68.  As soon as practical after and in any case prior to
the termination of work on that day and prior to the
compaction acceptance of construction traffic, sand
for joint filling shall be spread over the pavement.
 Joint sand shall pass a 2.36mm (No.8) sieve and
shall be free of soluble salts pre contaminants
likely to cause efflorescence.

69.  These shall comply with the following grading
limits:
IS sieve size % passing
2.36mm 100
1.18mm 90-100
600 microns 60-90
300 microns 30-60
150 microns 15-30
75 microns 10-20
 The joining sand shall be broomed to fill the joints.
 Excess sand shall then be removed from the
pavement surface and the joining sand shall be
compacted with not less than one (1) pass the

70.  Both the sand and paving units shall be dry when
sand is spread and broomed into the joints to
prevent premature setting of the sand.
 The difference in level (lipping) between adjacent
units shall not exceed 3mm, with not more than 1%
in any 3m x 3m area exceeding 2mm.
 Pavements, which are deformed beyond above
limits after final compaction, shall be taken out and
reconstructed to the satisfaction of the Engineers.

71.  Edge restraint need to be sufficient robust to
withstand override by the anticipated traffic, to
withstand thermal expansion and to prevent loss of
the laying course material from beneath the
surface course.
 RCC ramp to be provided at the junction of Paver
block way and approach road.

72.  PVC flooring normally used for covering floors from
decorative point of view in residential and office
buildings and also in railway coaches.
 The performance of the PVC flooring depends very
much on the preparatory treatment given to the
sub-floor, the selection of an appropriate adhesive
for fixing, the care being taken in laying the flooring
material on the sub-floor and the maintenance of
the finished floor.
 The flooring material shall comply with the
requirements specified in IS: 3462 - 1966.

73.  Rubber based adhesives are suitable for fixing
PVC flooring.
 The standard width of flooring sheets or rolls in
continuous lengths shall be 1000mm, 1500mm and
2000mm. Tolerance +6mm.
 The standard thickness of floor covering shall be
1.5mm, 2.0mm, 2.5mm and 3mm.
 The mean thickness shall not differ by more than
0.13mm from that specified.
 The variation between any two measurements
shall not exceed 0.20mm.

74.  The PVC flooring gives good service when laid on
a firm base.
 Evaporation of moisture from the sub-floor cannot
take place once the PVC flooring is laid.
 Therefore, it is important that sub-floor and
underlay should be thoroughly dry before laying
the PVC flooring.
 An irregular sub-floor surface creates poor
adhesion between the sub-floor and the PVC
flooring, therefore, the sub-floor surface should be
levelled.

75.  A concrete sub-floor on the ground intended for
fixing PVC flooring shall contain an effective damp-
proof course.
 The concrete sub-floor shall be laid in two layers.
 The top of the lower layer of concrete shall be
painted with two coats of bitumen, conforming to
IS: 1580 - 1991 (Specification for bituminous
compounds for waterproofing and caulking
purposes) applied at the rate of 1.5 kg/m2.
 The surface of the lower layer shall be finished
smooth while laying the concrete so that bitumen
can be applied uniformly.

76.  The bitumen shall be applied after the concrete
has set and is sufficiently hard.
 Where it is expected that the dampness may find
its way from surrounding walls, the same shall be
effectively damp-proofed up to at least 150mm
above the level of the sub floor.
 The sub-floor and walls may also be damp-proofed
with the approved polymer based products.
 In such cases manufacturer’s instructions may be
followed for laying of damp proof course.

77.  The laying and fixing of PVC flooring shall be done
in accordance with IS: 5318 – 1969.
 The layout of the PVC flooring on the sub-floor to
be covered should be marked with guidelines.
 The PVC flooring shall be first laid for trail without
using the adhesive according to the required
layout.
 The adhesive shall be applied by using a notched
trowel to the sub-floor and to the backside of the
PVC sheet.
 When set sufficiently for laying, the adhesive will
be tacky to the touch, but will not mark the fingers.
 In general, the adhesive will require about half an

78.  When the adhesive is just tack free, the PVC
flooring sheet shall be carefully taken and placed in
position from one end onwards slowly so that the
air will be completely squeezed out between the
sheet and the back ground surface.
 After laying the sheet in position, it shall be
pressed with suitable roller to develop proper
contact with the sub-floor.
 The next sheet with its back side applied with
adhesive shall be laid edge to edge with the sheet
already laid and fixed in exactly the same manner
as the first sheet was fixed.

79.  The sheet shall be laid edge to edge so that there
is minimum gap between joints.
 The alignment should be checked after laying of
each row of sheet is completed.
 If the alignment is not perfect, the sheets may be
trimmed by using a straight edge.
 Any adhesive, which may squeeze up between
sheets should be wiped off immediately with a wet
cloth before the adhesive hardens.
 A minimum period of 24 hours shall be given after
laying the flooring for developing proper bond of
the adhesive.

80.  It is preferable to lay the PVC flooring after the
completion of plastering, painting and other
decorative finish works so as to avoid any
accidental damage to the flooring.
 When the flooring has been securely fixed, it shall
be cleaned with a wet cloth soaked in warm soap
solution.
 Where the edges of the PVC sheets are exposed,
as for example in doorways and on stair treads, it
is important to provide protection against damage
of the flooring material.
 Metallic edge strips may be used and should be
securely fastened to the sub-floor to protect edges
of the flooring.

81. Extract from Unified Standard Specification for works &
Material

82. Terrazo Tiles:-1. Precast factory made
terrazo tiles
2.Precast chequered factory made tiles
.
3.Precast chequered tiles manufactured in double layer as per
IS.13801:1993.
4.Heavy duty acid and/or alkali resistant tiles.

83. Ceramic Tiles:- Group B-I (Vitrified tiles)
 B-II (Ceramic tiles with abrasion resistance)
 B-III ( Ceramic tiles of Ist quality for wall and floors)

84. Marble stone flooring
Kota stone flooring
Flag stone (Neemuch, shahabad,kota)
Sand stone flooring
Cuddapah stone
Granite stone flooring

85. Item no.094010 to 094080 as follows:-

86. Terrazo tiles shall be conform to IS 1237.
Testing requirements and procedure as
follows.
Sampling:-Ramdom sampling.
A.For conformity to requirements on shape
and dimensions, wearing layers and
general quality -12 tiles.
For wet transverse strength test-6 tiles

87.  c.For resistance to wear test-6 tiles
 D. For water absorption test-6 tiles.
 Note:- The test on the tiles shall not be
carried out earlier than 28 days from the date
of manufacture.
 Wet Transverse Strength Test
 Six samples of full size to be tested.
 As per procedure in Appendix”E” of is 1237
as follows.

88. Acceptance criteria Average wet
transverse strength shall not be less than
3N/mm2(30 kg/cm2).
Resistance to wear test
At least 12 samples
As per para 3.3.1 to 3.3.4
Accepatance:- average wear shall not
exceed 3.5m and wear on any individual
shall not exceed 4mm.

89. Water absorption
Full size of tiles should be used
Immersed in water for 24 hrs then wipped
dry and tested for water absoption.
Tile should be oven dried at a temp.
65degree for a period of 24 hrs, cooled to
room temp
Determine water absorption (W1-
W2)x100/w2

90. Nominal size of Chequered tile :
20 cm x 20 cm , 25 cm x 25 cm & 30 cm x
30cm or of standard sizes with equal sides.
 The center to center distance of chequers
shall not be less than 2.5 cm and not more
than 5 cm.
 The grooves in the chequers shall be uniform
and straight.
 Chequered tiles, cement tiles or terrazzo tiles
having grooves on the surface of the tile
making it anti-slippery.

91.  The overall thickness of the tiles shall not be
less than 22mm.
 The chequered groove can be in any shape
and length, but the depth of grooves
should not be less than 3mm.
 The thickness of the upper layer, (wearing
layer)measured from the top of the Chequers
shall not be less than 6mm.
 The area of the Chequered grooves should
not be less than 2 percent of the total
surface area of the tile.

92.  Manufacture:
 Manufactured from a mixture of cement,
natural aggregates, and colouring materials
where required by pressure process.
 The proportion of cement to aggregate in the
backing of the tiles shall be not leaner than
1:3 by mass.
 Colouring material is used in the wearing
layer, shall not exceed 10 percent by mass
of cement used in the mix.

93.  The total thickness is the arithmetic mean of these
two measurements.
 The thickness shall be measured as two point
situated approximately 50mm from the ends on the
fracture line of the tile that is tested for wet
transverse strength.
Length inmm Breadth in mm Thickness in
mm
200 200 22
250 250 22
300 300 25

94.  Aggregates used in the backing layer of tiles shall
conform to the requirements of IS 383
Pigments:
 Black or red or brown pigments or Green pigments
or Blue pigments
 Colours other than mentioned above may also be
used.
 The pigments shall not contain Zinc compounds
organic dyes.
 Lead pigments shall not be used unless
otherwise specified by the purchaser.

95. Tolerances:
 Tolerances on length or breadth of tiles shall
be ± 1mm.
 Difference in length of side between the
longest side and the shorter side in shall not
exceed 1mm.
 Tolerance on thickness shall + 5mm.
 Difference in thickness between the thickest
and the thinnest tile in sample shall not
exceed 3mm.

96. General Quality:
The upper layer of the tiles shall be free
from projections, depressions, cracks (hair
cracks not included) holes, cavities and
other blemishes.
Finish:
The colour and texture of the wearing layer
shall be uniform throughout its thickness.

97. Physical requirement:
 The tests on tile shall not be carried out
earlier than 28 days from the date of
manufacture.
A)Flatness of the tile surface:
 The amount of concavity and convexity shall
not exceed 1mm.
B)Perpendicularity:
 The longest gap between the arm of the
square and the edge of the tiles shall not
exceed 2 percent of the length of the edge.

98. C) Straightness:
 The gap between the thread and the plane of
the tile shall not exceed 1 percent of the
length of the edge.
D) Water Absorption:
 The average percent of water absorption shall
not exceed 10
E) Wet transverse Strength:
 The average wet transverse strength shall not
be less than 2 N/mm2

99. F) Resistance to Wear:
The wear shall not exceed the following
value.
a) Average wear 2mm
b)Wear on individual specimen 2.5mm
Chapter No.09
SOR item No.094060, 094061 ,094062
&094063

100.  These are made from clays, silica, fluxes,
colouring and other mineral raw materials and
are used as covering floors, walls or facades.
 Tiles may be glazed, unglazed or engobed
and are incombustible and unaffected by light.
 A low water absorption tile is called porcelain
tile.
 An extremely low water absorption tile is
called a fully vitrified tile and this may be
in a polished or unpolished form.

101. Sizes :
 Modular Sizes are based on M=100mm and
can be M, 2M, 3M and 5M and also their
multiples.
 Non modular sizes are those excluding
those based on M.
Classification :
 Ceramic Tiles are divided into groups
according to their method of manufacture and
their water-absorption.

102. Water absorption groups:
a) Tiles of very low and low water
absorption (Group I)
Group B 1 a - Ceramic Fully vitrified tiles
Group B 1b - Ceramic Porcelain tiles
b) Tiles of medium water absorption
(Group II)
Group B II – Ceramic floor tiles
C) Tiles of high water absorption (Group
III)
Group B III – Ceramic wall tiles.

103.  Pressed ceramic tiles are covered by
Specifications under IS 15622-2006.
 Pressed ceramic glazed/unglazed tiles of first
quality for use as both floor and wall
coverings.
 Depending on the maximum permitted water
absorption the tiles are grouped as under with
their shapes and sizes as per following tables
of IS 15622.
 Tables 1 to 8 indicate the work or actual size
of tiles, joint width, coordinating size (Work
size + joint width) and thickness of tile.

104. GROUP WATER
ABSORPTION(%)
TABLE NO. Of IS
15622
B III >10 1 & 2
B II > 3 but ≤ 6 3 & 4
B I b > 0.08 but ≤ 3 5 & 6
BI a ≤0.08 7 & 8