2. What is Natural Vegetation ?
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It refers to a plant community which has grown
naturally without human aid and has been left
undisturbed by humans for a long time (also
called as virgin vegetation).
โข Cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of
vegetation but not natural vegetation
โข The virgin vegetation, which are purely Indian are
known as endemic or indigenous species but those
which have come from outside India are termed as
exotic plants.
โข The term flora is used to denote plants of a particular
region or period. The species of animals are referred to
as fauna.
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FORESTS
Tropical Rainforests:
These forests are also called Tropical Evergreen
Location:
โขForests found near the Equator (10ยฐ North to 10ยฐ South) in Amazon & Zaire
Basin and Southeast Asia.
Climate:
โขThese regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year.
Characteristics:
โขAs there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves
altogether. This is the reason they are called evergreen.
โขMaximum varieties of trees are found. Trees are tall with large trunks.
โขThe thick canopies of the closely spaced trees do not allow the sunlight to
penetrate inside the forest even in the day time. Thus, grass is not found in
these forests.
โขHardwood trees like rosewood, teak, sal, ebony, and mahogany are the
common trees found here.
โขHere the population found is very less. Due to dense forests commercial
exploitation of these forests has not be possible, making them economically
backward.
Wildlife:
โขLarge variety and most colourfull animals are found here.
Monkey, Ape, Birds, Hippopotamus, snake, python, Frog, Crocodile, etc.
Anaconda, world's largest snake is also found in these areas.
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Plants & Animals are found in
Tropical Evergreen Forest
Indian Timber Bamboo
Tree Kangaroo Poison Dart Frog
White Orchid
Sulawesi-Wrinkled-
Hornbill
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These forests Also called Monsoon forest
Location:
โขForests found in large part of India, Northern Australia and in Central
America.
Climate:
โขThese regions are warm and receive rainfall less than 200 cms.
Characteristics:
โขThese regions experience seasonal changes. Trees shed their leaves in
the dry season to conserve water.
โขTrees like sandalwood, teak, sal, ebony, bamboo, etc. are the common
trees found here.
โขForests are not very dense thus; commercial exploitation of these forests
is possible.
Wildlife:
โขTigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys are the common animals
of these regions.
Tropical Deciduous Forest
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Animals Plants & Shrubs Found in
Tropical Deciduous Forest
Sloth Bear
Moose The Alps
Orchid
Norway Maple
Amanita Muscaria
Bluebell Flower
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Coniferous Forest
These forest are also called โโTaiga Forestโโ.
Location:
โขFound in the higher latitudes (50ยฐ โ 70ยฐ) of Northern
hemisphere.
Climate:
โขThese regions have cool & short summers and cold & long
winters. These forests are also seen in the higher altitudes.
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Canada.
Characteristics:
โขForests consist of tall, softwood evergreen trees.
โขLimited species of trees are found. These trees are
evergreen and grow apart from each other.
โขTrees are conical shaped with needle shaped leaves and
trees are found in large groups.
โข Fir, pine, cedar are the important variety of trees in these
forests. Lumbering is the common activity. Soft wood is used
for manufacturing paper.
Wildlife:
โขFur-bearing animals like Silver fox, mink, and polar bear
are the common animals found here.
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Grasslands
Tropical Grasslands
These grasslands are also known as "Savannas
in Africa" and "Campos in Brazil".
Location:
โขFound within Tropical zone (i.e. between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn).
Climate:
โขThese regions have hot & long summers and mild & short winters. Receives
light rainfall in summers.
Characteristics:
โขThe grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height, which is also
known as "Elephant Grass".
โขNear river banks and water holes trees are found, which are deciduous in
nature, e.g. Acacia, baobab, etc.
โขClimatic conditions in these grasslands do not support rich agriculture and
animal rearing. Economically, these grasslands are backward.
Wildlife:
โขLions, Tigers, Leopards, Elephants, Giraffes, Zebras, etc. are the species of
animals found here. Birds like Ostrich, Emu, Cassowary, etc. can also be seen.
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Plants & Flowers Found in Tropical Grasslands
๏ Elephant Grass
๏ Candelabra Tree
๏ Kangaroo Paws
๏ Red Orchid Flower
๏ Milk Weed
๏ Stinging Nettle
๏ Bermuda Grass
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Temperate Grasslands
These grasslands are also known as "Prairies in North
America", "Pampas in South America", "Downs in Australia",
"Velds in South Africa" and "Steppes in Europe".
Location:
โขThese are found in the mid- latitudinal zones and in the interior part
of the continents. Central Asia from Black Sea to Central Russia, North
Central USA and Southern Canada, South-East Australia and Southern
Africa, Argentina.
Climate:
โขThese regions have warm & moist summers and cold & snowy
winters.
Characteristics:
โขThe grass found here is short and juicy, which is suitable for cattle
feed.
โขMaize and wheat are grown in large amount, that's why this area is
also known as "Bread Basket" of world.
Wildlife:
โขHerbivores like Wild Ass, Antelopes, and Horses. Kangaroos in
Australia. Carnivores like Rodents and Reptiles are also found.
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Desertic Scrubs
Tropical Deserts
Location:
โขLocated on the western margins of the continents between 15ยฐ โ 30ยฐ North & South of Equator.
Biggest desert, Sahara in North Africa is hot desert while Ladakh in India is cold desert.
Climate:
โขThese regions have hot & dry summers and receive very less rainfall.
Characteristics:
โขPlants found are very less with succulent stems, long roots and leaves are reduced to spines.
โขNature has been very kind, at some places "Oasis" is found in deserts with palm trees surrounding
them.
Wildlife:
โขCamel is the most common animal found in these deserts. Wild Yak, Hyena, Scorpion, fox, jackal,
etc. are also found.
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FOOTER
Plants & Animals found in
Tropical Deserts
Barrel Cactus
Camel
Coyote
Desert Monitor
Thorny Devil Lizard
Oasis
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Tundra Regions
Frozen Location:
โขTundra means barren land. Located in North Canada, North
Russia, North Sweden and Finland islands in Arctic Ocean.
Climate:
โขThese regions have long & very cold winters and very short and
cold summers.
โขLand is always
Characteristics:
โขTrees are not found; as trees don't grow below 10ยฐ C. Very less
vegetation is found.
โขMosses, Lichens and some shrubs grow here.
โขEconomically underdeveloped.
Wildlife:
โขMost common animal found in these area are Penguins, Polar
Bears, Musk, Ox, Wolf,
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FOOTER
Plants & Animals found in
Tundra Regions
๏ง Arctic Fox
๏ง Polar Bear
๏ง Snowy owl
๏ง Yak
๏ง Reindeer
๏ง Arctic Moss
๏ง Lichen
๏ง Caribou Moss
๏ง Tundra Flower
21. Wildlife traditionally refers to undomesticated animal species but has to come to
include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans
Wild life can be found in all ecosystem
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Wildlife
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Causes of Wildlife Destruction
Habitat Loss :-
๏ฑ . Extensive human demand resulted into habitat loss.
๏ฑ . Rain forests are the main habitats.
๏ฑ . Tropical rainforests are cleared for wood/timber resources
for development of petroleum resources,mineral resources.
๏ฑ . Second most critical factor in species extinction.
๏ฑ . Now there are 20% less forest cover than existed 300
years ago
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โข An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very
likely to become extinct. Endangered by the International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, is the second most severe
conservation status for wild populations in the IUCNโs scheme after
Critically Endangered (CR).
Endangered Species :-
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โข A critically endangered species in one that has been
categorized by the International Union for Conservation of
nature as facing an extremely high of extinction in the wild.
As of 2014, there were 2,464 animal and 2,104 plat species
with this assessment.
Critically Endangered Species :-
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โข A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to
become endangered unless the circumstances that are
threatening its survival and reproduction improve.
Vulnerability is main caused by habitat loss or destruction of
the species home.
Vulnerable Species :-
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Poaching and Hunting :-
Another major cause of animal species extinction
Poaching and illegal trade in animals are about US $10-$15 million per year worldwide.
National and International Wildlife trade :-
Pet, fur, meat, body parts trade and trade for biomedical research.
Climate change/Global warming :-
Wildlife animals face new challenges for survival because of climate change.
More frequent and intense drought, storms, heat waves, rising sea levels,
melting glaciers and warming oceans can directly harm animals, destroy the
places they live, wreak havoc on peopleโs livelihoods and communities.
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Some species have become extinct due to natural causes, but the greatest danger to wildlife results
from human activities. Thus, we ourselves have created this need for wildlife conservation.
Wildlife conservation includes all human efforts to preserve wild animals from extinction.
It involves the protection and wise management of wild species and their environment.
Wildlife Conservation
