2. What is a disability?
Any continuing condition that restricts
everyday activities.
Affects capacity to communicate, interact,
learn and / or get about independently.
Usually permanent but maybe episodic.
A disability may be present from birth or
occur during a person's lifetime.
4. What is special needs?
It is a term used to describe
individuals who require assistance
for disabilities that may be medical,
mental, or psychological.
For instance, People with autism,
Down syndrome or blindness, for
example, may be considered to have
special needs.
5.
6. However,
special needs
can also include
cleft lips and/or
palates, or
missing limbs.
Disabled persons
are called people
with special needs
meaning that they
need help in
leading their
normal life
8. Causes of Disabilities:
1. Genetic Causes
Abnormalities in genes and
genetic inheritance can cause
intellectual disability in children.
Down syndrome is the most
common genetic condition.
9. 2. Pre Natal Causes:
Teratogens: agents causing a defect in a
developing embryo or fetus , which include
Infections
Radiation
Maternal nutrition
Maternal stress
Low birth weight
Chromosomal disorders
Developmental disorders of brain
formation
Environmental influences
10. 3. Peri Natal Causes:
Anoxia and asphyxia
Prematurity- prior to 37 weeks
Low birth weight –under 5 ½ pounds
Haemorrhages
Metabolic problems
Seizures
Birth problems ( Multiple births,
Abnormal presentation, prolapsed
umbilical cord)
Respiratory distress syndrome :lack of
surfactant (coats the alveoli)Can result in
collapsed alveoli
Jaundice
12. 5. Psychosocial factors:-
Social correlates
*Nutrition * Poverty * Family
size
Low maternal intelligence/ Low maternal
educational level
Psychological correlates
Child rearing practices
Abuse and neglect Head
injuries
13. Disability prevention
Preventive measures aimed at:
Reducing the occurrence of
impairments (first level prevention)
Limiting or reversing disability caused
by impairment (second-level
prevention)
Preventing the transition of disability
into handicap (third level prevention)
14. Primary
prevention.
• Examples
include:
• Immunization
against
infectious
diseases.
• Treatment of
streptococcal
infection to
prevent
rheumatic fever
and its
complications
on heart.
Secondary
prevention
• Examples
include:
• regular exams
and screening
tests to detect
disease in its
earliest stages
(e.g.
mammograms
to detect
breast cancer)
• daily, low-dose
aspirins and/or
diet and
exercise
programs to
prevent further
heart attacks
or strokes
• Suitably
modified work
so injured or ill
workers can
return safely to
their jobs.
Tertiary
prevention
• Examples
include:
• Cardiac or
stroke
rehabilitation
programs,
chronic disease
management
programs (e.g.
for diabetes,
arthritis,
depression,
etc.)
• support groups
that allow
members to
share strategies
for living well
• Vocational
rehabilitation
programs to
retrain workers
for new jobs
when they have
recovered as
much as
possible.
15. Example of measures for disability
prevention
1-interventions acting upon the individual
directly – therapies, counseling
prosthetics, medical care, training, etc.;
16. 2-interventions acting upon the
individual's immediate surrounding's
– family and community (this includes
changing of employers attitudes and
behavior of the public towards the
disabled person.
17. 3-interventions with the broad aim of
reducing risks occurring in a society
as a whole
4-Disability prevention is not limited to
health sector interventions it also
includes all types of social, vocational,
educational, and other interventions are
combined.