Litature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
1. Chapter 2 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
2. Chapter 3 Solar
Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
3. Solar radiation
• Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly
electromagnetic energy.
• About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The other half is mostly in the near-
infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
• The sun is the source of all life on the Earth. The sun is an intensely hot,
self-luminous body of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) at the center
of the solar system.
4. Chapter 3 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
5. Solar thermal energy :Introduction
• We have always used the energy of the sun as
far back as humans have existed on this
planet. And without the Sun, life would not
exist on our planet. We use the sun’s energy
everyday in many different ways.
• we hang our clothes out in the sun to dry, for
drying fish, fruits, etc.
• Decaying plants hundreds of millions of years
ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that
we use today. So, fossil fuels is sunlight stored
millions and millions of years ago.
6. Solar Thermal Energy
6
• Solar Thermal Energy is a form of energy and a technology for
harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical
energy for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial
sectors. it have the following advantages
Consumes no fuel.
No pollution.
No greenhouse gases.
No moving parts, little or
no maintenance.
Sunlight is plentiful &
inexhaustible.
Considerably cheaper
than electricity from coal
if cost of carbon capture
is factored in.
Great promise for solving
global warming and fossil
fuel depletion problems.
7. How does solar thermal work?
• Have you ever felt warm water trickle out of a garden hose
that’s been sitting in the sun? If so, then you’ve witnessed
solar water heating in action.
• There are several
different solar thermal
designs, but all are
based on the same
principle as the garden
hose.
• Each has its pros and
cons and each is
suitable for a specific
application.
8. Different types of Systems
• Passive and Active
• The terms passive and active in solar thermal systems refer to
whether the systems rely on pumps or only thermodynamics
to circulate water through the systems.
Passive solar heating Active solar heating
9. Types of Passive systems
• Passive Solar is accommodated in the design of some homes
where living rooms are south facing with large windows and
floors and sometimes walls have a large thermal mass.
• While it is necessary
to use the solar to
heat in winter
overheating in
summer has to be
avoided, this is
normally done by
having a roof
overhang which
blocks the high
summer sun but not
the low winter sun.
10. Types of Passive systems
• While it can provide some free heat it doesn’t supply hot
water and there are design constraints.
• Conservatory or ‘sunspace’. A conservatory or greenhouse can
be thought of as a kind of habitable solar collector.
• Air is the heat transfer
fluid, carrying energy
into the building
behind.
• The energy store is
the building itself,
especially the wall at
the back of the
conservatory.
11. Space heating
Certain guidelines that should be followed:
• A building should have large areas of glazing facing the
sun to maximize solar gain.
• Features should be included to regulate heat intake to
prevent overheating.
• A building should be of
sufficient mass to allow
heat storage for the
required period.
• Contain features which
promote the even
distribution of heat
throughout the
building.
12. Trombe wall
• A massive black painted wall that has a double glazed skin to
prevent captured heat from escaping.
• The wall is vented to allow the warm air to enter the room at high
level and cool air to enter the cavity between the wall and the
glazing.
• Heat stored during the day is radiated into the room during the
night.
13. Active solar heating systems
• Active solar heating systems use solar energy to heat a fluid --
either liquid or air -- and then transfer the solar heat directly to the
interior space or to a storage system for later use.
• Active solar energy systems use the same principles as passive
systems except that they use a fluid (such as water) to absorb the
heat.
• A solar collector positioned on the roofs of buildings heats the fluid
and then pumps it through a system of pipes to heat the whole
building.
• If the solar system cannot provide adequate space heating, an
auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat.
• Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and
are well suited for radiant heating, boilers with hot water radiators,
and even absorption heat pumps and coolers. Both liquid and air
systems can supplement forced air systems.
14. Solar Collector
• Solar Thermal is a clean, highly efficient means of using
renewable energy from the sun to provide hot water for
domestic, commercial and industrial process
• Put in simple terms, if you place a container full of liquid in the
garden on a sunny day, in a short time the contents of the
container become warm. Solar Collectors work in much the
same way, but are very more efficient.
• A sealed circuit of fluid containing
a special mix of glycol and water
is pumped around the system
through the Solar panels where it
is heated and passed through a
special solar coil within the hot
water tank.
• The heat is then transferred to the
main body of water within the
tank, once up to temperature, this
water is ready for use in the
18. Types of Solar Water Heating Systems
• Flat-plate collector
– Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes
that contain a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or
plastic covers.
– Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar pool heating,
have a dark absorber plate, made of metal or plastic, without a
cover or enclosure.
19. • Integral collector-storage systems
– Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or
more black tanks or tubes in an insulated, glazed box.
– Cold water first passes through the solar collector,
which preheats the water.
– The water then continues on to the conventional
backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot
water.
20. • Evacuated-tube solar collectors
– They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes.
– Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube
attached to a fin.
– The fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat
loss.
– These collectors are used more frequently for U.S. commercial
applications.
22. Solar thermal power stations
• Two types:
Power tower
Sources: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual, Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report database,
2004.
23. Solar cooking
• This technology has been given a lot of attention in recent years
in developing countries.
• The basic design is that of a box with a glass cover.
• The box is lined with insulation and a reflective surface is
applied to concentrate the heat onto the pots.
• The pots can be painted black to help with heat absorption.
• The solar radiation raises the temperature sufficiently to boil
the contents in the pots.
24. Chapter 3 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
25. Photo Voltaic cell
Electrode
P-Type Semiconductor
N-Type Semiconductor
Reflect-Proof Film
Electrode
Solar Energy
Load
Electric
Current
26
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
• The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
• Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
27. 28
• Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
P
N
A
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
P
N
V
about 0.5V (Silicon)
High insolation
•Voltage on normal operation point
0.5V (in case of Silicon PV)
•Current depend on
- Intensity of insolation
- Size of cell
Low insolation
Normal operation point
(Maximum Power point)
I x V = W
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
28. 29
• Typical I-V Curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
0.49 V 0.62 V
4.95A
5.55A
Depend on
type of cell or cell-
material
( Si = 0.5V )
Depend on cell-size
Depend on
Solar insolation
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
29. 30
Crystalline
Non-crystalline
Single crystal
Poly crystalline
Amorphous
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Conversion Efficiency of
Module
10 - 17%
10 - 13%
7 - 10%
18 - 30%
Conversion Efficiency =
Electric Energy Output
Energy of Insolation on cell
x 100%
Dye-sensitized Type
Organic Thin Layer Type
7 - 8%
2 - 3%
Various type of PV cell
• Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Silicon
Semiconductor
Compound
Semiconductor
Solar
Cell
Organic
Semiconductor
31. Photovoltaics Cells
32
Monocrystalline Solar Panels
• It is the most efficient and most expensive panels
currently available.
• They are often used in applications where
installation square footage is limited, giving the end
user the maximum electrical output for the
installation area available.
32. Photovoltaics Cells
33
Polycrystalline Solar Panels
• It characterized by its shattered glass look because of
the manufacturing process of using multiple silicon
crystals.
• It has a little less efficient than monocrystalline
panels, but also less expensive.
33. Photovoltaics Cells
34
Amorphous Silicon also called "Thin
Film"
• These panels can be thin and flexible
which is why they are commonly
referred to as "Thin Film" solar panels.
• They are cheaper and are not affected
by shading.
Drawbacks are :
loss of wattage per sq. ft.
installed
low efficiency; and
heat retention.
34. 35
• Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline
Various type of PV cell
Formed by melting high purity silicon
like as Integrated Circuit
For mass production, cell is sliced from
roughly crystallized ingot.
35. 36
• Surface of PV cell
Various type of PV cell
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
• Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
• To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Anti reflection film
(Blue colored film)
• Back surface is P-type.
• All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
Example of Poly Crystalline PV
36. 37
Single crystal Poly crystalline
120W
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
800mm
800mm
1200mm
Various type of PV cell
• PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
(3.93ft)
(2.62ft)
(3.93ft)
(2.62ft)
128W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
Efficiency is higher
Cost high
Efficiency is lower
Cost low
Same size
37. 38
Various type of PV cell
• Hierarchy of PV
2 – 3 W
100 - 200 W
10 - 50 kW
Cell
Array
Module,Panel
Volt Ampere Watt Size
Cell 0.5V 5-6A 2-3W about 10cm
Module 20-30V 5-6A 100-200W about 1m
Array 200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW about 30m
6x9=54 (cells) 100-300 (modules)
38. 39
Various type of PV cell
•Roughly size of PV Power Station.
How much PV can we install in this conference room?
1 kw PV need 10 m2 Please
remember
10m(33feet)
20m(66feet)
Conference
Room
(We are now)
Our room has about 200 m2
We can install about
20 kW PV in this room
(108 feet2)
(2,178 feet2)
39. 40
Installation example
• Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Most popular installation style
in Japan.
Owner can sell excess
power to power utility.
43. 44
Basic Characteristic
• I / V curve and P-Max control
P
N
A
V
• To obtain maximum power, current
control (or voltage control) is very
important.
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
I x V = W
P2
PMAX
P1
Vpmax
Ipmax
I/V curve
P- Max control
• “Power conditioner” (mentioned
later) will adjusts to be most suitable
voltage and current automatically.
Power curve
44. 45
Basic Characteristic
• Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P
N
A
)
(
05
.
0
R
PV character
( I/V curve )
If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,
cross point of resistance character and
PV-Character will be following point.
Then power is 100x0.05=5 W
)
(
05
.
0
R
05
.
0
/
V
I
R
V
I
Ohm’s theory
45. 46
Basic Characteristic
• I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
P
N
P
N
Mismatch
5A
1A
P
N
P
N
Bypass
Diode
5A
1A 4A
•Current is affected largely by change
of insolation intensity.
•Partially shaded serial cell will produce
current mismatch.
Bypass Diode
46. Bypass Diodes working
When part of a PV module is shaded, the shaded cells will
not be able to produce as much current as the unshaded
cells.
Since all cells are connected in series, the same amount of
current must flow through every cell.
The unshaded cells
will force the shaded
cells to pass more
current through it.
47. 48
Basic Characteristic
• Temperature and efficiency
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Module Temperature (deg.C)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%
)
Crystalline cell
Amorphous cell
Typical
(25C)
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
2%
down
•When module temperature rises, efficiency decreases.
•The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.
48. 49
Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
P
N
P
N
P
N
)
(
05
.
0
R
)
(
10
.
0
R
)
(
02
.
0
R
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
49. 50
Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
R
V
I
I/V curve of current insolation.
50. 51
Case sturdy
2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25ºC to 65ºC, How much the
capacity will be?
51. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
Stand-alone systems - those systems which use
photovoltaics technology only and are not connected to
a utility grid.
52. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
Stand-alone systems
53. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
Hybrid systems - those systems which use photovoltaics
and some other form of energy, such as diesel
generation or wind.
54. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
Hybrid systems
Ranching the Sun project in Hawaii generates 175 kW of PV
power and 50 kW of wind power from the five 10 kW wind
turbines