SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  60
Chapter 2 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
Chapter 3 Solar
Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
Solar radiation
• Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly
electromagnetic energy.
• About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The other half is mostly in the near-
infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum.
• The sun is the source of all life on the Earth. The sun is an intensely hot,
self-luminous body of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) at the center
of the solar system.
Chapter 3 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
Solar thermal energy :Introduction
• We have always used the energy of the sun as
far back as humans have existed on this
planet. And without the Sun, life would not
exist on our planet. We use the sun’s energy
everyday in many different ways.
• we hang our clothes out in the sun to dry, for
drying fish, fruits, etc.
• Decaying plants hundreds of millions of years
ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that
we use today. So, fossil fuels is sunlight stored
millions and millions of years ago.
Solar Thermal Energy
6
• Solar Thermal Energy is a form of energy and a technology for
harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical
energy for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial
sectors. it have the following advantages
 Consumes no fuel.
 No pollution.
 No greenhouse gases.
 No moving parts, little or
no maintenance.
 Sunlight is plentiful &
inexhaustible.
 Considerably cheaper
than electricity from coal
if cost of carbon capture
is factored in.
 Great promise for solving
global warming and fossil
fuel depletion problems.
How does solar thermal work?
• Have you ever felt warm water trickle out of a garden hose
that’s been sitting in the sun? If so, then you’ve witnessed
solar water heating in action.
• There are several
different solar thermal
designs, but all are
based on the same
principle as the garden
hose.
• Each has its pros and
cons and each is
suitable for a specific
application.
Different types of Systems
• Passive and Active
• The terms passive and active in solar thermal systems refer to
whether the systems rely on pumps or only thermodynamics
to circulate water through the systems.
Passive solar heating Active solar heating
Types of Passive systems
• Passive Solar is accommodated in the design of some homes
where living rooms are south facing with large windows and
floors and sometimes walls have a large thermal mass.
• While it is necessary
to use the solar to
heat in winter
overheating in
summer has to be
avoided, this is
normally done by
having a roof
overhang which
blocks the high
summer sun but not
the low winter sun.
Types of Passive systems
• While it can provide some free heat it doesn’t supply hot
water and there are design constraints.
• Conservatory or ‘sunspace’. A conservatory or greenhouse can
be thought of as a kind of habitable solar collector.
• Air is the heat transfer
fluid, carrying energy
into the building
behind.
• The energy store is
the building itself,
especially the wall at
the back of the
conservatory.
Space heating
Certain guidelines that should be followed:
• A building should have large areas of glazing facing the
sun to maximize solar gain.
• Features should be included to regulate heat intake to
prevent overheating.
• A building should be of
sufficient mass to allow
heat storage for the
required period.
• Contain features which
promote the even
distribution of heat
throughout the
building.
Trombe wall
• A massive black painted wall that has a double glazed skin to
prevent captured heat from escaping.
• The wall is vented to allow the warm air to enter the room at high
level and cool air to enter the cavity between the wall and the
glazing.
• Heat stored during the day is radiated into the room during the
night.
Active solar heating systems
• Active solar heating systems use solar energy to heat a fluid --
either liquid or air -- and then transfer the solar heat directly to the
interior space or to a storage system for later use.
• Active solar energy systems use the same principles as passive
systems except that they use a fluid (such as water) to absorb the
heat.
• A solar collector positioned on the roofs of buildings heats the fluid
and then pumps it through a system of pipes to heat the whole
building.
• If the solar system cannot provide adequate space heating, an
auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat.
• Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and
are well suited for radiant heating, boilers with hot water radiators,
and even absorption heat pumps and coolers. Both liquid and air
systems can supplement forced air systems.
Solar Collector
• Solar Thermal is a clean, highly efficient means of using
renewable energy from the sun to provide hot water for
domestic, commercial and industrial process
• Put in simple terms, if you place a container full of liquid in the
garden on a sunny day, in a short time the contents of the
container become warm. Solar Collectors work in much the
same way, but are very more efficient.
• A sealed circuit of fluid containing
a special mix of glycol and water
is pumped around the system
through the Solar panels where it
is heated and passed through a
special solar coil within the hot
water tank.
• The heat is then transferred to the
main body of water within the
tank, once up to temperature, this
water is ready for use in the
Passive
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
Active
Types of Solar Water Heating Systems
• Flat-plate collector
– Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes
that contain a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or
plastic covers.
– Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar pool heating,
have a dark absorber plate, made of metal or plastic, without a
cover or enclosure.
• Integral collector-storage systems
– Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or
more black tanks or tubes in an insulated, glazed box.
– Cold water first passes through the solar collector,
which preheats the water.
– The water then continues on to the conventional
backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot
water.
• Evacuated-tube solar collectors
– They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes.
– Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube
attached to a fin.
– The fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat
loss.
– These collectors are used more frequently for U.S. commercial
applications.
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
Solar thermal power stations
• Two types:
Power tower
Sources: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual, Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report database,
2004.
Solar cooking
• This technology has been given a lot of attention in recent years
in developing countries.
• The basic design is that of a box with a glass cover.
• The box is lined with insulation and a reflective surface is
applied to concentrate the heat onto the pots.
• The pots can be painted black to help with heat absorption.
• The solar radiation raises the temperature sufficiently to boil
the contents in the pots.
Chapter 3 Solar Energy
• Solar radiation
• Solar thermal energy
• Photovoltaics (Solar cells)
• Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world
• CO2 capture and solar fuels
Photo Voltaic cell
Electrode
P-Type Semiconductor
N-Type Semiconductor
Reflect-Proof Film
Electrode
Solar Energy
Load
Electric
Current
26
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
• The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
• Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
28
• Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve )
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
P
N
A
Short Circuit
Open Circuit
P
N
V
about 0.5V (Silicon)
High insolation
•Voltage on normal operation point
0.5V (in case of Silicon PV)
•Current depend on
- Intensity of insolation
- Size of cell
Low insolation
Normal operation point
(Maximum Power point)
I x V = W
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
29
• Typical I-V Curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
0.49 V 0.62 V
4.95A
5.55A
Depend on
type of cell or cell-
material
( Si = 0.5V )
Depend on cell-size
Depend on
Solar insolation
Mechanism of Generation Electricity
30
Crystalline
Non-crystalline
Single crystal
Poly crystalline
Amorphous
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Conversion Efficiency of
Module
10 - 17%
10 - 13%
7 - 10%
18 - 30%
Conversion Efficiency =
Electric Energy Output
Energy of Insolation on cell
x 100%
Dye-sensitized Type
Organic Thin Layer Type
7 - 8%
2 - 3%
Various type of PV cell
• Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell
Silicon
Semiconductor
Compound
Semiconductor
Solar
Cell
Organic
Semiconductor
Photovoltaics Cells
31
• Mono-crystalline Solar Panels
• Polycrystalline Solar Panels.
• Amorphous Silicon
also called "Thin Film".
Photovoltaics Cells
32
Monocrystalline Solar Panels
• It is the most efficient and most expensive panels
currently available.
• They are often used in applications where
installation square footage is limited, giving the end
user the maximum electrical output for the
installation area available.
Photovoltaics Cells
33
Polycrystalline Solar Panels
• It characterized by its shattered glass look because of
the manufacturing process of using multiple silicon
crystals.
• It has a little less efficient than monocrystalline
panels, but also less expensive.
Photovoltaics Cells
34
Amorphous Silicon also called "Thin
Film"
• These panels can be thin and flexible
which is why they are commonly
referred to as "Thin Film" solar panels.
• They are cheaper and are not affected
by shading.
Drawbacks are :
loss of wattage per sq. ft.
installed
low efficiency; and
heat retention.
35
• Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon)
Single crystal Poly crystalline
Various type of PV cell
Formed by melting high purity silicon
like as Integrated Circuit
For mass production, cell is sliced from
roughly crystallized ingot.
36
• Surface of PV cell
Various type of PV cell
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
• Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
• To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Anti reflection film
(Blue colored film)
• Back surface is P-type.
• All back surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
Example of Poly Crystalline PV
37
Single crystal Poly crystalline
120W
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
800mm
800mm
1200mm
Various type of PV cell
• PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon)
(3.93ft)
(2.62ft)
(3.93ft)
(2.62ft)
128W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
Efficiency is higher
Cost high
Efficiency is lower
Cost low
Same size
38
Various type of PV cell
• Hierarchy of PV
2 – 3 W
100 - 200 W
10 - 50 kW
Cell
Array
Module,Panel
Volt Ampere Watt Size
Cell 0.5V 5-6A 2-3W about 10cm
Module 20-30V 5-6A 100-200W about 1m
Array 200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW about 30m
6x9=54 (cells) 100-300 (modules)
39
Various type of PV cell
•Roughly size of PV Power Station.
How much PV can we install in this conference room?
1 kw PV need 10 m2 Please
remember
10m(33feet)
20m(66feet)
Conference
Room
(We are now)
Our room has about 200 m2
We can install about
20 kW PV in this room
(108 feet2)
(2,178 feet2)
40
Installation example
• Roof top of residence ( Grid connected )
Most popular installation style
in Japan.
Owner can sell excess
power to power utility.
41
Installation example
• Roof top of school ,community-center building.
(For education and emergency power)
42
Installation example
• Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid )
Transmit station on top of mountain
Advertising sign beside highway
43
Installation example
• Mountain cottage ( Off grid )
1.2kW system
Inverter and controller
44
Basic Characteristic
• I / V curve and P-Max control
P
N
A
V
• To obtain maximum power, current
control (or voltage control) is very
important.
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
I x V = W
P2
PMAX
P1
Vpmax
Ipmax
I/V curve
P- Max control
• “Power conditioner” (mentioned
later) will adjusts to be most suitable
voltage and current automatically.
Power curve
45
Basic Characteristic
• Estimate obtained power by I / V curve
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
P
N
A
)
(
05
.
0 

R
PV character
( I/V curve )
If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance,
cross point of resistance character and
PV-Character will be following point.
Then power is 100x0.05=5 W
)
(
05
.
0 

R
05
.
0
/
V
I 
R
V
I 
Ohm’s theory
46
Basic Characteristic
• I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity
P
N
P
N
Mismatch
5A
1A
P
N
P
N
Bypass
Diode
5A
1A 4A
•Current is affected largely by change
of insolation intensity.
•Partially shaded serial cell will produce
current mismatch.
Bypass Diode
Bypass Diodes working
 When part of a PV module is shaded, the shaded cells will
not be able to produce as much current as the unshaded
cells.
 Since all cells are connected in series, the same amount of
current must flow through every cell.
 The unshaded cells
will force the shaded
cells to pass more
current through it.
48
Basic Characteristic
• Temperature and efficiency
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Module Temperature (deg.C)
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
(
%
)
Crystalline cell
Amorphous cell
Typical
(25C)
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
2%
down
•When module temperature rises, efficiency decreases.
•The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.
49
Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
P
N
P
N
P
N
)
(
05
.
0 

R
)
(
10
.
0 

R
)
(
02
.
0 

R
Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three
resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
50
Case sturdy
1.Maximum power control
(V)
(A)
Voltage(V)
Current(I)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
R
V
I 
I/V curve of current insolation.
51
Case sturdy
2.Temperature vs. Efficiency
Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system.
If surface temperature rises from 25ºC to 65ºC, How much the
capacity will be?
Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
 Stand-alone systems - those systems which use
photovoltaics technology only and are not connected to
a utility grid.
Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
 Stand-alone systems
Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
 Hybrid systems - those systems which use photovoltaics
and some other form of energy, such as diesel
generation or wind.
Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
 Hybrid systems
Ranching the Sun project in Hawaii generates 175 kW of PV
power and 50 kW of wind power from the five 10 kW wind
turbines
Solar PV Systems - Solar Lighting &
Electricity
Types of Solar Photovoltaic System
 Grid-tied systems - those systems which are connected
to a utility grid.
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Know about solar thermal energy
Know about solar thermal energyKnow about solar thermal energy
Know about solar thermal energyRachel Pinhard
 
Solar energy applications
Solar energy applicationsSolar energy applications
Solar energy applicationsMehul111
 
Solar PV Cells, Module and Array
Solar PV Cells, Module and ArraySolar PV Cells, Module and Array
Solar PV Cells, Module and ArrayDr Naim R Kidwai
 
Solar Energy
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Solar Energyritchiek
 
Solar flat plate collector
Solar flat plate collectorSolar flat plate collector
Solar flat plate collectorBipin Gupta
 
Solar power plants for generation of electricity
Solar power plants for generation of electricitySolar power plants for generation of electricity
Solar power plants for generation of electricityAnmol Gupta
 
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to it
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to itSolar energy presentation what factors does neeed to it
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to itMurali Krishna B
 
Principles of solar radiation
Principles of solar radiation Principles of solar radiation
Principles of solar radiation SARAN RAJ I
 
Solar thermal system
Solar thermal systemSolar thermal system
Solar thermal systemBigil Gupta
 
Solar heating and cooling system
Solar heating and cooling systemSolar heating and cooling system
Solar heating and cooling systemAbhishek Aman
 
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yator
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorSolar to energy presentation geofrey yator
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorGeofrey Yator
 
Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy SystemsRenewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy SystemsNaveed Rehman
 

Tendances (20)

Know about solar thermal energy
Know about solar thermal energyKnow about solar thermal energy
Know about solar thermal energy
 
Solar Thermal Power
Solar Thermal PowerSolar Thermal Power
Solar Thermal Power
 
Solar energy applications
Solar energy applicationsSolar energy applications
Solar energy applications
 
Photovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic SystemsPhotovoltaic Systems
Photovoltaic Systems
 
Solar PV Cells, Module and Array
Solar PV Cells, Module and ArraySolar PV Cells, Module and Array
Solar PV Cells, Module and Array
 
Solar Energy
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Solar Energy
 
solar collectors
solar collectorssolar collectors
solar collectors
 
Solar flat plate collector
Solar flat plate collectorSolar flat plate collector
Solar flat plate collector
 
solar power tower
solar power towersolar power tower
solar power tower
 
Solar collector
Solar collectorSolar collector
Solar collector
 
Solar power plants for generation of electricity
Solar power plants for generation of electricitySolar power plants for generation of electricity
Solar power plants for generation of electricity
 
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to it
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to itSolar energy presentation what factors does neeed to it
Solar energy presentation what factors does neeed to it
 
Principles of solar radiation
Principles of solar radiation Principles of solar radiation
Principles of solar radiation
 
Solar thermal system
Solar thermal systemSolar thermal system
Solar thermal system
 
Solar pv systems
Solar pv systemsSolar pv systems
Solar pv systems
 
Solar heating and cooling system
Solar heating and cooling systemSolar heating and cooling system
Solar heating and cooling system
 
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yator
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yatorSolar to energy presentation geofrey yator
Solar to energy presentation geofrey yator
 
Solar Compound parabolic collector
Solar Compound parabolic collectorSolar Compound parabolic collector
Solar Compound parabolic collector
 
Renewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy SystemsRenewable Energy Systems
Renewable Energy Systems
 
solar thermal energy
solar thermal energysolar thermal energy
solar thermal energy
 

Similaire à Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1

Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy
Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy
Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy Prof . Ghada Amer
 
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.ppt
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.pptL4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.ppt
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.pptNHDOINDIA
 
solar thermal_1.pdf
solar thermal_1.pdfsolar thermal_1.pdf
solar thermal_1.pdfssuser9f2ad7
 
Solar Thermal Power.pptx
Solar Thermal Power.pptxSolar Thermal Power.pptx
Solar Thermal Power.pptxAllAboutworlds
 
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdf
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdfsolarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdf
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdfAbdlaDoski
 
Unit ii 29.02.2016
Unit ii 29.02.2016Unit ii 29.02.2016
Unit ii 29.02.2016Billa Ganesh
 
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)Surendra Patait
 
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdf
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdfSOLAR PRESENTATION.pdf
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdfDNTPOWER
 
Renewable energy source
Renewable energy source Renewable energy source
Renewable energy source self employer
 
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdf
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdfSOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdf
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdfrajeshpradha1
 

Similaire à Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1 (20)

Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy
Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy
Renewable Energy Technologies course -Chapter 3 solar energy
 
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.ppt
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.pptL4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.ppt
L4_Solar_Thermal_Energy.ppt
 
3 chapter 3 solar energy
3 chapter 3 solar energy 3 chapter 3 solar energy
3 chapter 3 solar energy
 
Solar Energy.ppt
Solar Energy.pptSolar Energy.ppt
Solar Energy.ppt
 
ORO 551 Renewable Energy Sources
ORO 551 Renewable Energy SourcesORO 551 Renewable Energy Sources
ORO 551 Renewable Energy Sources
 
solar thermal_1.pdf
solar thermal_1.pdfsolar thermal_1.pdf
solar thermal_1.pdf
 
Solar Thermal Power.pptx
Solar Thermal Power.pptxSolar Thermal Power.pptx
Solar Thermal Power.pptx
 
SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR POWER PLANTSOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR POWER PLANT
 
OCH752 energy technology unit 3
OCH752 energy technology unit 3OCH752 energy technology unit 3
OCH752 energy technology unit 3
 
Lesson 5pdf.pptx
Lesson 5pdf.pptxLesson 5pdf.pptx
Lesson 5pdf.pptx
 
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdf
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdfsolarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdf
solarthermalsystem-fffff210330080358.pdf
 
Unit ii 29.02.2016
Unit ii 29.02.2016Unit ii 29.02.2016
Unit ii 29.02.2016
 
Solar energy
Solar energySolar energy
Solar energy
 
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)
Solarthermalsystem 210330080358-converted(1)
 
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdf
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdfSOLAR PRESENTATION.pdf
SOLAR PRESENTATION.pdf
 
Pdf
PdfPdf
Pdf
 
Module 2.pdf
Module 2.pdfModule 2.pdf
Module 2.pdf
 
Renewable energy source
Renewable energy source Renewable energy source
Renewable energy source
 
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdf
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdfSOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdf
SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING METHODS AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pdf
 
4 solar collector
4 solar  collector4 solar  collector
4 solar collector
 

Plus de Prof . Ghada Amer

Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2Prof . Ghada Amer
 
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...The development of international conflict according to technological progress...
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...Prof . Ghada Amer
 
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crises
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crisesThe role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crises
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crisesProf . Ghada Amer
 
Competitiveness researches projects
Competitiveness researches projectsCompetitiveness researches projects
Competitiveness researches projectsProf . Ghada Amer
 
Women empowerment in arab world
Women empowerment in arab world Women empowerment in arab world
Women empowerment in arab world Prof . Ghada Amer
 
Scientific Research Publishing
Scientific Research PublishingScientific Research Publishing
Scientific Research PublishingProf . Ghada Amer
 
Best way to protect your idea
Best way to protect your ideaBest way to protect your idea
Best way to protect your ideaProf . Ghada Amer
 
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cells
Renewable Energy Technologies  Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsRenewable Energy Technologies  Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cells
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsProf . Ghada Amer
 
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on Science
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on ScienceTowards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on Science
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on ScienceProf . Ghada Amer
 
Space for sustainable development
Space for sustainable developmentSpace for sustainable development
Space for sustainable developmentProf . Ghada Amer
 
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1Prof . Ghada Amer
 
chapter 4 nuclear power station
chapter 4 nuclear power stationchapter 4 nuclear power station
chapter 4 nuclear power stationProf . Ghada Amer
 
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2
4  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-24  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2Prof . Ghada Amer
 
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1
4  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-14  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1Prof . Ghada Amer
 

Plus de Prof . Ghada Amer (16)

Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2
Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 2
 
Arab women in science
Arab women in scienceArab women in science
Arab women in science
 
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...The development of international conflict according to technological progress...
The development of international conflict according to technological progress...
 
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crises
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crisesThe role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crises
The role of modern technology in forecasting and managing crises
 
Competitiveness researches projects
Competitiveness researches projectsCompetitiveness researches projects
Competitiveness researches projects
 
Nuclear Power Station 2020
Nuclear Power Station  2020Nuclear Power Station  2020
Nuclear Power Station 2020
 
Women empowerment in arab world
Women empowerment in arab world Women empowerment in arab world
Women empowerment in arab world
 
Scientific Research Publishing
Scientific Research PublishingScientific Research Publishing
Scientific Research Publishing
 
Best way to protect your idea
Best way to protect your ideaBest way to protect your idea
Best way to protect your idea
 
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cells
Renewable Energy Technologies  Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cellsRenewable Energy Technologies  Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cells
Renewable Energy Technologies Course, chapter 2 hydrogen and fuel cells
 
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on Science
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on ScienceTowards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on Science
Towards a Global Observatory of Policy Instruments on Science
 
Space for sustainable development
Space for sustainable developmentSpace for sustainable development
Space for sustainable development
 
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1
Renewable Energy Technologies Course Chapter 1
 
chapter 4 nuclear power station
chapter 4 nuclear power stationchapter 4 nuclear power station
chapter 4 nuclear power station
 
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2
4  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-24  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-2
 
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1
4  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-14  chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1
4 chapter 4 nuclear power station 4-1
 

Dernier

دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide LaboratoryBahzad5
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Apollo Techno Industries Pvt Ltd
 
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlook
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future OutlookPioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlook
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlooksoginsider
 
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdf
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdfMulticomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdf
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdfGiovanaGhasary1
 
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptx
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptxVertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptx
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptxLMW Machine Tool Division
 
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2nhuayllav
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Amil baba
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationMohsinKhanA
 
Engineering Mechanics Chapter 5 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Engineering Mechanics  Chapter 5  Equilibrium of a Rigid BodyEngineering Mechanics  Chapter 5  Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Engineering Mechanics Chapter 5 Equilibrium of a Rigid BodyAhmadHajasad2
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxHome
 
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 ProjectGender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Projectreemakb03
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyabdulkadirmukarram03
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxSAJITHABANUS
 
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptx
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptxMohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptx
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptxKISHAN KUMAR
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptxSaiGouthamSunkara
 
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...amrabdallah9
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfodunowoeminence2019
 
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfsdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfJulia Kaye
 

Dernier (20)

دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratoryدليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
دليل تجارب الاسفلت المختبرية - Asphalt Experiments Guide Laboratory
 
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
Technology Features of Apollo HDD Machine, Its Technical Specification with C...
 
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlook
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future OutlookPioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlook
Pioneering Process Safety Management: The Future Outlook
 
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdf
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdfMulticomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdf
Multicomponent Spiral Wound Membrane Separation Model.pdf
 
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptx
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptxVertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptx
Vertical- Machining - Center - VMC -LMW-Machine-Tool-Division.pptx
 
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2
ingles nivel 3 ucv 2024 - modulo 3 _ppt2
 
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
Best-NO1 Best Rohani Amil In Lahore Kala Ilam In Lahore Kala Jadu Amil In Lah...
 
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software SimulationA Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
A Seminar on Electric Vehicle Software Simulation
 
Engineering Mechanics Chapter 5 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Engineering Mechanics  Chapter 5  Equilibrium of a Rigid BodyEngineering Mechanics  Chapter 5  Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
Engineering Mechanics Chapter 5 Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
 
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptxTest of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
Test of Significance of Large Samples for Mean = µ.pptx
 
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 ProjectGender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
Gender Bias in Engineer, Honors 203 Project
 
The relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technologyThe relationship between iot and communication technology
The relationship between iot and communication technology
 
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdfPrésentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
Présentation IIRB 2024 Chloe Dufrane.pdf
 
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptxIT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
IT3401-WEB ESSENTIALS PRESENTATIONS.pptx
 
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptx
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptxMohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptx
Mohs Scale of Hardness, Hardness Scale.pptx
 
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer      functions.pptxPhase noise transfer      functions.pptx
Phase noise transfer functions.pptx
 
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
Strategies of Urban Morphologyfor Improving Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Susta...
 
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdfRenewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
Renewable Energy & Entrepreneurship Workshop_21Feb2024.pdf
 
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdfsdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
sdfsadopkjpiosufoiasdoifjasldkjfl a asldkjflaskdjflkjsdsdf
 
Litature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
Litature Review: Research Paper work for EngineeringLitature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
Litature Review: Research Paper work for Engineering
 

Chapter 2 solar energy 2021 part 1

  • 1. Chapter 2 Solar Energy • Solar radiation • Solar thermal energy • Photovoltaics (Solar cells) • Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world • CO2 capture and solar fuels
  • 2. Chapter 3 Solar Energy • Solar radiation • Solar thermal energy • Photovoltaics (Solar cells) • Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world • CO2 capture and solar fuels
  • 3. Solar radiation • Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. • About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other half is mostly in the near- infrared part, with some in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum. • The sun is the source of all life on the Earth. The sun is an intensely hot, self-luminous body of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) at the center of the solar system.
  • 4. Chapter 3 Solar Energy • Solar radiation • Solar thermal energy • Photovoltaics (Solar cells) • Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world • CO2 capture and solar fuels
  • 5. Solar thermal energy :Introduction • We have always used the energy of the sun as far back as humans have existed on this planet. And without the Sun, life would not exist on our planet. We use the sun’s energy everyday in many different ways. • we hang our clothes out in the sun to dry, for drying fish, fruits, etc. • Decaying plants hundreds of millions of years ago produced the coal, oil and natural gas that we use today. So, fossil fuels is sunlight stored millions and millions of years ago.
  • 6. Solar Thermal Energy 6 • Solar Thermal Energy is a form of energy and a technology for harnessing solar energy to generate thermal energy or electrical energy for use in industry, and in the residential and commercial sectors. it have the following advantages  Consumes no fuel.  No pollution.  No greenhouse gases.  No moving parts, little or no maintenance.  Sunlight is plentiful & inexhaustible.  Considerably cheaper than electricity from coal if cost of carbon capture is factored in.  Great promise for solving global warming and fossil fuel depletion problems.
  • 7. How does solar thermal work? • Have you ever felt warm water trickle out of a garden hose that’s been sitting in the sun? If so, then you’ve witnessed solar water heating in action. • There are several different solar thermal designs, but all are based on the same principle as the garden hose. • Each has its pros and cons and each is suitable for a specific application.
  • 8. Different types of Systems • Passive and Active • The terms passive and active in solar thermal systems refer to whether the systems rely on pumps or only thermodynamics to circulate water through the systems. Passive solar heating Active solar heating
  • 9. Types of Passive systems • Passive Solar is accommodated in the design of some homes where living rooms are south facing with large windows and floors and sometimes walls have a large thermal mass. • While it is necessary to use the solar to heat in winter overheating in summer has to be avoided, this is normally done by having a roof overhang which blocks the high summer sun but not the low winter sun.
  • 10. Types of Passive systems • While it can provide some free heat it doesn’t supply hot water and there are design constraints. • Conservatory or ‘sunspace’. A conservatory or greenhouse can be thought of as a kind of habitable solar collector. • Air is the heat transfer fluid, carrying energy into the building behind. • The energy store is the building itself, especially the wall at the back of the conservatory.
  • 11. Space heating Certain guidelines that should be followed: • A building should have large areas of glazing facing the sun to maximize solar gain. • Features should be included to regulate heat intake to prevent overheating. • A building should be of sufficient mass to allow heat storage for the required period. • Contain features which promote the even distribution of heat throughout the building.
  • 12. Trombe wall • A massive black painted wall that has a double glazed skin to prevent captured heat from escaping. • The wall is vented to allow the warm air to enter the room at high level and cool air to enter the cavity between the wall and the glazing. • Heat stored during the day is radiated into the room during the night.
  • 13. Active solar heating systems • Active solar heating systems use solar energy to heat a fluid -- either liquid or air -- and then transfer the solar heat directly to the interior space or to a storage system for later use. • Active solar energy systems use the same principles as passive systems except that they use a fluid (such as water) to absorb the heat. • A solar collector positioned on the roofs of buildings heats the fluid and then pumps it through a system of pipes to heat the whole building. • If the solar system cannot provide adequate space heating, an auxiliary or back-up system provides the additional heat. • Liquid systems are more often used when storage is included, and are well suited for radiant heating, boilers with hot water radiators, and even absorption heat pumps and coolers. Both liquid and air systems can supplement forced air systems.
  • 14. Solar Collector • Solar Thermal is a clean, highly efficient means of using renewable energy from the sun to provide hot water for domestic, commercial and industrial process • Put in simple terms, if you place a container full of liquid in the garden on a sunny day, in a short time the contents of the container become warm. Solar Collectors work in much the same way, but are very more efficient. • A sealed circuit of fluid containing a special mix of glycol and water is pumped around the system through the Solar panels where it is heated and passed through a special solar coil within the hot water tank. • The heat is then transferred to the main body of water within the tank, once up to temperature, this water is ready for use in the
  • 18. Types of Solar Water Heating Systems • Flat-plate collector – Glazed flat-plate collectors are insulated, weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark absorber plate under one or more glass or plastic covers. – Unglazed flat-plate collectors; typically used for solar pool heating, have a dark absorber plate, made of metal or plastic, without a cover or enclosure.
  • 19. • Integral collector-storage systems – Also known as ICS or batch systems, they feature one or more black tanks or tubes in an insulated, glazed box. – Cold water first passes through the solar collector, which preheats the water. – The water then continues on to the conventional backup water heater, providing a reliable source of hot water.
  • 20. • Evacuated-tube solar collectors – They feature parallel rows of transparent glass tubes. – Each tube contains a glass outer tube and metal absorber tube attached to a fin. – The fin's coating absorbs solar energy but inhibits radiative heat loss. – These collectors are used more frequently for U.S. commercial applications.
  • 22. Solar thermal power stations • Two types: Power tower Sources: Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual, Form EIA-860, Annual Electric Generator Report database, 2004.
  • 23. Solar cooking • This technology has been given a lot of attention in recent years in developing countries. • The basic design is that of a box with a glass cover. • The box is lined with insulation and a reflective surface is applied to concentrate the heat onto the pots. • The pots can be painted black to help with heat absorption. • The solar radiation raises the temperature sufficiently to boil the contents in the pots.
  • 24. Chapter 3 Solar Energy • Solar radiation • Solar thermal energy • Photovoltaics (Solar cells) • Benban Solar, The Project biggest in the world • CO2 capture and solar fuels
  • 25. Photo Voltaic cell Electrode P-Type Semiconductor N-Type Semiconductor Reflect-Proof Film Electrode Solar Energy Load Electric Current 26 Mechanism of Generation Electricity • The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons, negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors. • Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric current flows between the two electrodes.
  • 27. 28 • Voltage and Current of PV cell ( I-V Curve ) (V) (A) Voltage(V) Current(I) P N A Short Circuit Open Circuit P N V about 0.5V (Silicon) High insolation •Voltage on normal operation point 0.5V (in case of Silicon PV) •Current depend on - Intensity of insolation - Size of cell Low insolation Normal operation point (Maximum Power point) I x V = W Mechanism of Generation Electricity
  • 28. 29 • Typical I-V Curve (V) (A) Voltage(V) Current(I) 0.49 V 0.62 V 4.95A 5.55A Depend on type of cell or cell- material ( Si = 0.5V ) Depend on cell-size Depend on Solar insolation Mechanism of Generation Electricity
  • 29. 30 Crystalline Non-crystalline Single crystal Poly crystalline Amorphous Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Conversion Efficiency of Module 10 - 17% 10 - 13% 7 - 10% 18 - 30% Conversion Efficiency = Electric Energy Output Energy of Insolation on cell x 100% Dye-sensitized Type Organic Thin Layer Type 7 - 8% 2 - 3% Various type of PV cell • Types and Conversion Efficiency of Solar Cell Silicon Semiconductor Compound Semiconductor Solar Cell Organic Semiconductor
  • 30. Photovoltaics Cells 31 • Mono-crystalline Solar Panels • Polycrystalline Solar Panels. • Amorphous Silicon also called "Thin Film".
  • 31. Photovoltaics Cells 32 Monocrystalline Solar Panels • It is the most efficient and most expensive panels currently available. • They are often used in applications where installation square footage is limited, giving the end user the maximum electrical output for the installation area available.
  • 32. Photovoltaics Cells 33 Polycrystalline Solar Panels • It characterized by its shattered glass look because of the manufacturing process of using multiple silicon crystals. • It has a little less efficient than monocrystalline panels, but also less expensive.
  • 33. Photovoltaics Cells 34 Amorphous Silicon also called "Thin Film" • These panels can be thin and flexible which is why they are commonly referred to as "Thin Film" solar panels. • They are cheaper and are not affected by shading. Drawbacks are : loss of wattage per sq. ft. installed low efficiency; and heat retention.
  • 34. 35 • Crystal cell (Single crystal and Poly crystalline Silicon) Single crystal Poly crystalline Various type of PV cell Formed by melting high purity silicon like as Integrated Circuit For mass production, cell is sliced from roughly crystallized ingot.
  • 35. 36 • Surface of PV cell Various type of PV cell Front Surface (N-Type side) • Aluminum Electrode (Silver colored wire) • To avoid shading, electrode is very fine. Anti reflection film (Blue colored film) • Back surface is P-type. • All back surface is aluminum electrode with full reflection. Example of Poly Crystalline PV
  • 36. 37 Single crystal Poly crystalline 120W (25.7V , 4.7A) 1200mm 800mm 800mm 1200mm Various type of PV cell • PV Module (Single crystal, Poly crystalline Silicon) (3.93ft) (2.62ft) (3.93ft) (2.62ft) 128W (26.5V , 4.8A) Efficiency is higher Cost high Efficiency is lower Cost low Same size
  • 37. 38 Various type of PV cell • Hierarchy of PV 2 – 3 W 100 - 200 W 10 - 50 kW Cell Array Module,Panel Volt Ampere Watt Size Cell 0.5V 5-6A 2-3W about 10cm Module 20-30V 5-6A 100-200W about 1m Array 200-300V 50A-200A 10-50kW about 30m 6x9=54 (cells) 100-300 (modules)
  • 38. 39 Various type of PV cell •Roughly size of PV Power Station. How much PV can we install in this conference room? 1 kw PV need 10 m2 Please remember 10m(33feet) 20m(66feet) Conference Room (We are now) Our room has about 200 m2 We can install about 20 kW PV in this room (108 feet2) (2,178 feet2)
  • 39. 40 Installation example • Roof top of residence ( Grid connected ) Most popular installation style in Japan. Owner can sell excess power to power utility.
  • 40. 41 Installation example • Roof top of school ,community-center building. (For education and emergency power)
  • 41. 42 Installation example • Distant and independent power supply ( Off grid ) Transmit station on top of mountain Advertising sign beside highway
  • 42. 43 Installation example • Mountain cottage ( Off grid ) 1.2kW system Inverter and controller
  • 43. 44 Basic Characteristic • I / V curve and P-Max control P N A V • To obtain maximum power, current control (or voltage control) is very important. (V) (A) Voltage(V) Current(I) I x V = W P2 PMAX P1 Vpmax Ipmax I/V curve P- Max control • “Power conditioner” (mentioned later) will adjusts to be most suitable voltage and current automatically. Power curve
  • 44. 45 Basic Characteristic • Estimate obtained power by I / V curve (V) (A) Voltage(V) Current(I) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 P N A ) ( 05 . 0   R PV character ( I/V curve ) If the load has 0.05 ohm resistance, cross point of resistance character and PV-Character will be following point. Then power is 100x0.05=5 W ) ( 05 . 0   R 05 . 0 / V I  R V I  Ohm’s theory
  • 45. 46 Basic Characteristic • I / V curve vs. Insolation intensity P N P N Mismatch 5A 1A P N P N Bypass Diode 5A 1A 4A •Current is affected largely by change of insolation intensity. •Partially shaded serial cell will produce current mismatch. Bypass Diode
  • 46. Bypass Diodes working  When part of a PV module is shaded, the shaded cells will not be able to produce as much current as the unshaded cells.  Since all cells are connected in series, the same amount of current must flow through every cell.  The unshaded cells will force the shaded cells to pass more current through it.
  • 47. 48 Basic Characteristic • Temperature and efficiency 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Module Temperature (deg.C) E f f i c i e n c y ( % ) Crystalline cell Amorphous cell Typical (25C) Summer time on roof top (65C) 2% down •When module temperature rises, efficiency decreases. •The module must be cooled by natural ventilation, etc.
  • 48. 49 Case sturdy 1.Maximum power control P N P N P N ) ( 05 . 0   R ) ( 10 . 0   R ) ( 02 . 0   R Q : Calculate how much power you can get by following three resistance. ( I / V curve is next page)
  • 49. 50 Case sturdy 1.Maximum power control (V) (A) Voltage(V) Current(I) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 R V I  I/V curve of current insolation.
  • 50. 51 Case sturdy 2.Temperature vs. Efficiency Q: There is 50 kW Crystalline PV system. If surface temperature rises from 25ºC to 65ºC, How much the capacity will be?
  • 51. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System  Stand-alone systems - those systems which use photovoltaics technology only and are not connected to a utility grid.
  • 52. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System  Stand-alone systems
  • 53. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System  Hybrid systems - those systems which use photovoltaics and some other form of energy, such as diesel generation or wind.
  • 54. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System  Hybrid systems Ranching the Sun project in Hawaii generates 175 kW of PV power and 50 kW of wind power from the five 10 kW wind turbines
  • 55. Solar PV Systems - Solar Lighting & Electricity
  • 56. Types of Solar Photovoltaic System  Grid-tied systems - those systems which are connected to a utility grid.