1. How much is a medical
undergraduate supposed to
know in
otorhinolaryngology
(ENT- Head & Neck ) ?
Dr. Krishna Koirala

2. • Learn about the basic principles and practice of ear,
nose and throat including detailed history taking
• Need to develop skill in patient management in
common ear, nose and throat problems including
inflammatory diseases, polyp and epistaxis.
• Distinguish between types of hearing loss-conductive
and sensorineural

3. • Diagnose and manage foreign body in the ear, auricular
hematoma, wax, otitis externa
• Differentiate CSOM TT from CSOM AA
• Diagnose and medically treat acute and chronic suppurative otitis
media, mastoiditis, serous otitis media, otosclerosis and refer to
ENT surgeon
• Differentiate peripheral vertigo from central vertigo and prompt
referral to higher center if required
• Diagnose and refer fracture nasal bone, deviated nasal septum,
furuncle, nasal allergy, polyps, epistaxis, sinusitis

4. • Acute and recurrent tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess
• Acute and chronic pharyngitis, Ludwig’s angina
• Causes of hoarseness including laryngeal cancer and
indications for tracheostomy
• Differentiate between emergency and non-emergency
ENT conditions
• Remove foreign body from external ear, nose and throat
• Referral: List the conditions needing expert ENT
consultation