The document discusses trends in integration technologies such as VLSI. It describes how VLSI has allowed for more compact, lower power, and higher speed integrated circuits. It classifies integrated circuits based on application, fabrication technique, technology, and device count. It then discusses the history of integrated circuits from the transistor in 1947 to modern chips containing tens of millions of transistors. It outlines drivers for VLSI technology including smaller sizes, lower power, and reduced costs.

1. A New Trends in Integration Technologies
Dr. Ravi Shankar Mishra
Prof. & HOD

2. •The growth of electronics industry has increased
rapidly mainly due to advances in integration
technologies, large-scale systems design - due to the
advent of VLSI.
•The number of applications of integrated circuits are
in high-performance computing, telecommunications,
and consumer electronics.

3. VLSI TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN DRIVERS
• Less Area, More Compactness At All System Levels
• Less Power Consumption
•Fewer Chips/components Per Board And System
• Higher Reliability, Due To Improved On-chip
Interconnects
• Higher Speed Due To Reduced Interconnect Length
Manufacturing Cost Reductions

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ICS
Based on
Application
Based on
Fabrication Techniques
Based on
Technology
Based on
Device Count
Linear
IC
Digital
IC
Monolithic
IC
Hybrid
IC
BJT MOSFET
SSI
MSI
LSI
VLSI
ULSI

7. 1947
1906
Audion (Triode), 1906
Lee De Forest
First point contact transistor
(germanium), 1947
John Bardeen and Walter Brattain
Bell Laboratories
IC Evolution

8. First integrated circuit (germanium), 1958
Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments
Contained five components, three types:
transistors resistors and capacitors
Intel Pentium II, 1997
Clock: 233MHz
Number of transistors: 7.5 M
Gate Length: 0.35
19581958 19971997

9. Pentium® III
28M transistors / 733MHz-1Gz /
13-26W
L=0.25µm shrunk to L=0.18µm
Pentium® 4 “Northwood”
55M transistors / 2-2.5GHz
L=0.13µm

10. IC Evolution
SSI – Small Scale Integration (early 1970s)
contained 1 – 10 logic gates
MSI – Medium Scale Integration
logic functions, counters
LSI – Large Scale Integration
first microprocessors on the chip
VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration
now offers 64-bit microprocessors,complete with cache
memory,floating-point arithmetic unit(s), etc.

11. Bipolar technology
 TTL (transistor-transistor logic)
 ECL (emitter-coupled logic)
MOS (Metal-oxide-silicon)
 NMOS (n-channel MOS) technology developed in 1970s
required fewer masking steps, was denser, and
consumed less power than equivalent bipolar ICs
 an MOS IC was cheaper than a bipolar IC and led to
investment and growth of the MOS IC market.

12.  Aluminum gates for replaced by polysilicon by early 1980
 CMOS (Complementary MOS): n-channel and p-channel
MOS transistors =>
lower power consumption, simplified fabrication process
 Bi-CMOS - hybrid Bipolar, CMOS (for high speed)
 GaAs - Gallium Arsenide (for high speed)
 Si-Ge - Silicon Germanium (for RF)

13. “Moore’s Law”
The number of transistors that can be
integrated on a single IC grows exponentially
with time.
“Integration complexity doubles every three
years”
Gordon Moore
Fairchild Corporation - 1965

14. Design Abstraction Level
A complex digital system can be subdivided in a
hierarchical manner using abstraction.
System
Design
logic
Design
Circuit
Design
Layout
Design
Blocks, sub-blocks Logic
gates FETs
Geometric
structures

18. DESIGN PROCESS
• Behavioral design
It deal with function of the system & register input and output.
• Data path design
In this flow of data through buses between registers and logic
unit are controlled.
• Logic design
Data path units are replaced with primitive gates & flip flop.
• Physical design
It replaces the gates and flip flop using transistors.

19. DESIGN AUTOMATION
The function or operations for transforming design or one stage
into other stage and verification of the out put done by the software
known as design automation the tool use for this.
• Simulation tools or simulators.
• Synthesizers.
Simulation
It is the process of verifying the conduction of model for the given
circuit without implementing practically.For this purpose Modelsim
simulator used output of simulator is wave form or timing diagram.
Synthesis
The process of transforming design description from one form two
another form is called synthesis.

20. DESIGN METHODOLOGIES
Fully Custom
Semi Custom
Standard Cells Gate Arrays Programmable Logic
FPGA PLD
•Customers decide the design methodology

21. • Full Custom
Each And Every Component design as per designer interest.
• Semi Custom
Designer can design part of the project and part of thing can be
taken from others.
• Standards cells
Predefined logic cells are called standards cells. Pre design
modules e.g. AND gate,OR gate,Multiplexers, Flip Flop.
• Gate Array
In this standard logic elements or present for the designer to the
interconnect to achieve the desire function.
• Field Programmable Devices
It is prefabricated, the logic is implemented by electrically

22. Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
A kind of semi custom integrated circuit, often referred to as
"gate-array" or "standard-cell" products, developed & designed
to satisfy a specific application requirement as opposed to a
general purpose circuit, such as a microprocessor.
•ASICs are customized or tailored to perform specific functions to a
particular system or application
• ASICs are typically employed as bus interfaces, glue
logic,functional accelerators, and/or a System-On-Chip (SoC).

23. ASIC – Benefits
•Improve performance
• Reduce power consumption
• Reduce production costs
• Mix Analog and Digital Designs
• Design optimization through IC manufacturing process
• Development Tools support HDL and Schematic design approach

24. System-on-a-chip (SOC)
 Idea: combine several large blocks
 Pre design custom cores
(e.g.,microcontroller) - “intellectual property”
(IP)
 ASIC logic for special-purpose hardware
 Programmable Logic (PLD, FPGA)

25. VLSI Design Tools
Front End Design tools:
With the help of these tools simulation &
synthesis of circuit can be performed on PC.E.g.
XILINX, Altera etc.
Back End Design Tools:
These tools are used to fabrication purpose.The
layout of circuit is design and simulate with the
help of these tools. E.g. TANNER,MICROWIND
.

26. Application of VLSI
 Ultra Low power Image & Video Compression.
 Encryption Chip/Smart Card
 CMOS Image Sensor
 Medical electronic systems.
 Real time Tele communication and Data
Processing application
Process control industry etc……