HSDC-HSU White Paper

Homeland Security
A Paradigm Shift and
Its Impact on Education
and Training
Ramon Martinez
Lieutenant Colonel, USAF (Retired)
Prepared for Homeland Security Defense Coalition
Approved for public release

Homeland Security: A Paradigm Shift ant Its Impact on Education and Training
CONTENTS
Introduction………………………………………………………………...... 4
An Overview of Homeland Security Education and Training………...... 6
The Importance of the Workforce…………………………………….….. 7
Private Sector Involvement………………………………………………. 8
Paradigm Shift…………………………………………………………….. 9
The New Paradigm…………………………………….……………….… 10
Homeland Security Defense Coalition and Homeland Security
University............................................................................................ 13
Conclusion………………………………..……………………………….. 16
2

FIGURES
Figure 1 Homeland Security Recursive Flow Paradigm……………… 12
Figure2 Homeland Security Discipline Matrix………………...…….… 15
3

INTRODUCTION
For over a century, the conventional approach to developing security and
emergency management education alongside training programs and curricula
focused on asset protection that assume reactive responses to overarching
incident’s, emergencies, or other extreme disaster situations. However, the 9/11
terrorist attacks in the U.S. and the July 7 and July 21, 2005 terrorist attacks in
London are dramatically changing the security and emergency management
industry. The threat of terrorism is driving the introduction of new and more
innovative strategies that teeter on more aggressive preemptive approaches to
deter, intercept, and obstruct terrorism.
Security, in general, and emergency management have historically required
limited education beyond high-school. In many cases an associate or bachelor
degree has sufficed for management. Although education and training up to this
point has served the purposes of past priorities, they are quickly proving to be
inadequate and ineffective to the current tactics of terrorist groups. Security and
emergency management is not about simply preparing for and reacting to a
natural or man-made emergency, threat, or disaster; rather, it consists in
assuming the most extreme terror circumstance and preemptively diffusing it
before it becomes a disruptive situation.
The critical factor here is terrorism, which is the random murdering of innocent
people (called noncombatants) for the expressed purpose of destroying the
morale and undercutting the solidarity of a nation or a class of people until they
feel so fatally exposed that they demand their governments to negotiate for their
safety, and grant terrorist’s demands or accede to their objectives. To spread
and increase the rate of fear and anxiety among the people, terrorists randomly
target and expose people within that nation or class of people to a violent death
or injury, not because of their individual conduct; rather, they indiscriminately aim
at a nation or class of people precisely because they share a collective identity.
Terrorist commit the fallacy of guilt by association.
For terrorist, no one is immune from attack. They will kill anybody simply to
convey their message. Terrorist do not require the capability to eradicate an
entire nation or class of people; they only require generating the perception that a
nation or class of people are at risk. Terrorist indiscriminately commit murder to
a) create the perception that a nation or class of people are extremely vulnerable
to death or harm at home or abroad; b) demonstrate they control the destiny of
others; and c) achieve their objectives.
The indiscriminate murder campaign conducted by terrorists reveal their true
intentions; it is the attempt to rob people of their unconditional worth and intrinsic
value. Since terrorism is the attempt to devalue the existence of people,
terrorists are tyrants who intentionally violate the moral law.
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Terrorism occurred in the U.S. before 9/11. For example, prior to 9/11 the U.S.
sustained attacks via courthouse bombings; mail bombs; the Oregon salad bar
salmonella attacks; the Tylenol cyanide poisoning; sniper shootings, abortion
clinic bombings; the bombing at the World Trade Center on February 23, 1993;
and the Oklahoma City of bombing at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building on
April 19, 1995. By using inherently indiscriminate weapons that generate random
effects, terrorism makes everyone vulnerable and subject to an unjust attack. In
particular, the specter of catastrophic terrorism involving weapons of mass
destruction (WMD), such as nuclear, biological, radiological and chemical,
become the consummate weapons for terrorists.
Unlike natural hazards, terrorists are intelligent human beings that learn and
adapt to achieve their intentions. While the probability of using WMD is low, the
risk of terrorists acquiring a WMD generates the very fear and anxiety they want
to instill in a nation or class of people, even without using it.
Terrorists do exact a devastating cost to society and the world by using
conventional tactics such as handling commercial airplanes as guided missiles
with bombs. Although the element of surprise using commercial airplanes has
virtually disappeared, terrorists constantly look for weaknesses not yet used for
exploitation. The message is clear: everyone is impacted by the constant and
more invasive terrorism.
Homeland security is our national solution to terrorism as well as natural hazards.
Congress enacted two legislations in reply to and in anticipation of the threats
posed by terrorism. President George W. Bush signed into law on October 26,
2001, the U.S.A. Patriot Act of 2001 (PL 107-56) entitled “Uniting and
Strengthening America by Proving Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism. The Patriot Act authorizes law enforcement agencies,
particularly the attorney general and the Department of Justice, to deter and
punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world by collecting
information on suspected terrorists, detaining suspected terrorists, detouring
terrorists from entering and operating within the borders of the United States, and
limiting the ability of terrorists to engage in money-laundering activities that
support terrorist actions.
President Bush signed into law on November 25, 2002 the Homeland Security
Act of 2002 (PL 107-296). The legislation established and activated on January
24, 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as an executive branch
agency with the Secretary reporting directly to the president. The Homeland
Security Act mandated establishing a safe and secure homeland by combining
22 federal entities under the umbrella of the Department of Homeland Security;
this is the most extensive federal reorganization since President Harry S. Truman
signed into the law on July 26, 1947, the National Security Act of 1947
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The National Strategy for Homeland Security, July 2002, defined homeland
security as…”a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the
United States, reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the
damage and recover from attacks that do occur.” First responders will remain
responsible for managing the consequences of attacks, incidents, emergencies
or disasters; however, the National Strategy for Homeland Security further
recognizes that “an informed and proactive citizenry is an invaluable asset for our
country in times of peace and war.” To successfully protect our homeland, in the
end, each person, workforce member, organization, business, private security
company, public security organization, and community must contribute by helping
deter and prevent attacks.
As a new discipline and a nascent industry, homeland security continually invents
itself by anticipating, preempting, and reacting to the constant and more effective
terrorists’ techniques. Homeland security, therefore, requires a new paradigm
that is based on a recursive flow of integrated proactive and reactive solutions.
Homeland security education and training organizations then must develop and
flawlessly deliver innovative programs and curricula based on this new paradigm.
AN OVERVIEW OF HOMELAND SECURITY EDUCATION AND
TRAINING
Most universities and colleges promoting homeland security curricula fail in this
endeavor because they offer diluted versions of the hard lined reforms and new
paradigm required in homeland security. Offered under the guise of a “new
program,” many university homeland security programs and curricula are simply
watered-down or slightly modified criminal justice programs or military science
courses. Yet these homeland security programs are developed under
unquestioned assumptions and misconceptions. Particularly, that homeland
security is the same as law enforcement.
Homeland security is more than policing, law enforcement, and emergency
management; it is about comprehensive asset security. While law enforcement
focuses on the maintenance of order and the enforcement of laws, homeland
security emphasizes ensuring assets are not unduly or inadvertently placed at
risk. Therefore, law enforcement does not equate to homeland security.
Moreover, most courses are offered under the reactive model rather than being
designed using a recursive flow of integrated proactive and reactive solutions
with original strategies and techniques. For example, a Washington Times
article stated that the University of Connecticut is offering a master’s degree in
homeland security. The article claims “Students will learn how to respond to
disasters such as outbreaks of diseases or terrorist attacks that endanger food
supplies.”
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The consequence is that students and workforce members are short-changed
because knowing criminal law, crime scene investigation, police tactics, and
emergency management does not equate to proactively deterring and preventing
the loss of life and assets, and mitigating risks. Students only learn to prepare
for and respond to incidents, emergencies or disasters. As a result, homeland
security requires a different approach, different paradigm, different skill set, and
distinct education and training requirements.
On the other hand, private security firms claim to offer superior training
programs. While this may bear some truth, they do not have the credentials to
establish and sustain a homeland security training programs since it is an infant
industry. For example, the security services profession is not a codified
profession. The profession does not have federal laws and national standards
that stipulate and enforce mandatory requirements. Furthermore, those private
security managers, instructors and employees with higher education were most
likely the same people instructed at criminal justice schools or attended military
science programs. More importantly, evidence indicates that all curriculum topics
emphasize reactive strategies rather than proactive contributions of workforce
members, organizations, businesses, and communities.
Finally, research conducted by Graeme, K. Deans, Fritz Kroger, and Stefan
Zeisel, in Winning the Merger Endgame (McGraw-Hill, 2002), disclosed that four
foreign owned companies account for approximately thirty (30) percent of market
share in the United States. The top four foreign owned companies are Swedish-
based Securitas North America, which owns Pinkerton, Burns and other
companies; Copenhagen and The Hague based Group 4 Falcks, which owns
Wackenhut Corporation; British owned Initial Security; and British owned AHL
Services. This highly suggests that these foreign owned businesses are in the
business of security, but not homeland security. Thus, they continue using and
teaching the reactive paradigm.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WORKFORCE
We entered the 21st
century with trends emphasizing the importance of intangible
assets, in particular the contributions by our workforce, which sometimes is
referred to as human capital. They are truly the key to our prosperity and the
continued success of our national economy. Terrorists quickly recognize this fact
and intentionally attack the workforce to disrupt and destabilize our economy.
The World Trade Center attacks in 1993 and 2001 and the London attacks during
July 2005 are prime examples.
Although the workforce is the key terrorist target, the workforce is the neglected
component in homeland security. They receive inadequate training on security
and little to no proactive homeland security training. Effective training is an
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educational, informative, and skill developing process resulting with employees
learning how to accomplish a task, project, or procedure. Empirical evidence
suggests that new employees are not trained; rather, they receive only a general
orientation, and unfortunately, people tend to learn little and retain less. While
security training should be a continuous, recurrent, and ongoing program,
workforce members generally receive repeated instances of the original
orientation.
There exists a high probability that public and private sector workforce members
can significantly contribute to homeland security by proactively deterring,
preventing, and mitigating the risk to terrorism. They are on the front lines as
targets, and we have not taken advantage of educating the people who can
serve as witnesses or obstructers of such terrorist techniques or tactics.
Law enforcement agencies are responsible for obtaining, fusing, analyzing, and
disseminating “intelligence” everyday in the course of their operations to detect
events or activities that may have some national implications. However, the
workforce is a fundamental source of intelligence because they are the primary
agents to come into contact with possible terrorists and/or their activities. For
example, a Florida flight school instructor reported to law enforcement agencies
his suspicion that a student was possibly taking the course to perform terrorist
activities.
In order to be of any intelligence value, workforce members must know what to
look for and how to properly respond. This is successfully accomplished through
a sound, comprehensive, and integrated formal education and training in
homeland security, presented in accordance with an instructor systems
development program, and developed, overseen, and taught by counter-
terrorism experts.
PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT
The private sector assumes the increasing responsibility for fulfilling the demands
of homeland security. It is the point of attack with the greatest loss of people,
facilities, data, archives, and revenue as a consequence of the events of 9/11.
Homeland Security Presidential Directive-5 dated February 28, 2003, recognizes
the role the private and non-governmental sectors perform.
The private sector owns approximately 85 percent of the infrastructure in the U.S.
Statistical data published in the Department of State report “Patterns of Global
Terrorism 2001” illustrated that terrorist attacked private sector facilities more
frequently than any other types of facilities. Additionally, the Insurance
Information Institute published a chart depicting that 9/11 resulted in business
8

interruption in the amount of $11.0 billion; it was 27 percent of all estimated
damage and the largest of the total damage.
Deterring attacks, dramatically decreasing the vulnerabilities and increasing the
security of the private sector protects the largest portion of U.S. infrastructure
and economic viability. Corporate America must proactively take the steps to
deter, mitigate the risks, and prevent terrorist attacks on our homeland. To
successfully meet this challenge, the private sector must break away from the
conventional approach and use a new paradigm.
Finally, threats to people and assets are not new phenomena. Although we
experienced an increased awareness and concern for our well-being immediately
following the terrorist attacks of 9/11, violence in the workplace continues
unabated. Today’s workforce operates under continuous stress to do more with
less and of the fear of unemployment. As a result, workplace violence may occur
in any type of workplace environment.
Recent events involving disgruntled employees, visitors, upset customers, and
people with interpersonal conflicts include workplaces such as the post office,
office buildings, municipal buildings, insurance companies, legal offices, college
and university campuses, high school, and now even elementary schools. This
places a great responsibility and burden on the private and public sectors to take
every reasonable measure to deter, prevent, and mitigate the opportunity for a
violent episode.
PARADIGM SHIFT
A paradigm is an accepted pattern of thinking, model, or framework used to
explain phenomena, interpret reality, or serve as exemplary solutions to acute
problems. Thomas Kuhn, in the Structure of Scientific Revolutions (The
University of Chicago Press, 3rd
edition, 1996), defined paradigm as “On the one
hand, it stands for entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on
shared by members of a given community. On the other, it denotes one sort of
element in that constellation, the concrete puzzle-solutions which employed as
models or examples can replace explicit rules as a basis for the solution of the
remaining puzzles of normal science.”
Within the context of homeland security, a paradigm is the recognized exemplary
model the community of homeland security practitioners uses to solve a set of
problems within the profession, and functions as the foundation for furthering the
profession of homeland security, including the education, training, and
development of their successors and new recruits.
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Kuhn coined the term paradigm shift to signify a change from one shared way of
thinking to another. A once useful paradigm becomes obsolete when it is unable
to account for challenges to the profession, cannot adequately supply clues to
solving the set of problems within a profession, and cannot guaranteed that the
practitioners cannot excel in the profession. A paradigm shift occurs when a new
paradigm supplants or overtakes the obsolete paradigm.
The new paradigm for an effective homeland security program incorporates the
dual dimensions of proactive and reactive actions into a recursive flow. Proactive
is a concept used in management textbooks since the 1970s. But it is a
disparaged term because many people misunderstand or misapply the concept.
Proactive means taking action to achieve a desired outcome by projecting a
future picture. It is about deciding where we want to go regarding homeland
security, called our future picture; determining where we are in relationship to our
future picture; disclosing the barriers to achieving our future picture; establishing
the available courses of actions and allocating resources, communicating the
future picture and selected course of action; and then flawlessly executing the
selected course of action.
Absent the proactive dimension, homeland security remains trapped by the
conventional and now obsolete paradigm. Homeland security will be relegated to
responding to and managing the consequences of reported activities, incidents,
emergencies, or disasters. Instead of allowing someone or some event to
determine an outcome, we must think and take the necessary action to achieve
and sustain our own way of life.
The tragic terrorism events at the World Trade Center on 9/11 and in London
during July 2005 painfully revealed the need to undertake a paradigm shift to
improve the security and safety of our nation. Homeland security is our national
solution and critical challenge. And, it requires integrating the efforts of the
public and private sectors to be proactive as well as reactive. But for homeland
security to be effective, the public and private sectors must empower its
workforce by educating, training, and developing them for flawless execution.
THE NEW PARADIGM
Figure 1 depicts the new homeland security paradigm as a recursive flow of six
components existing within the dual dimensions of proactive and reactive
perspectives. It illustrates that the integrated proactive and reactive perspectives
are two sides of the same coin.
Component one establishes the foundation of the proactive perspective by
presenting a strategic management approach to homeland security. Since
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success is planned, the paradigm begins by developing and communicating a
strategic plans, including policies, procedures, and standards. However,
organizations can only achieve success through leadership and flawless
execution of a strategic plan.
The second component demonstrates that education, training, and developing
the workforce is crucial to successful homeland security. Workforce means
employees, volunteers, trainees, and other persons whose conduct, in the
performance of work for a covered entity, is under the direct control of such
entity, whether or not they are paid by the covered entity. Organizations create
an empowered workforce by educating, training, and developing them into a
capable workforce prepared to flawlessly executing the strategic plan.
This third component illustrates that an empowered workforce can significantly
contribute in deterring and preventing terrorism while helping to mitigate the risks
of terrorism. Although history suggests that terrorists as a whole generally are
not deterred, terrorist do dislike operational risks. If they the risk of failure is high,
then they are deterred from executing their operation. An empowered workforce
increases the risk of operational failure for terrorist.
Components four and five comprise the reactive perspective of the paradigm.
Component four emphasizes having flexible, adaptive, and robust capabilities in
place to get the right resources, educated and trained responders, and
equipment to the incident, emergency, or disaster. This requires establishing an
effective response plan and program to cope with diverse circumstances when a
terrorist act occurs. Component five requires coordinating well and flawlessly
executing the response plan program to manage and recover from the incident,
emergency, or disaster.
Component six is a proactive perspective because debriefing is the mechanism
for evaluating and improving the entire process of homeland security. Upon
completing emergency management and recovery, organizations critique the
execution of the plan(s), generated lessons learned, share gathered intelligence
and use the debrief to modify, improve, or change the strategic plan. Serving as
the catalyst for establishing a learning organization, this component continues
the recursive flow.
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Figure 1
Homeland Security Recursive Flow Paradigm
1. Plan, Communicate,
and Lead
6. Debrief
P
R
O
A
C
T
I
V
E
R
E
A
C
T
I
V
E
5. Manage and
Recover from the
Incident, Emergency,
or Disaster
2. Empower by
Educating, Training,
and Developing the
Workforce
4. Respond to an Incident,
Emergency, or Disaster
3. Deter, Prevent,
and Mitigate
12

HOMELAND SECURITY DEFENSE COALTION AND HOMELAND
SECURITY UNIVERSITY
As the people on the front-line, workforce members can significantly contribute in
deterring, mitigating the risks, and preventing terrorist attacks on our homeland.
Homeland Security Defense Coalition, through its Homeland Security University,
is uniquely organized to offer high level education and training in homeland
security. Unlike similar programs appearing across the country, we specifically
designed our certificate, diploma, and degree courses and program to address
the needs of the homeland security industry, the needs of the current homeland
security workforce, those individuals seeking to enter the homeland security
workforce, and members of the general workforce.
We Empower Your Workforce on Homeland Security
If knowledge is power, then shared knowledge is empowerment. Homeland
Security Defense Coalition, through its Homeland Security University, is in the
business of empowering public and private sector workforce members to
contribute in homeland security.
Our Mission:
We empower the workforce in homeland security by providing the most current,
best-in-class, and experience-based education and training. We teach the
workforce to be proactive rather than simply reactive by sharing knowledge in
counter-terrorism and anti-terrorism; and providing the necessary tools and
methodologies to enable the workforce to deter, mitigate the risks of and prevent
terrorist attacks on our homeland; and manage and recover from incidents,
disasters, and emergencies when they do occur.
Our Vision
Homeland Security Defense Coalition, through its Homeland Security University,
will be the leading education and training provider in the professional fields of
homeland security, corporate security management, and private security service.
As a customer-driven, core-value directed, and an aligned and integrated
organization, we will develop and sustain a portfolio of services, programs, and
curricula that fulfill the need of our customers while anticipating the future needs
of the homeland security industry.
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Homeland Security Disciplinary Matrix
The disciplinary matrix is an analytic framework for identifying the key
components that education and training courses and program should possess in
the nascent homeland security. Figure 2 graphically depicts the current state of
education and training institutes in the homeland security industry and what
customers generally can expect to receive from the entities in the market.
The horizontal axis identifies the range of crucial factors the homeland security
education and training industry offers. There are nine factors:
1. Strategic Management: a comprehensive understanding and
demonstrated application of strategic management throughout the entire
homeland security recursive flow
2. Managerial Education: the integration, understanding, and application of
management and leadership concepts, principles, and skills
3. Proactive Perspective: the integrated proactive approach of planning,
communicating and leading a strategic plan; empowerment by educating,
training, and developing the workforce in homeland security; deterring,
preventing and mitigating; and debriefing an accident, incident, or disaster.
4. Reactive Perspective: the response, management, and recovery of an
incident, emergency, or disaster
5. Counter-terrorism
6. Anti-terrorism
7. Development: inclusiveness in the development of the entire workforce
8. Degrees: undergraduate and graduate degrees in the field of homeland
security
9. Comprehensive Asset Security: the protection of tangible and intangible
assets, the promotion of a secure workplace environment, and the
mitigation of the likelihood of loss or injury
The vertical axis reveals the level of offering customers will receive across each
of the fundamental factors. The higher the score the more an entity offers a key
factor to customers.
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Figure 2
The Homeland Security Disciplinary Matrix
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Strategic
M
anagem
ent
M
anagerialEducationProactive
R
eactive
C
ounter-Terrorism
A
nti-Terrorism
W
orkforce
D
evelopm
entD
egrees
C
om
prehensive
AssetSecurity
Homeland Security University
Conventional University
Education
Private Security Training
We are Unique
Homeland Security University offers a sound, formal education, training and
development of the workforce in the homeland security discipline. We explicitly
use the homeland security recursive flow of proactive and reactive perspectives
in designing a comprehensive and integrated program and curricula. We
educate and train using the time tested instructor systems development program
used by the US Armed Forces. Counter-terrorism experts developed, oversee,
and teach our courses. Incorporating multidisciplinary programs, we integrate
other processes into a coherent whole. Since homeland security is everyone’s
concern, we connect traditional and nontraditional partners from diverse
backgrounds.
Figure 2 illustrates that Homeland Security University’s value curve is distinct
from conventional university education and private security training approaches.
Homeland Security University delivers the new paradigm required for an effective
homeland security. Moreover, Homeland Security University excels in eight of the
nine components on the homeland security discipline matrix. Thus, Homeland
Security University diverges from its competitors by creating a leap in value for
the public and private sectors: Homeland Security University empowers your
workforce in homeland security.
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Continually scanning the homeland security environment, Homeland Security
University reviews and updates its curricula to reflect significant changes,
research, and development. Extensive staff research and evaluation of
approximately 800 programs disclosed these programs shared the same
antiquated criminal justice programs and military science programs which did not
address the nascent homeland security profession. They barely scratched the
surface in addressing the homeland security disciplinary matrix.
Research further revealed that all college and university textbook publishers at
the time did not publish textbooks on terrorism and counter-terrorism. These
publishers asked us to write the textbooks. We accepted the task and Homeland
Security University counter-terrorism experts authored the textbooks and instruct
the courses. We have fully completed developing all courses and programs.
CONCLUSION
The devastating terrorist disasters of September, 11, 2001, immediately provided
the impetus for the United States to accomplish the most extensive
reorganization since President Harry S. Truman signed into the law on July 26,
1947, the National Security Act of 1947. With terrorism posing as a new and
changing treat to the United States, Congress enacted the Homeland Security
Act of 2002.
The Homeland Security Act mandated creating the Department of Homeland
Security and combined 22 entities to establish and sustain a safe and secure
homeland and to protect our way of life. Moreover, the Homeland Security Act
produced a nascent industry requiring the focused and coordinated effort from
the federal government, state and local governments, the private sector, and the
entire workforce.
Since homeland security is distinct from yet encompasses law enforcement and
emergency, a paradigm shift emerged in the security profession. The new
paradigm uses a recursive flow of proactive and reactive perspectives. Still
trapped by the old security paradigm, most universities and private security
services offer an amended slightly modified criminal justice programs or military
science courses.
Homeland Security Defense Coalition, through its Homeland Security University
is the “go-to” organization for the education, training, and development of the
workforce in homeland security. While incorporating all key components of the
homeland security discipline matrix, our experts in counter-terrorism specifically
designed our courses and programs using the homeland security recursive flow
paradigm. Homeland Security University empowers your workforce in homeland
security.
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