Disability Rehabilitation in Indian Context

1. DIS & REHABILITATION
IN INDIAN CONTEXT

2. Centuries ago the person with disabilities were considered as sub-
human, unspeakable objects, menace to the society and objects of
ridicule. On many occasions they were abandoned in the woods and
also they were killed at birth by drowning. The birth of child’s is
considered a bad omen to the community and was to get rid of it in
some manner.
Some people believe that it is a result of their Karma (having
disabled child/person as punishment to the parents for the sins they
have committed in their last birth) is a result of black magic, spells,
evil eye etc.

3. Our society is witnessing rapid socio-economic changes in its
traditional structure. The increased pace of industrialization and
urbanization is leading to erosion of joint family structures which had
provided a place of security and a modicum of care to all members of
family.
The Persons with Disabilities face dual challenge of marginalization on
account of normal socio-economic changes as well as on account of
their physical and mental condition. They often start life with little
access to opportunities and continue in the same state through out their
lives. Hence, there is a need for disability rehabilitation, which protects
their rights and provides them equal opportunity to participate fully in
the society and enhance their dignity and self-respect.
“The truth of a theory is in your mind, not in your eyes”
Albert Einstein
Introduction

4. Disability rehabilitation in India has a long past but
short scientific history which started only after
International Year for the Disabled Person (IYDP) in
1981. The declaration was made by the general
assembly of the United Nations.
Arise! Awake! And stop not till the goal is reached – Swami Vivekananda

5. WHAT IS DISABILITY
Disability is part of human diversity. Disability can result from
accident, illness, congenital or genetic disorders.
A disability may be visible or hidden, may be permanent or
temporary and may have a minimal or substantial impact on a
person’s abilities.
A disability may affect mobility, ability to learn, or ability to
communicate easily.
“We must remember disabilities are another manifestation of human diversity”.
-Kofi Annan ( UN secretary general )

6. CONCEPT OF DISABILITY
Disability is a multidimensional concept, relating to the body functions
and structures of people, the activities they do, the life areas in which
they participate, and the factors in their environment that affect these
experiences
(WHO 2001a).
In any society, disability is a normative, cultural, and legal construct more
than a physical factor. Disability is a general feature of humanity with
disparity in its causes and characteristics in different societies,
(Mini, 2001)
You must not lose faith in humanity. Humanity is an ocean;
if a few drops of the ocean are dirty, the ocean does not become dirty -
Mahatma Gandhi

7. DEFINITION OF DISABILITY:
"A person who in his / her society is regarded as disabled,
because of a difference in appearances and / or behaviour.
(Helander, 1989).
Man is the artificer of his own happiness - Henry David

8. Impairment
Any loss of abnormality of psychological or anatomical structure or
function. (Organ level)
Disability
Any restriction or lack (resulting from an impairment) of ability to
perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered
normal for a human being. (Action level)
Handicap
A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an impairment
or disability, that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is
normal, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors, for that
individual. (Societal level)
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Classification of Impairments,
Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) in 2001.
“It is not enough to give handicapped life they must be given a life worth living”.
Hellen Keller

9. The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)1992.
Defines a disabled person as someone who has a physical or mental
impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or
her ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.
Disability as " Any restriction or lack of abilities to perform an activity in
the manner or within the range considered normal for human being". It
excludes illness / injury of recent origin (morbidity) resulting into
temporary loss of ability to see, hears, speak or move.
The National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), 1991-2001.
Harmonising speech and action is the criterion for character building – Sri Ramakrishna

10. TYPES OF DISABILITIES
Blindness / low vision
Leprosy-cured
Hearing impairment
Locomotor disability
Mental retardation
Mental illness and
Multiple disabilities:
(Cerebral palsy, deafblindness, autism, specific learning disabilities)
Great minds have purposes, others have wishes – W Irving

11. Mental illness are “ disorders of the mind that result in partial or
complete disturbance in the person’s thinking, feeling and
behaviour which very often results in recurrent or persistent
inability or reduced abiility to carry out activities of dialy living,
self care, education, employment & participatioon in social life.
These disoreders would include:
Schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, BPAD / Severe
depression & Alcohol addication of at least three years duration
with proof of treatment.
Mental illness
If the mind is not under control, it is no use living in a cave because the same
mind will bring all disturbances there. – Bhagwad Gita.

12. Hallucination, Delusions , Memory disturbance: Impairment
Cannot work, or cannot take care of personal needs : Disability
Unemployment: Handicap
“Person with Disability" means a person suffering from not
less than forty per cent of any disability as certified by a
medical authority.
The best way to predict the future is to invent it.
Alan Kay.

13. Data collection concerning disability in India is from 1872 -1931
After half a century gap, in 1981, the data collection has again been
started. But the question on disability was not included in the 1991
census.
Again in 2001 census, information on disability for five types of
disabilities (seeing, speech, hearing, movement and mental) was
collected.
Over one billion of population about 5 - 6% Indian population is
suffering from disability.
Incidence of Disability more in weaker / poorer sections of society /
rural areas.
(NSSO 1991- 2001).
When the rich man is pricked by a thorn the whole city knows; when the
poor man is bitten by a snake none knows – Lebanese Proverb
THE INCIDENCE /PREVALENCE RATE OF DISABILITY

14. WHAT IS REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation is the study and application of bio-psychosocial
principles to persons who have physical, sensory, cognitive,
developmental or emotional disabilities.
Rehabilitation is the application of all measures aimed at reducing the
impact of disabling and handicapping conditions and enabling disabled
and handicapped people to achieve social integration.
(Lindsay, D & Mc. Lellan 1997).
Rehabilitation is “the combined and coordinated use of medical, social,
educational and vocational measures for training and re-training the
disabled individual to the highest possible level of functional ability and
enabling the disabled individual to achieve social integration”.
( W.H.O )
Most of the important things in the world have been accomplished by people
who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at all – D. Carnegie

15. AIMS OF REHABILITATION
PWD’s are empowered enabling them to more towards enablement in
the continuum of enablement – disablement.
The great end of life is not knowledge but action – Thomas Huxley
Disability Rehabilitation
Prevention, early detection, early intervention in medical, therapeutic,
and social area, education, skills training, employment, leisure, social
and cultural activities, sports and games, removal of physical,
psychological and social barriers.

16. To develop services for meeting medical, psychological and social
needs of persons with disabilities.
To improve social emotional relationships between handicapped and
non-handicapped in order to make these relationships more compatible
and more enriching.
You may give gifts without caring but you cannot care without giving. – Frank Clark
OBJECTIVE OF REHABILITATION

17. Reducing the disability and an acquiring new strategies and skills
through which the impact of the disability could be minimized.
Altering the environment including the behaviour of non-disabled
people, so that impairment and disability no longer confer a handicap.
No one can insult you without your consent!
PURPOSE OF REHABILITATION

18. Biomedical Rehabilitation Model
Educational Rehabilitation Model
Social Rehabilitation Model
Economic Rehabilitation Model
Community Based Rehabilitation Model
Comprehensive Rehabilitation Model
MODELS OF REHABILITATION

19. BIOMEDICAL REHABILITATION MODEL
Medical rehabilitation had its origins in the treatment given to
soldiers in the first World War. Since this time, both medicine and
rehabilitation have developed but medical advances have greatly
outstripped those of rehabilitation.
Basic Health Measures:
Sanitation and hygiene,
provision of adequate nutrition,
immunization programmes and public health education
Desirable Health Measures:
Genetic counseling,
family planning and health education
In the small matters trust the mind, in the large ones the heart” Sigmund Freud

20. Disability prevention
Prenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening, health surveillance and medical
and surgical treatment of associated impairments and diseases is very
important.
Early intervention
Early identification and early intervention can foster optimum growth
and development of children with disabilities. By availability of services
at the earliest possible stage, severe invalidity can be prevented as a
consequence of which the disabled is enabled to return speedily to
normal living.
“The cure for curiosity is curiosity. There is no cure for curiosity”.
Dorothy parker

21. EDUCATIONAL REHABILITATION MODEL
Education of disabled, children and adults both formal and non-formal.
The education of all children with disabilities has now become
increasingly the responsibility of the educational authorities. Children
with special needs can benefit from education involving specific
methods needed to teach these children.
In focusing the strategy of “Compulsory education for all (SSA), the
development of special education services needs to be enhanced.
Education is the only medium of inclusion and mainstreaming of
persons with disabilities.
Appreciation is wonderful thing it makes what is excellence in others belongs to us as well.
Voltaire

22. SOCIAL REHABILITATION MODEL
Social developmental approach
Aims at developing positive societal attitudes and awareness of the
problems of disability for providing effective services for the disabled.
Social services approach
Aims directly at providing social and rehabilitation services for the
disabled. Institutional and continuous care and treatment may be
required for severely disabled individuals.
Nothing is either bad or good but thinking makes it so.
Shakespeare.

23. ECONOMIC REHABILITATION MODEL
Provision of vocational training in order to promote economic
rehabilitation.
Various facilities for the vocational rehabilitation of the disabled have
been established by governmental, as well as by non-governmental
organizations.
Vocational rehabilitation involves vocational training for placement in
non-sheltered and sheltered workshops, vocational training for self-
employment and assistance for placement in suitable jobs in the labour
market.
He is rich who has such property that he desired nothing beyond.
Cicero

24. COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION MODEL
Community awareness and creative innovation in all aspects of
development for rehabilitation of persons with disabilities.
Community based rehabilitation is to rehabilitate the disabled persons
to achieve total development through the combined effort of the
individual, the family, the community and various social services
organization.
“Expect the best, plan for the worst, and prepare to be surprised”.
– Denis Waitley

25. The main aim of community Based Rehabilitation is to help
the persons with disability to gain equal rights as that of
normal persons and make them an integral part of the
society.
Definition of CBR
“Community based rehabilitation is a strategy for improving
service delivery for providing more equitable opportunities
and for promoting and protecting the human rights of disable
people . Thus the concept ideally meant fulfilling almost all
the needs of all categories of disabled people everywhere”.
W.H.O.
Everybody thinks of changing humanity and nobody thinks of changing himself”
Leo Tolstoty,

26. CBR
In the last two decades, community based Rehabilitation (CBR) has
been promoted as the most viable and practical solution for the
massive problem of disability in India. A large number of CBR projects
were generously supported by the Government and international
agencies.
We should be too big to take offense and too noble to give it.
Abraham Lincoln,
All these efforts in last two decades have contributed to popularize
the philosophy of CBR and in raising the hope of the millions of
people with disabilities. Hopes for the efficacy of CBR, lies in the fact
that a strong sense of community has always remained strength of
Indian society.
( Dalal & Kumar, 2000 )

27. COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION MODEL
Prevention of disability
Early identification
Early intervention
Special Education and
Vocational training/ placement
Integration in the main stream of society
Rehabilitation of the disabled, empowerment of disabled as well as
community development.
The greatest discovery of my generation is that a human being can alter his life by altering his attitude of mind.
William James

28. PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
Psychiatric rehabilitation refers to the rehabilitation of psychiatrically
disabled individuals. The Psychiatric rehabilitation long-term
commitment to the patient and is directly concerned with:
The practical problems in the life of the patients,
The past, present and future of the patient, and
It involves the active inter-professional participation in planning
coordination and execution of therapeutic and helps.
Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery, and today is a gift. That is why we call it as present.
B.G. Dyson .

29. Rehabilitation facilities and services are a link between the hospital and the
community; between the patient and the family; and the training that changes
the patient from a dependant sick person to an independent productive social
person
PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
Hospital
Family
Patient
COMMUNITY
Independent Living
Treat the other man's faith gently; it is all he has to believe with.
His mind was created for his own thoughts, not yours or mine.
Henry S. Haskins

30. In India, disability rehabilitation is primarily
considered to be a responsibility of the family.
Large and extended Indian families provided
essential physical, emotional and economic support
to its members with disabilities.
Being cohesive and stable social units, families
provided an identity and a sense of security to its
members, irrespective of their physical disabilities.
The economic and caste status of the family and its
networks, also determined the quality of the well
being of its members with disabilities.
The sense of belonging was the most cherished
goal and any threat of isolation.
FAMILY BASED REHABILITATION
(Pande N, Dhawan N, et al. 2000).
Children are completely egoistic; they feel their needs intensely and strive ruthlessly to satisfy them.
Sigmund Freud

31. Rehabilitation services in India of persons with disabilities began in an
organized manner as a movement after independence, particularly
with influence of urbanization and industrialization.
The nodal ministry to plan the rehabilitation services for the disabled
persons is the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment Govt., of
India. The medical rehabilitation component is being taken care of by
the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Adversity is the crucible in which friendship is tested – Mahatma Gandhi
DISABILITY REHABILITATION SERVICES IN INDIA

32. INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS
The UN resolution37/52 of 3rd December 1982 is a very significant UN
instrument, aimed at achieving full participation and equality and
protection of rights of persons with disabilities, which followed the
International Year of Disabled Persons in 1981.
The Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002) were
observed immediately after the UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-
1992).
Recently Biwako Millennium Framework for Action towards in
inclusive, barrier-free and rights-based society for persons with
disabilities in Asia and the Pacific was adopted in the 58th session for
resolution 58/4 on 22nd May, 2002 in Japan.
It is better to have enough ideas for some of them to be wrong them to be always right by having no ideas at al.
Albert Einstein

33. Self- help
organization of
persons with
disabilities
and related family
and parent
associations
women with disabilities
Biwako Millennium Framework for Action
Training and employment,
including self-employment
Access to built
Environments
and public
transport;
Early detection,
early intervention
and education;
Access to information
and communications,
including information,
communications and
assistive technologies
Poverty alleviation
through capacity-building,
social security and
sustainable livelihood
programmes

34. Government of India has introduced various programmes and
schemes for the welfare of the persons with disabilities. The
constitution of India (1950) itself affords protections to the
rights of persons with disabilities through Article 15 and 41.
Under the constitution the disabled have been guaranteed
fundamental rights equally as non-disabled persons.
First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win.
Mahatma Gandhi
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

35. Rehabilitation is high on the agenda of the Government
of India. A number of schemes, programmes and
projects are implemented supported by an
infrastructural network of the Disability Division in the
Ministry.
Desire- ask, believe- receive.
-Stella
APPROACH TO REHABILITATION

36. THE INFRASTRUCTURE INCLUDES
1. National Institutes
2. Various legislative support through Central Acts (MHA,RCI,PWD, NT)
3. National Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation (NHFDC)
4. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO)
5. Composite Regional Centres for PWD (CRCs) - 5
6. Regional Rehabilitation Centres (RRCs) for Spinal Injured - 4
7. Office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD)
8. District Disability Rehabilitation Centres (DDRCs)-85 to provide
comprehensive rehabilitation services to Persons with disabilities.
9. Indian Spinal Injury Centre (ISIC)

37. NATIONAL APEX LEVEL INSTITUTIONS IN VARIOUS AREAS OF THE DISABILITIES
Rehabilitation Council of India
NIVH: Dehradun
Service Delivery
Human resource Development
Research and Development
Development of Models of Services
Consultancy services to
voluntary organizations
Documentation and Dissemination
Extension and outreach
programmes
NIOH: Kolkatta, WestBengal
NIMH: Secunderabad- AP
AYJNIHH -Mumbai
IPH: New Delhi
NIEPMD- Muttukadu, Tamilnadu.
NIRTR:Cuttack and Orissa.
MINISTRY OF SOCIAL JUSTICE & EMPOWERMENT (MSJ& E)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
“Vision without action is merely a dream. Action without vision just passes time.
But vision with action can change the world”. - Joel Arthur Barker

38. 1. The Mental Health Act, (1987)
2. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, (1992)
3. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities Protection of
Rights and Full Participation) PWD Act, (1995).
4. The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral
Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999.
Bringing out legislations by enacting the following Central Acts
GOI

39. Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, “Mentally ill
Persons” means a person who is in need of treatment by
reason of any mental disorders other than mental retardation.
The MHA, 1987
1. Treatment and institutionalization of the mentally ill,
2. Protection and management of their properly.
As the MHA was not applicable for mentally retarded, a legal
vacuum prevailed in the area of protection of the persons with
mental retardation till the Persons with Disability Act 1995.
Mental Health Act, (1987).
Ministry of Law & Justice Government of India

40. To regulate and introduce uniformity in the human resources
development in the country.
RCI Responsible for regulating training policies and programmes
for various categories of professionals in the area of disability.
Entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining a Central
Rehabilitation Register (CRR) for all professionals/ personnel and
promote research in rehabilitation and special education.
Act 1992
Act 1992
The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MSJ&E)
Government of India

41. The persons with mental retardation were governed by the Indian Lunacy Act of
1912, in the 1987; the Lunacy Act was replaced by Mental Health Act.
PWD Act 1995 has come into enforcement of February 7, 1996.
PROVISIONS
Education,
Employment and vocational training,
Job reservation,
Research and manpower development,
Development of barrier-free environment,
Rehabilitation,
Unemployment allowance &
Establishment of homes for persons with severe disability etc.
PWD ACT, 1995
THE PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
(EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES, PROTECTION OF RIGHTS AND FULL PARTICIPATION) ACT, 1995.
BENEFICIARIES
Blindness, low vision
Leprosy cured
Locomotor disability
Hearing impairment
Mental retardation &
Mental illness

42. OBJECTIVES
To enable and empower persons with disabilities to
live as independently and as fully as possible within
and as close to the community to which they belong.
To strengthen the facilities to provide support to
persons with disability to live within their own families.
To extend support to registered organizations to
provide need based services during the period of crisis
in the family of persons with disability.
To deal with the problems of persons with disability
who do not have family support.
To promote measures for the care and protection of
persons with disability in the event of death of their
parent or guardian.
THE NATIONAL TRUST FOR WELFARE OF
PERSONS WITH AUTISM, CEREBRAL PALSY, MENTAL RETARDATION AND MULTIPLE DISABILITIES ACT,
1999. ENACTED BY PARLIAMENT IN THE FIFTIETH YEAR OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA
PROGRAMMES
Conductive environment
Counseling and guidance
Residential hostels
Individual and group homes
Respite care, family care,
Day care services
Self-help groups
Local level committees
to grant approval for
Guardianship.

43. EDUCATIONAL & TRAINING PROGRAMMES:
 SPECIAL EDUCATION
 VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND EMPLOYMENT
SPECIAL EDUCATION:
1. National Policy for Children (NPC) 1974: The National Policy for
Children (1974). (Article 41 (COI) “Right to Education and Work”),
came in and the measures were intended to cover all children
including those who came from weaker sections of society and
those who were handicapped. Integrated education for the disabled
commenced with central funding in 1974.
When you make a world tolerable for yourself, you make a world tolerable for others.
Anais Nin

44. The Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IDEC, 1974)
Financial support, free aids and transport allowances were provided
by the central Govt for children studying in integrated schools.
National policy on Education (NPE, 1986)
This policy called for the universialization of primary education.
Mild disabilities will be in regular schools:
Severe disabilities will be in special schools.
The teachers’ training programme would be reoriented to include
education to children with disabilities.
Intelligence is to be used; wisdom is to be attained. J Chiang

45. National Institute of Open School (NIOS)
National Institute of Open School is a Programme of open
education which include children with intellectual impairment.
Those with borderline intelligence can study at their own pace with
reduced curriculum content. Vocation oriented education is also
planned.
Positive anything is better than negative nothing – Elbert Hubbard

46. NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION
Surpass government run special schools in both quantity and
quality of services. They receive 90% of all government
sanctioned funds for the disabled. Most special schools are
residential so they may serve population from remote rural areas
and from states with limited services. Another feature of special
schools is that they are categorical, e.g., schools with mentally
retarded typically to not take students who are non-ambulatory.
The free thinking of one age is the common sense of the next.
Matthew Arnold

47. VOCATIONAL TRAINING
PWD’S
17 Vocational Rehabilitation Centres
(VRC’s) in major cities.
Training in
CUTTING AND TAILORING.
Happiness is a direction, not a place.
Sydney J. Harris

48. EMPLOYMENT
Placement Services are provided by
35 special employment exchanges and
51 special offices in regular employment.
Individual with disabilities are entitled to scholarships, travel concessions,
conveyance allowance, income tax exemption, government
accommodations, prosthetic devices and bank loans based on the severity
of the disability.
To increase employment opportunities, the government has mandated that
3% of all classes C and D jobs, i.e., clerk, assistant, messenger and orderly
in state, public and private sectors be reserved and equally allocated to
individuals with physical, hearing and visual disabilities.
Life is an exciting business, and most exciting when it is lived for others.
Helen Keller,

49. OTHER MINISTRIES
 MINISTRY OF HEALTH & WELFARE
 MINISTRY OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
 MINISSTRY OF WOMEN AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
 MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT
 MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
 MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT
 MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING
 MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
“If today technology is yesterday’s magic what innovative and creative things are you doing today
to bring more excellence”.

50. PREVENTION
COUNSELIING
&
PSYCHOTHERAPY
SCREENING
&
IDENTIFICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
PSYCHOLOGICAL
INTERVENTION
RESEARCH
&
DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE
TRAINING
BEHAVIOUR
MODIFICATION
REHAB / CLINICAL
PSYCHOLOGIST
FUNCTIONS OF REHAB / CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST
Disability Rehabilitation

51. CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION
In India, rehabilitation of psychiatric patients is still new area of mental
health service. Rehabilitation of psychiatric patients has been a neglected
area for the researchers in India. This is due to scarcity of rehabilitation
centres (like day care centres, half way home etc.,) and greater reliance on
medical model of treatment.
(Singh, T. B & Chadda et. Al, (2001).
“Your vision will become clear only when you look into your heart
who looks outside dreams who looks inside awareness”.
Carl Jung

52. OTHER ISSUES OF REHABILITATION
Lack of financial resources. The lack of financial resources causes difficulty
in regular continuation of medication and subsequent relapse of the illness.
The lack of job opportunities also interferes with the rehabilitation.
While in some cases long term stay in hospital also interferes in
rehabilitation, because long-term hospital stay may produce the secondary
negative symptoms in a patient.
The field of rehabilitation is also preferred less by the Psychiatrists.
Hitesh C. Sheth (2005).
Common Problems in Psychosocial Rehabilitation. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. 10(1), 53.60.
Best man is he who most tries to perfect himself and the happiest man is he
who most feels that he is perfecting himself - Socrates

53. CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Journal Rehabilitation Council of India, Volume2, Number 1-2 / January- December 2006.
S. No CURRENT ISSUES FUTURE DIRECTION
1
Non availability of incidence and
prevalence figures for various
disabilities.
Incidence and Prevalence
2 Inadequate early identification and
preventive measures Early identification and prevention
3 Dearth of appropriate,
standardized,
field tested, low cost screening /
assessment.
Development of
Screening / assessment materials
4 Dearth of appropriate,
standardized,
filed tested, low cost training
materials.
Development of training materials
Being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise.
Sigmund Freud

54. S. No CURRENT ISSUES FUTURE DIRECTION
5
Scarcity of trained professional /
para professional/ nonprofessional
workers.
Training of para-professional
/non-professional workers.
6 Inadequate educational
opportunities
Education management
7 Inadequate vocational training and
placement
Vocational training and
placement
8 Inadequate knowledge about
treatment outcome
Treatment outcome research
CURRENT ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Journal Rehabilitation Council of India, Volume2, Number 1-2 / January- December 2006.
We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lost infinite hope
Martin Lutheran King

55. Quality of services
Early identification
Intervention
Education
Vocational training
Employment opportunities and
The availability of aids and appliances.
DISABILITY REHABILITATION is very important process in which helps to changes the
attitude of the people towards the persons with disabilities and HELP them to be in
the MAIN STREAM and PRODUCTIVE MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY.
CONCLUSION
In the last analysis, what we are communicates far more eloquently than anything we say or do.
Stephen R. Covey,

56. Don’t think
It’s a Brain wash

57. Just think
How we will help them....!
Thanks