Readings in the Philippine History Topic on Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in the PH
Powerpoint background from https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/festivals/804/QueerSmiles
2. relating to society and the
way people live together
the activities of the government, members of law-
making organizations, or people who try to influence
the way a country is governed
the system of trade and industry by
which the wealth of a country or region
is made and used
the way of life of a
particular people
4. 3 CONSTITUTIONS THAT EFFECTIVELY GOVERNED THE
COUNTRY:
1) 1935 Commonwealth constitution
2) 1973 Constitution
3) 1986 Freedom Constitution
5. 1897: CONSTITUTION OF BIAK-NA-BATO
The provisionary Constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine
Revolution
Promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary Government on November 1,
1897.
Borrowed from Cuba
Written by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer in Spanish
6. ORGANS OF THE CONSTITUTION
1) Supreme Council
2) Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y Justicia
3) Asamblea de Representantes
7. PRIMARY SOURCE:
PREAMBLE OF THE BIAK-NA-BATO CONSTITUTION
The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their
formation into an independent state with its own government called the
Philippine Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the
existing war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896; and therefore, in its
name and by the power delegated by the Filipino people, interpreting
faithfully their desires and ambitions, we, the representatives of the
Revolution, in a meeting at Biac-na-bato, Nov. 1st. 1897, unanimously
adopt the following articles for the Constitution of the State
9. 1899: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
Draft constitution by the selected commission of the elected Malolos Congress
Malolos Congress are composed of wealthy and educated men
September 17, 1898 (draft)
Approved on November 29, 1898
Promulgated on January 21, 1899 by Aguinaldo
“The Political Constitution of 1899”
Written is Spanish
10. 1899: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
39 Articles, divided into 14 Titles (8 of Transitory provisions, and a final additional
article)
Patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and the French Constitution of
1793
Felipe Calderon (Main author)
11. PRIMARY SOURCE:
PREAMBLE OF THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF 1899
We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully convened, in order to
establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general welfare, and
insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the
Universe for the attainment of these ends, have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the
following Political Constitution.
12. 1899: MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
Sovereignty retroverted to people
The people delegated governmental functions to civil servants
The 27 Articles of Title IV detailed human rights and sovereignty of Filipinos
Title III Article 5, declares that the state recognizes the freedom and equality of all
beliefs.
Title II Article 4, three districts – Legislative, Executive, Judicial
14. Philippine Organic Act of 1902
Creation of the popularly elected Philippine Assembly.
Legislative vested in bicameral
Bill of Rights for Filipinos
Appointment of two non-voting Filipino Resident Commissioners
of the Philippines
15. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
“Jones Law”
Removal of Philippine Commission, replacing it with a Senate
Explicitly declared the purpose of the US
Appointment of two non-voting Filipino Resident Commissioners
of the Philippines
16. Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act (1932)
Promise of granting Filipinos’ Independence
Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas
Opposed by the Senate President Manuel L. Quezon, hence rejected.
17. Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
“Philippine Independence Act”
Provided authority and defined mechanisms for the establishment of a formal
constitution
Constitutional convention members were elected, first meeting on July 30 1934
Claro M. Recto, unanimously elected as President
18. 1935: THE COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION
Crafted to meet the approval of the United States government.
To ensure that the US would live up to its promise.
19. PRIMARY SOURCE:
PREAMBLE OF THE 1935 COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION
The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a
government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of
the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their
posterity the blessings of independence under a régime of justice, liberty, and
democracy, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
20. 1935: THE COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Transitional administration
Unicameral National Assembly
Amended in 1940 to have a bicameral congress
Right to suffrage
Male, 21y/o, able to read and write
Extended to women after two years
21. 1935: THE COMMONWEALTH CONSTITUTION
Bears traces of the Malolos Constitution, the German, Spanish, and Mexican
Constitutions, Constitutions of several South Americans countries, and the
unwritten English Constitution.
Draft was approved by the constitutional convention on February 8, 1935
Ratified on March 25, 1935 by US President Franklin B. Roosevelt
Elections were held in September 1935
Manuel L. Quezon was elected President of the Commonwealth
23. In 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected as President
In 1967, Philippine Congress passed a resolution calling for a Constitutional
Convention to change the 1935 Constitution.
In 1969, Marcos won in re-election
November 20, 1970 was the Elections of the Delegates to the Constitutional
Convention
24. June 1, 1971 when the convention formally began
Carlos P. Garcia was elected as the Convention President
Succeeded by Diosdado Macapagal
25. Martial law was declared.
Some delegates were placed behind bars, others went hiding or voluntary
exiled.
Marcos manipulated documents
November 29, 1972 the convention approved its proposed constitution.
26. The constitution was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government
Pres. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 73 on November 30, 1973
Citizen Assemblies were held from January 10-15, 1973
The president issued a proclamation announcing that the proposed
constitution had been ratified.
27. 1973: CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM
The constitution was amended several times
Citizen Assemblies allow the continuation of Martial Law
Approved the ammendments:
Interim Batasang Pambansa
President to become Prime Minister
In 1980, retirement age of judiciary members was extended to 70yo
In 1981, parliament changed to French-style
28. 1973: CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM
In 1984, Executive Committee was abolished, position of vice president restored
A way for the President to keep executive powers, abolish the senate, never acted
parliament system to function as authoritarian presidential system
1980s had been very turbulent
1983 Assassination of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.
“Snap” Election full of widespread fraud
29. 1973: CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITARIANISM
A small group of military rebels attempted to stage a coup, but failed
Triggered EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986
Marcoses fled into exile
Corazon Aquino was installed as President on February 25, 1986
30. President Corazon Aquino’s Government
Revert to 1935 Constitution
Retain the 1973 Constitution
Start anew
32. President Corazon Aquino’s Government
1986 proclaimed a transitional constitution (Freedom Constitution) to last for
a year
Constitutional Commission drafted a permanent constitution
Constitutional Convention was created composed of 48 members
Keep the President in check
New Constitution adopted on February 2, 1987
33. 1987: CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL LAW
Begins with preamble and 18 self-contained articles
“Democratic Publican State”
Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from
them
Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of the government
34. 1987: CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL LAW
Established 3 independent Constitutional Commissions
Civil Service Commission
Commission on Elections
Commission on Audit
Office of the Ombudsman