1. Motorcycle Management Policy in Taiwan: From Dilemma to Reality !
! Presented at Transforming Transportation 2013!
! S.K. Jason Chang, PhD!
! Professor, National Taiwan University!
! Advisor, Taipei City Government!
Transforming Transportation 2013!

2. Motorcycle
Management
Policy
in
Taiwan:
From
Dilemma
to
Reality
S.K.
Jason
Chang,
Ph.D.
Professor,
Na+onal
Taiwan
University
Advisor,
Taipei
City
Government
skchang@ntu.edu.tw
The
10th
Transforming
Transporta.on
Annual
Conference
In
The
World
Bank,
Washington,
DC,
Jan
17-­‐18,
2013,

3. Agenda
• Background
• Traffic
Engineering
• Parking
Management
• Safety
Issues
• Environmental
and
External
Effects
• Concluding
Remarks

4. Taiwan
• 94% of Taiwan’s Population Live along the West Corridor (20% of land)
• Area:
36,000
sq
km
Popula+on:
23
million
• Nice
Weather:
Summer-­‐
28~35oC
Winter:
12~25oC
Taipei
Population / k㎡
>15000
5000-15000 Hsinchu
3000-5000
1000-3000
500-1000
300-500
100-300 Taichung
<100
Tainan &
Kaohsiung

5. Taiwan and Urban Areas
• Vehicles:
Cars
6.8
mi,
Motorcycles
14
mi
• Taipei:
3000
sq
km,
Pop
6.8
mi
Car-­‐
2.5
mi,
Motorcycle-­‐3.2
mi
MRT
110
km;
Pre-­‐BRT
58
km
• Kaohsiung:
2200
sq
km,
Pop
2.8
mi
Car-­‐
0.7
mi,
Motorcycle-­‐
2.3
mi
MRT
43km
• i-­‐Bus
and
i-­‐Taxi:
high-­‐quality,
high
availability
and
wide
coverage.
• High
Speed
Rail:
the
journey
b/w
Taipei
and
Kaohsiung
(345km)
90
minutes.

6. General
Features
of
CiCes
in
Taiwan
• Stable
Urbaniza+on
and
Motoriza+on
• Mixed
Land
Use
+
High
Popula+on
Density
• Personal
Mobility
/
Mixed
Traffic
Flow
Characteris+cs:
Motorcycle
(40%)
+
Car
(25%)
+
PT
(25%)
+
Cycling
&
Walk
(10%)
Taipei:
MC
(25%)
+
Car
(25%)
+
PT
(35%)
+
Cycling
&
Walk
(15%)
Kaohsiung:
MC
(60%)
+
Car
(20%)
+
PT
(8%)
+
Cycling
&
Walk
(12%)
• Fatality
in
Traffic
Accidents:
80%
MC

7. From
1982
to
2012
“Are
they
a
transi+on
step
toward
full,
car-­‐based
motoriza+on?”NO!!

9. CharacterisCcs
of
Motorcycles
Less
space
needed
and
easy
parking
Convenience
Free
parking
or
$0.7
per
day
MC:
1/6
space
of
car
Less
cost
for
own
and
use
Affordability
O&M
Cost
($/km):
MC
0.09
Car
0.38
For
short
trip
Flexibility
Mixed
land
use
Compact
city
environment
CommuCng
Cme:
10-­‐20
min
High
modal
share
9

10. Ownership
Growth
2000
2005
2010
2011
Rate
(00~11)
PopulaCon
(Age:
>
20)
1,940,976
2,064,619
2,153,491
2,168,018
11.7%
Household
874,986
949,121
1,022,493
1,035,012
18.3%
Motorized
Vehicle
1,715,548
2,039,320
2,259,019
2,304,532
34.2%
Motorized
Vehicle
per
0.88
0.99
1.05
1.06
20.5%
capita
(MC)
(0.63)
(0.68)
(0.71)
(0.72)
Motorized
Vehicle
per
1.96
2.15
2.21
2.23
13.8%
household
(MC)
(1.38)
(1.46)
(1.47)
(1.49)
10

11. Fatality – Traffic Accidents
Others
Motorcycle
Total
M/C
%
2007
643
2,325
2,968
78.34%
2008
563
2,152
2,715
79.26%
2009
490
2,038
2,528
80.62%
2010
483
2,110
2,593
81.37%
2011
514
2,119
2,633
80.48%
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
3,500
3,000
Motorcycles
2,500
2,000
contribute
80%.
1,500
MC
機車
Others
其他車種
1,000
500
0
96年
97年
98年
99年
100年

12. Injury: Traffic Accidents
Other
Veh
Motorcycle
Total
M/C
%
2007
21,340
174,298
195,638
89.09%
2008
19,682
184,616
204,298
90.37%
2009
19,261
201,444
220,705
91.27%
2010
22,858
243,089
265,947
91.41%
2011
23,860
262,916
286,776
91.68%
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
350,000
300,000
Motorcycles
250,000
200,000
機車
contribute
90%.
MC
150,000
Others
其他車種
100,000
50,000
0
96年
97年
98年
99年
100年

13. Traffic Accidents-Fatality
in Urban Area
Total
Motorcycle
M/C
%
Taipei
145
79
54.48%
New
Taipei
385
168
62.45%
Taichung
404
275
68.07%
Tainan
368
225
61.14%
Kaohsiung
385
290
75.32%
Source: Institute of Transportation, MOTC (2011)
l Urban
area
has
450
總數最高
comparaCvely
lower
MC
400
350
fatality.
Traffic
300
250
其他車種
management,
enforcement
200
150
機車
and
speed
are
key
factors.
100
50
機車比例最高
0
臺北市
新北市
臺中市
臺南市
高雄市

14. Motorcycle pay far less than
should pay (including External Cost)
• Actually
Paid
/
Should
Pay
Walk:
100.0%
Bike:
96.6%
Motorcycle:
34.8%
Car:
59.6%
Taxi:
47.8%
Bus:
81.6%
Metro:
89.7%
Personal
mobility
of
using
private
motorized
mode
has
been
heavily
subsidized
by
social
resources

15. The “convenience” of motorcycles
provide necessary mobility for
economy. However, lack of policy,
management and pricing scheme has
caused huge social loss.
Source:
hfp://
michaelturton.blogspot.com

16. 30 Years
Re-think
about the Role
of Motorcycle
and Management
• Na+onal
policy
on
motorcycle
• Benefits
iden+fied
w/
a
good
management
on
safety
and
environmental
issues
Bus Bus • PCE
of
Motorcycle:
Walk Bike
only
only
Bike
Walk 0.15~0.45
in
various
mixed
rate
and
Source:
Dr.
Kent
Wang,
DG
of
Kaohsiung
DOT
(2011) composi+ons

17. Energy
Efficiency
of
Motorcycle
Motorcycle: 0.024 liter per
trip km, same as Bus.
Motorcycle Metro
Taxi
Car
Domestic Bus
High Speed Conventional
air
Train Rail
Source: Vision of Low Carbon Transportation, MOTC, 2011.
17

18. Motorcycle Management
Traffic Engineering
Parking, Enforcement
and Policy

19. Traffic
Engineering
and
RegulaCon
Junction: Safety
and Efficiency
-Motorcycle Floodgate
-Two Stage Left Turn
Left Turn for
Motorcycles
first cross the street
parallel and reach the
waiting area to cross the
main street
Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)

20. Traffic
Engineering
and
RegulaCon
Junction: Safety and Efficiency
Motorcycle Floodgate

21. Source: Lung, Chang and Hong (1986)

24. Speed Limit and Lane
Regulation for Motorcycles

25. Parking
Management

26. Before After

27. Before
After
7 27

30. Side Walk Clear Program
30

31. Intermodal Mobility
MC+ Metro, Railway & Ferry

32. Parking Fee

34. Motorcycle
Safety
Manual
Motorcycle
Safety
- Motorcycle Helmet Law
- Motorcycle w/ Bus and Heavy Vehicle
- Enforcement and Education

35. Helmet
1994, Trial Law of Helmet in Taipei City
A pilot study showed an increase in helmet
use from 21% to 79% and a 56% reduction in
motorized vehicle–related fatality.
1997, National Helmet Law
A 50.2% reduction in motorized vehicle–
related fatality from 1998 to 2008.
Source: Implementation of a Motorcycle Helmet Law in Taiwan and
Traffic Deaths Over 18 Years, America Medical Association, 2011.

36. Pre-BRT has reduced 85% of
motorcycle-related accidents
in those corridors.

37. Motorcycle w/ Bus & Truck
Ž

Œ


38. Enforcement
and Education

39. Education and Training
1. Wear Hamlet and other safety equipment
2. Watch closely on your partner seating behind you
3. Respect right of way
4. Keep reasonable distance and follow the signal
5. Always respect Pedestrian
6. Always think about family……

40. Environmental Issues
1. Stop two stroke MC since 2004
2. New Energy: e2W
e2W
1. Demo
Project:
Peng
Hu
Island
Low
Carbon
Village:
5,000
MCs
w/
subsidy
$250~$1,200
per
MC
+300
staCons,
powered
by
solar
and
wind.
2.
NaConal
Encouragement
Project:
15,000
MCs
per
year
subsided
with
US$800
per
MC.

41. Concluding Remarks
¡ Clear
Management
Policy.
¡ Research
on
Mixed
Traffic
Flow
and
Travel
Behaviors.
¡ External
Cost
and
Social
Equity.
¡ Speed
and
Safety.
¡ New
Energy
Applica+on:
M2W
vs.
e2W.
¡ Interna+onal
Coopera+on.

42. Thanks
skchang@ntu.edu.tw

43. Transforming Transportation 2013!
! Co-organized by EMBARQ and The World Bank!
! More information at:!
! EMBARQ.org!
! worldbank.org/transport!
! Questions? Comments? Contact us at embarq@wri.org!
! Follow us on Twitter: @EMBARQnetwork!
Transforming Transportation 2013!