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Annual environment and health conference 2018 wenger hse epa dublin 7 nov 2018
1. Impact of residential solid fuel burning on air
quality and health
http://www.ucc.ie/en/crac/research/sapphire/
Prof. John Wenger
j.wenger@ucc.ie
2.
3. Dublin Smog 1982
Mortality in a General
Hospital and Urban Air
Pollution
Ian Kelly and Luke Clancy,
Irish Medical Journal, 1984, 77, 322-4
โข Cold weather, temperature inversion, low wind speeds
โข Very high levels of black smoke and sulphur dioxide
โข Number of deaths per day doubled during the smog
event and remained high for days afterwards
4. Ban on Smoky Coal in Dublin
1st September 1990
70% reduction in black smoke
34% reduction in sulphur dioxide
On average per year:
116 fewer respiratory deaths
243 fewer cardiovascular deaths
Clancy et al., Lancet 2002
5. From Black Smoke to Particulate Matter
In 2005 Black Smoke standards were replaced by PM limit
values in European Air Quality Directive (1999/30/EC)
PM10 Particulate Matter with diameter less than 10 microns
PM2.5 Particulate Matter with diameter less than 2.5 microns
6. PM10 enters upper
respiratory system
PM2.5 can penetrate
deep into the lungs
There is a greater
health risk associated
with exposure to
smaller particles
PM Size is Linked to Health Risk
7. Well Documented Health Effects of PM
Short term (hours, days) exposure
โข respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, such as
aggravation of asthma, respiratory symptoms
Long term (months, years) exposure
โข mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and
from lung cancer
Emerging
Research:
The Guardian 05/09/2018 The Guardian 16/09/2018
8. Latest EEA/WHO Reports on Air Quality
Air pollution remains the single largest
environmental health hazard in Europe
โข Long-term exposure to PM2.5 responsible
for 422,000 premature deaths in Europe
โข Ireland - 1,100 premature deaths in 2015,
and 12,000 Years of Life Lost
โข Each year 61,000 premature deaths are
attributable to ambient air pollution
from residential heating in Europe
9. โข What is the contribution of residential solid fuel burning
to PM levels in Ireland?
The Burning Question
10. What is the contribution of each fuel type?
Sod Peat (Turf)
โSmokelessโ Coal
Wood
Bituminous (Smoky) Coal
Peat Briquettes
11. Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter in
Urban and Rural Residential Areas of Ireland
(SAPPHIRE)
1 April 2014 โ 31 June 2017
http://www.ucc.ie/en/crac/research/sapphire/
12. โข Outside the Smoky Coal
Ban Area (pop. < 15,000)
โข No natural gas supply
โข High usage of solid fuels
(coal, peat/turf & wood)
SAPPHIRE Monitoring Locations
โข Killarney, Co. Kerry (Nov & Dec 2014)
โข Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford (Jan & Feb 2015)
โข Birr, Co. Offaly (Nov & Dec 2015)
K
E
B
14. Instrument Parameter(s) measured Temporal
resolution
Aerosol time-of-flight mass
spectrometer (TSI model 3800)
Single particle chemical
composition (100-3000 nm)
1 min
Scanning mobility particle sizer
(TSI model 3081)
Particle number concentration
(10-800 nm)
3 min
Optical Particle Sizer (TSI model
3330)
Particle number concentration
(300-10000 nm)
3 min
TEOM (Thermo Electron model RP
1400a)
PM2.5 mass concentration 30 min
Thermal-optical carbon analyser
(Sunset Inc. model 3rd generation)
Elemental and organic carbon
mass concentrations
2 hr
7-Wavelength Aethalometer
(Model AE33, Magee Scientific)
Black Carbon concentration 1 min
High volume sampler (Digitel
model DHA 80)
Collection of particulate
matter (PM2.5)
6 hr
Key Instrumentation
15. PM2.5 Mass Concentration: Enniscorthy
โข Average = 29 ยตg/m3; Range = 0.2-237 ยตg/m3
โข PM2.5 over 50 ยตg/m3 most evenings
16. Average 24 hour profile for PM2.5
โข Peak in evening hours indicative of solid fuel burning
17. Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer
โข Measures chemical
composition of single
particles in real-time
โข Enables monitoring of
particles from various
sources continuously
โข Uses a mass spectral
fingerprint for different
sources
18. Realistic fuel burning experiments
โข Solid fuel stove
โข House in remote location in
Co. Tipperary
19. PEAT
PEAT
WOOD
COAL
COAL
EC
Sulfate
Potassium
Assigned on the basis of combustion
experiments
COAL โ EC & some potassium, sulfate
dominates negative spectra
PEAT โ EC & OC fragments, some
potassium
WOOD โ Potassium dominates
positive spectra
EC
OC
WOOD
โFingerprintsโ of Solid Fuel Combustion
25. โข Residential solid fuel burning contributes 60-83% of PM2.5
in Killarney/Enniscorthy/Birr in winter
โข This situation is likely replicated in tens of small towns
across Ireland
Summary
26.
27. Summary and Perspectives
โข From a health and environment perspective it makes
sense to support a nationwide ban on smoky coal
โข But, how well will it work, particularly in areas where gas
is not available?
โข Peat and wood burning are bigger contributors to PM2.5
โข A nationwide ban on smoky coal may not deliver the
expected improvements in air quality
โข Other strategies should also be investigatedโฆ
29. Acknowledgements
John Sodeau
Ian OโConnor Eoin McGillicuddy Jovanna Arndt
Paul BuckleyStig Hellebust
http://www.ucc.ie/en/crac/research/sapphire/
Killarney site assistance
โข Brendan Dunne (HSE)
Enniscorthy site assistance
โข Brendan Cooney (WCC)
โข Ian Plunkett (WCC)
โข Patrick Malone (EPA)
Birr site assistance
โข Sarah Delahunt (OCC)
โข Marian Healy (OCC)
50. Low winds โ Local sources High winds โ Regional sources
Influence of Meteorology
โข Low wind speed โ local emissions dominate
โข High wind speed โ regional sources dominate
51. Particulate Matter
PM10 - Particulate Matter with diameter less than 10 microns
PM2.5 - Particulate Matter with diameter less than 2.5 microns
52. โข State-of-the-art analytical techniques used to measure chemical
species and apportion PM mass to specific sources
Cork Harbour Study 2008-2011
Healy et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010
PM2.5
average
(ยตg/m3)
Solid
Fuel
Burning
%
Traffic
%
Other
Local
Sources
%
Regional
Sources
%
August
2008
9.7 5 23 24 26
February
2009
16.2 50 19 21 10
Kourtchev et al., Science of the Total Environment, 2011
DallโOsto et al., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013