2. ORGANISM IS AN
OPENED SYSTEM
Types of exchange with
external environment:
Energy exchange
Substance exchange
Information exchange
3. SUBSTANCES from the
external environment
HIGH MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES,
which have species specificity :
proteins,
fats,
carbohydrates,
Microelements, vitamins, water,
cellulose
6. DIGESTION is
physical and chemical food proccesing
in the result of which its components
preserve their energy and plasticity,
but lose species specificity and
are converted to absorbable particles
which are included in normal
metabolism.
9. DIGESTIVE TRACT
FUNCTIONS
Secretory– secretion of digestive juices by
the digestive glands
Motor – is performed by the muscle layer of
the GIT, results in the changes of food from
solid to liquid
Absorbtive – transport of end products of
digestion, salts, water and vitamins from
the cavity to blood and lymph
10. PARTAKING IN BODY
METABOLISM
WATER, NUTRIENTS, MICROELEMENTS,
VITAMINS AND BILE ACIDS CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION SAVES SUBSTANSES AND
ENERGY FOR THE BODY
11. 2 L Н2О
8L juices 10 L
0,1L
blood
lungs
sweatvapour
kidney
urine
2 L
13. Incretory function
Intestinal hormones, which regulate
functions of digestive tract are secreted by
the cells of APUD-system, located in the
mucous membrane of digestive tract and
in pancreas
14. PROTECTIVE FUNCTION
Mucous membrane of GIT is an immune
barrier between external and internal
environment:
Lymphoid nodes
Lymphocytes and tissue macrophages –
Ig А
intraepithelial Т-lymphocytes.
Bacteriocidic, bacteriostatic and
desintoxicative function
15. RECEPTIVE FUNCTION
chemo- and mechanoreceptive fields
of digestive tract may be common for
reflex arcs of visceral systems
(excretory, cardio-vascular) and
somatic reflexes
16. ROLE IN HAEMOPOESIS
SECRETION of gastromucoproteid-
HEMAMIN (intrinsic Castle factor),
necessary for vitamin В-12 absorption.
Mucous membrane of stomach and small
intestines аnd liver (along with bone
marrow and spleen) are ferritin depots
17. INTESTINAL BACTERIAL FLORA
FUNCTIONS:
1. Final break down of non-digested food:
a) Fermentation of carbohydrates to lactic
and acetic acid, аlcohol, СО2 and Н2О;
b) Proteins decay and formation of indol,
skatol, biologicaly active amines,
hydrogen sulphate and methane.
18. 2. Inactivation of digestive juices
components.
3. synthesis of vitamin K and vitamins of the
B complex .
4. Constant stimulus for natural immunity
5. suppresses pathogenic microorganisms
and prevents infection
19. Basic types of digestion
INTRACELLULAR
•CAVITY
•MEMBRANE
20. MOTOR FUNCTION OF
DIGESTIVE TRACT
1. STRIATED MUSCLES:
mouth cavity, larynx and upper part of
oesophagus (mastication and
swallowing);
External anus sphincter (tonic
contractions).
2. Smooth muscles (mixing and moving).
23. Peristalsis
Propulsive – movement of chyme from oral to
anal end of digestive channel
Non-propulsive– mixing of chyme in a certain
part of digestive channel
oesophagus,
stomach,
Small intestine
31. SECRETION is
Intracellular process during which
the cell:
Gets necessary substances from
blood plasma
Synthesises the secret
Excretes the secreted substances
along with water and electrolites
33. Secretory cycle
1. Поступление исходных веществ (вода,
ионы, АК, моносахара) путем диффузии
и пиноцитоза через базальную
мембрану.
2. Синтез фермента (белкового секрета) на
рибосомах и слизистого компонента на
пластинчатом комплексе Гольджи с
использованием АТФ (митохондрии).
3. Дозревание – образование и накопление
гранул секрета в апикальной части
клетки.
4. Экструзия – мерокриновый, апокрино-
вый и голокриновый механизм.
34.
35. Primary saliva
Solution rich in electrolites & enzymes.
Types of enzymes:
Amylazes
Lipazes
Proteazes
nucleazes
36. Secondary saliva
Is formed in the ducts due to ionic
exchange, as the result Рh is
changed & can be regulated.
43. Acute experiment
Advantages:
1. Direct influence on the studied organs &
their elements;
2. Information on the elementary reactions ;
Disadvantages:
1. Breaking down the anatomical integrity of
the body;
2. Organ’s function disturbances (narcosis);
3. One time observation only.
44. Chronic experiment
Advantages:
1. Observation of organ functioning in
physiological conditions;
2. Observation of functions changed with
time.
Disadvantages:
1. Experiment’s results show summarized
activity of many organs or the system on
the whole.
46. Fistula - a hollow organ
connection with the
external
environment
Fistula of a salivatory gland is a salivatory
gland duct on the external buccal surface
First operation was performed by Basov in
1942
62. Ekk-Pavlov anastomose
Is formed between v. portae & v. cava
inferior so that blood from the
intestine would go directly into the
circulatory system without passing
through the liver.
The experiment shows the role of
liver in detoxication
64. PROBING
1.Background secretion
2.Stimulated secretion:
GASTRIC SECRETION IS STIMULATED BY DRY
BREAD, CABBAGE JUICE,ALKOHOL OR I/V
INJECTION OF HYSTAMINE
PANCREATIC SECRETION IS STIMULATED BY
0,2-,5% HCl solution
BILE EXCRETION IS STIMULATED BY 20-30 ml of
magnesium sulphate
67. MOUTH CAVITY
Peripheral PART OF GUSTATORY
SENSORY SYSTEM:
1. Defines eatable & non-eatable
substances;
2. Is a receptory field for the non-
conditioned reflexes in all the gastro-
intestinal tract.
68. Mouth cavity functions:
1. Mastication & formation of foog
bolus;
2. Primary hydrolysis of some
substances – carbohydrates (α-
amylase, maximum activity at рН
6,9)
69. Salivatory glands are paired
structures
1. Parotid– serous – 25% of saliva
2. Submandibular – mixed – 70% of saliva
3. Sublingual – mixed – 5% of saliva
4. Small, scatered in the mouth cavity -
слизистые
70. Saliva composition
99% of water
Main mineral components:
sodium, potassium, chlorine,
hydrocarbonates.
Macromolecules:
Enzymes – α-amylaze, Lizotzim,
proteinases, callicrein.
Glicoproteins, mucopolisaccarides
(mucin)
Immunoglobulines
71. Phases of secretory
cycle.
Entering of initial substances (water, ions,
aminoacids, monosaccarides) by the way of
diffusion and pinocytosis.
Synthesis of enzymes on rybosomes and mucous
(mucopolysaccarides and mucoproteins) in Golgi
– complex.
Maturition – formation and storage of secretory
granules.
Extrusion – merocrine, apocrine and holocrine
mechanism.
75. Sympathetic influence on
saliva secretion
Sympathetic fibres of II-IV thoracis segments
Constant influence on synthesis & maturation
of secrete (enzimes & mucin).
On stimulation of sympathetic fibres:
Little amount of viscous, rich in enzimes &
mucin saliva is secreted;
Vessels & ducts constriction
78. SALIVA FUNCTIONS
Serves as a solvent for chemoreception
(H2O).
Formation of food bolus.
Provision of swallowing act.
Provision of formation of speech.
Protective function ( lizotzim, nucleases).
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
Hermetization of mouth cavity during
sucking ( in newborn).
Nutritive medium for teeth enamel