Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey

Marine Pollution Control
Dr. J.S. Pandey
Senior Principal Scientist
First Science Secretary
CSIR-NEERI
NAGPUR – 440020, India

Oil Pollution, Ocean and Climate
Change
Dr. J.S. Pandey
CSIR [Council of Scientific & Industrial Research] –
NEERI [National Environmental Engineering Research Institute}
NAGPUR – 440 020, India

http://www.worldculturepictorial.com/blog/content/ocean-pollution-
climate-change-man-made-disaster-or-

Ocean Pollution
• Ocean Pollution is
caused due to several
reasons :
– Oil pollution
– Marine debris
– Toxic materials
– Ocean dumping and
mining
– Tanker spills
– Runoff from land and
industrial wastes

Sewage Disposal
• In many parts of the globe,
sewage flows into the oceans,
seas and gulf untreated or
undertreated.
• For example, 80% of URBAN
SEWAGE discharged into the
Mediterranean Sea is untreated.
• Sewage can lead to
eutrophication, and ultimately
many types of microrganism-
related human diseases.

Contamination from various
Chemicals including
Pesticides
• Pesticides, herbicides and
many other chemicals are
used in common
consumer products.
• Some of these chemicals
including radio-active
wastes find their way
(through run-off) to the
sea or ocean.
• Oceans have been very
convenient dumping
ground for waste
generated on land.

Bio-accumulation &
Bio-Concentration
• One of the most important
contaminants / pollutants are
the nets and plastics, which
can be swallowed and caught
in an animal’s (whales,
dolphins, seals, turtles etc.)
digestive system.
• There is an accumulation of
various toxic materials also.
For example, mercury, dioxin,
PCBs, PAHs and even radio-
active substances.

Food-chain and Bio-
concentration
• Small species at the bottom of the food-
chain, such as planktons in the ocean
absorb the chemicals as they feed.
• The chemicals accumulate in these
organisms and become much more
concentrated in their bodies than in the
surrounding water or soil.
• These organisms are eaten by small
animals, and the concentration rises
again.
• These animals are in turn eaten by larger
animals, and this leads to even further
increased chemical load in them (some
times even million times higher).
• Polar beers, which feed on seals, can
have contamination levels up to billion
times higher than their environment.

Impact of Oil
Pollution
• When there is an oil spill on
water, spreading immediately
takes place.
• The gaseous and liquid
components evaporate.
• Some get dissolved in water
and even oxidize.
• Some undergo bacterial
changes and eventually sink to
the bottom by gravitational
action.

Harmful Effects of
Oil Spill
• Oil kills plants and animals in the estuarine
zone.
• Oil settles on beaches and kills organisms that
live there.
• It also settles on ocean floor and kills benthic
(bottom-dwelling) organisms such as crabs.
• Oil poisons algae and disrupts the major food
chain.
• It also coats birds, impairing their flight or
reducing the insulative property of their
feathers.
• This makes them (birds) more vulnerable to
cold.
• Oil endangers fish hatcheries in coastal waters
and contaminates the flesh of commercially
valuable fish.
• One of the most significant impact is on
MANGROVES

• Pollution is a current
COST and a future
THREAT. It is an
environmental tragedy.
• We have 17000 drilling
platforms in the ocean,
and thousand more are
under consideration.
• Interaction of radiation,
humidity and CO2 at
land-air, land-water and
water-air interfaces
• Health of our fisheries

Long Term Economic and Environmental Effects of the Oil Spill [Source :
Oilprice.com/Environment/Oil…./8-Long-Term-Economic-and-
Environmental-Effects-Gulf-Oil-Spill.html]
• At least 4.2 million gallons of oil are already in the Gulf of
Mexico having unpredictable ecological damage.
• The Sea-food (Fishing, Shrimp and Oyster) Industries in the
Gulf are being destroyed. Seafood is a 2.4 billion dollar
industry in the state of Louisiana and Lousiana produces more
than 30 % of the seafood originating in the continental United
States.
• Global food-chain is continuously getting poisoned.
• Tourism along the Gulf Coast is almost dead.
• It is pertinent to mention that seafood and
tourism are two of the most important industries
in the Gulf region.

Long term ecologic and economic impacts
of oil spill (…..contd….)
• Oil exploration is going to be more risky and
challenging venture.
• Oil prices are likely to keep on continuously
rising as demand continues to increase while
supply is reducing day by day.

Environmental Impact & Risk
Assessment
Presentation by
Dr. J.S. Pandey
CSIR [Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research] –
NEERI [National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute}
NAGPUR – 440 020, India NEERI, Nagpur

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification &
Evaluation
• On February 19, 1991, the Ministry of Environment
and Forests (“MOEF”) issued a notification under
Section 3 of the Environment Protection Act of 1986,
seeking to regulate development activity on India’s
coastline.
• The approach adopted by the first notification was to
define the ‘High Tide Line’ (“HTL”) and ‘Coastal
Regulation Zone’ (“CRZ”) and thereafter specify the
activities permitted and restricted in the vicinity of the
CRZ.
• This regulated zone was further divided into four
categories (CRZ I-IV) as per permitted land use.

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification &
Evaluation
• There have been about 25 amendments to this
notification between 1991 and 2009, some of which
have been based on the directions of the Supreme
Court.
• In May 2008, the MOEF brought out a new draft CRZ
notification that evoked much criticism from all
sections of stakeholders.
• Eventually this notification was allowed to lapse and
the Ministry brought out a fresh notification in
September 2010, which after much discussions and
deliberations, was finally passed as Coastal Regulation
Zone Notification 2011 on January 6, 2011.

The current notification has several
new positive features
• It widens the definition of CRZ to include the land area from HTL to
500 m on the landward side, as well as the land area between HTL
to 100 m or width of the creek, whichever is less, on the landward
side along tidal influenced water bodies connected to the sea.
• The CRZ also includes, for the first time, water area up to 12
nautical miles in the sea and the entire water area of a tidal water
body such as creek, river, estuary without imposing any restrictions
of fishing activities.
• Thus, the main change in the scope of regulation has been to
expand the CRZ to include territorial waters as a protected
zone. This may have been in response to the criticism that while
the earlier CRZ notification regulated development on the coastal
stretches, it did not per se deal with pollution of the sea in any
direct terms.

The current notification has several new positive
features .....contd.
• The concept of a ‘hazard line’ has been introduced.
• While the notification merely states that the hazard
line will be demarcated by the MOEF through the
Survey of India, by taking into account tides, waves,
sea level rise and shoreline changes, this concept owes
its introduction to the realisation of natural disasters
such as tsunami and floods that may take place in this
zone.
• In May 2010, the MOEF signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with the Survey of India for undertaking
this exercise over a period of four-and-a-half years, at
an estimated cost of Rs 125 crore.

Classification of CRZ into 4 Zones
• CRZ I - ecologically sensitive areas such as
mangroves, coral reefs, salt marshes, turtle
nesting ground and the inter-tidal zone.
• CRZ II - areas close to the shoreline, and which
have been developed.
• CRZ III - Coastal areas that are not substantially
built up, including rural coastal areas.
• CRZ IV - water area from LTL to the limit of
territorial waters of India

Island Protection Zone 2011
• A new category called areas requiring special
consideration has been created which consists of (i)
CRZ areas of Greater Mumbai, Kerala and Goa, and (ii)
Critically vulnerable coastal areas such as Sunderbans.
• Clearances for obtaining CRZ approval have been made
time-bound. Further, for the first time, post-clearance
monitoring of projects has been introduced in the form
of the requirement to submit half-yearly compliance
reports, which are to be displayed on the Ministry’s
website.

Rules & Exceptions
• With respect to the list of prohibited activities, one of the most important
changes has been that of expanding the list of exceptions to the rule
prohibiting setting up of new industries and expansion of existing
industries.
• While the earlier exception was limited to those activities which required
access to the water front, four other exceptions have been now
incorporated which include:
• Projects of Department of Atomic Energy;
• Facilities for generating non-conventional energy sources and
desalination plans, except for CRZ-I zones on a case-by-case
basis after doing an impact assessment study;
• Development of Greenfield airport permitted only at Navi
Mumbai; and
• Reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local
communities including fisheries in accordance with local town
and country planning regulations.

Some Other Important Aspects
• Another important aspect is the introduction of the Coastal Zone Management
Plans, which will regulate coastal development activity and which are to be
formulated by the State Governments or the administration of Union Territories.
• In Greater Mumbai, the redevelopment of approximately 146 existing slums in CRZ
areas has been permitted, provided that the stake of the state government or its
agencies in these projects is not less than 51%.
• Redevelopment and reconstruction of old, dilapidated, and unsafe buildings in the
CRZ-II area has also been permitted. Also, the floor space index (FSI) or floor area
ratio (FAR) prevailing in the Town and Country Planning Regulations as on the date
of the project being sanctioned, will apply.
• In order to ensure that the redevelopment of slums and dilapidated structures in
Mumbai are done in the most transparent and accountable manner the Right to
Information Act, 2005 will be applicable and auditing will be done by the office of
the Comptroller and Auditor General (C&AG) of India.

While the CRZ Notification 2011 has introduced several positive concepts
seeking to protect the interest of the local traditional communities, it does
have a few drawbacks namely :
• Although the no-development zone of 200
metres from the HTL is reduced to 100 metres,
the pro-vision has been made applicable to
“traditional coastal communities, including
fisher-folk”, thereby giving the chance for
increased construction on the coast and higher
• Disallowing Special Economic Zone (“SEZ”)
• There are no restrictions for expansion of
housing for rural communities in CRZ III.

Significant Changes
• The CRZ Notification 2011 is a major step-up
from the 1991 Notification and the MOEF has
made special efforts to include specific provisions
to benefit the fisher-folk community in all the
coastal areas and address the shortcomings of
the 1991 Notification such as time-bound
clearances, enforcement measures, special
provisions for specific coastal stretches etc.
• There is a significant change in the new
notification but there is always need for further
improvement.

CRZ Notification -2011
• As per the CRZ Notification, 2011, a CRZ clearance is valid
for a period of five years. As such, the clearance given for
the captive port project on 15th May 2006 had already
expired.
• Under the CRZ Notification, 2011, there is no provision for
revalidation of CRZ clearance. Hence, it is required to apply
as a new project.
• Other Requirements :
• Rapid environment impact assessment (EIA) report including marine
and terrestrial component,
• Comprehensive updated EIA with cumulative studies,
• Disaster Management Report and Management Plan,
• CRZ map indicating HTL (high tide line) and LTL (low tide line),
• NOC from the State Pollution Control Board etc.

Bio-accumulation & Bio-Concentration
• One of the most important contaminants /
pollutants are
• the nets and plastics,
• which can be swallowed and caught in an animal’s
(whales, dolphins, seals, turtles etc.) digestive system.
• There is an accumulation of various toxic
materials also. For example,
• mercury, dioxin, PCBs, PAHs and
• even radio-active substances.

http://www.bigelow.org/edhab/images/food_web.jpg

http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecologia/images/ecosis02.jpg

Emissions
Air
Water
Soil
Plants
Animals
Human
Receptor
Health Impacts
[Environmental
Distribution
& Fate]
[Exposure Risk
Assessment]
[Dose-Response
Relationships]
Integrated Health Risk Assessment :
Exposure Risk and Dose Response Relationships

There are high concentrations of dolphin meat sold in
Japan

Numbers of large spills (over 700 tonnes) 1970-2011
© Maritime Knowledge Centre 6 March 2012

Incidence of spills 7-700 tonnes by cause, 1970-2011
© Maritime Knowledge Centre 6 March 201 2

http://www.farosproject.eu/archivos/docume
ntos/2012_%20SETAC
%20Congress/Poster_SETAC_EF_APV.pdf

The World’s Cargo carrying Fleet is 54,897 ships of
1,349.4 million Dwt and average age of 19 years
• More than 90 % of global trade is carried by
sea.
• Annual sea trade is about 8 billion tons.
• It is estimated that by 2060, it will grow to 23
billion tonnes.
• And, unless adequate measures are taken the
associated Carbon Footprint (CF) would grow
by 300%.

http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/documen
tation/studies/documents/report_tourist_facili
ties_en.pdf

Table III.3 : Monetary values of emissions in the top five ports
Livorno € 10 536 863
Civitavecchia € 15 788 177
Piraeus € 19 390 289
Naples € 23 095 597
Barcelona € 35 357 049
Port Monetary values of emissions
Source: Policy Research Corporation
ties_en.pdf

Table III.4 : Average waste production for a
specific ship
Type of waste Liter per month Liter per week
Bilge water 125 000 31 250
Sewage 5 744 000 1 436 000
Grey Water 22 960 000 5 740 000
Solid waste 675 000 168 750
Source: Policy Research Corporation
ties_en.pdf

http://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffai
rs/documentation/studies/docum
ents/report_tourist_facilities_en.p
df

http://ec.europa.eu/maritime
affairs/documentation/studie
s/documents/report_tourist_f
acilities_en.pdf

http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr291
_lawson.pdf

http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr291
_lawson.pdf
Criteria air contaminants (CACs)

Marine Technology
• The use of liquefied natural gas as a fuel
• Air lubrication, aimed at reducing the friction
between hull and the sea water so as to
reduce the fuel consumption
• Application of fuel cell technology as a
replacement for auxiliary engines aboard
larger ships

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Adoption: 1973
(Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI); Entry into force: 2 October 1983
(Annexes I and II)
[http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-convention-for-
the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-(marpol).aspx]
.
• The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL) is the main international convention covering
prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from
operational or accidental causes.
• The MARPOL Convention was adopted on 2 November 1973 at
IMO.
• The Protocol of 1978 was adopted in response to a spate of tanker
accidents in 1976-1977. As the 1973 MARPOL Convention had not
yet entered into force, the 1978 MARPOL Protocol absorbed the
parent Convention.
• The combined instrument entered into force on 2 October 1983.
• In 1997, a Protocol was adopted to amend the Convention and a
new Annex VI was added which entered into force on 19 May 2005.
MARPOL has been updated by amendments through the years.

•The Convention includes
regulations aimed at
preventing and minimizing
pollution from ships - both
accidental pollution and that
from routine operations -
and currently includes six
technical Annexes.
Special Areas with strict
controls on operational
discharges are included in
most Annexes.
• Annex I Regulations for the
Prevention of Pollution by Oil
(entered into force 2 October
1983)
• Covers prevention of pollution by
oil from operational measures as
well as from accidental discharges;
• the 1992 amendments to Annex I
made it mandatory for new oil
tankers to have double hulls and
brought in a phase-in schedule for
existing tankers to fit double hulls,
which was subsequently revised in
2001 and 2003.
• http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/interna
tional-convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-
(marpol).aspx

Annex II Regulations for
the Control of Pollution by
Noxious Liquid Substances
in Bulk (entered into force
2 October 1983)
• Details the discharge criteria and
measures for the control of pollution by
noxious liquid substances carried in
bulk; some 250 substances were
evaluated and included in the list
appended to the Convention;
• the discharge of their residues is
allowed only to reception facilities until
certain concentrations and conditions
(which vary with the category of
substances) are complied with.
• In any case, no discharge of residues
containing noxious substances is
permitted within 12 miles of the nearest
land.
• http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listo

• Contains general requirements for the
issuing of detailed standards on packing,
marking, labelling, documentation,
stowage, quantity limitations, exceptions
and notifications.
• For the purpose of this Annex, “harmful
substances” are those substances which
are identified as marine pollutants in the
International Maritime Dangerous
Goods Code (IMDG Code) or which meet
the criteria in the Appendix of Annex III.
• http://www.imo.org/about/conventions/listofconventions/pages/international-
convention-for-the-prevention-of-pollution-from-ships-(marpol).aspx
Annex III
Prevention of
Pollution by
Harmful
Substances
Carried by Sea in
Packaged Form
(entered into
force 1 July 1992)

Annex IV Prevention of
Pollution by Sewage from
Ships (entered into force
27 September 2003)
• Contains requirements to control pollution of the sea by
sewage;
• the discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited, except
when the ship has in operation an approved sewage
treatment plant or when the ship is discharging
comminuted and disinfected sewage using an approved
system at a distance of more than three nautical miles
from the nearest land;
• sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected has to be
discharged at a distance of more than 12 nautical miles
from the nearest land.
• In July 2011, IMO adopted the most recent amendments to
MARPOL Annex IV which are expected to enter into force
on 1 January 2013.
• The amendments introduce the Baltic Sea as a special area
under Annex IV and add new discharge requirements for
passenger ships while in a special area

Annex V
Prevention of
Pollution by
Garbage from Ships
(entered into force
31 December 1988)
• Deals with different types of garbage and
specifies the distances from land and the
manner in which they may be disposed of;
• the most important feature of the Annex is
the complete ban imposed on the disposal
into the sea of all forms of plastics.
• In July 2011, IMO adopted extensive
amendments to Annex V which are
expected to enter into force on 1 January
2013.
• The revised Annex V prohibits the discharge
of all garbage into the sea, except as
provided otherwise, under specific
circumstances.

Annex VI
Prevention of
Air Pollution
from Ships
(entered into
force 19 May
2005)
• Sets limits on sulphur oxide and nitrogen oxide
emissions from ship exhausts and prohibits
deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances;
• designated emission control areas set more
stringent standards for SOx, NOx and particulate
matter.
• In 2011, after extensive work and debate, IMO
adopted ground breaking mandatory technical and
operational energy efficiency measures which will
significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gas
emissions from ships;
• these measures were included in Annex VI and are
expected to enter into force on 1 January 2013.

MARPOL Covention
• The MORPOL
convention
remains the
most
important
International
Treaty
instrument
covering the
prevention of
pollution by
ships.
• It sets out regulations dealing with pollution
• From Ships by oil;
• By noxious liquid substances carried in bulk;
• By harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form;
• By sewage;
• By garbage; and
• Prevention of air pollution from ships.
• The issue of SHIP RECYCLING has also become a
growing concern, not only from the environmental
point of view but also with regard to the occupational
health and safety of workers in that industry
• In May 2007, IMO adopted a new convention on the
removal of Wrecks that may present either a hazard
to navigation or a threat to the marine and coastal
environments, or both

IMO’s Environmental Work
• IMO’s Environmental Work in recent years has covered a
remarkably broad canvas, embracing every thing, from the
management of ship’s ballast water and the removal of shipwrecks
from the sea-bed to the prohibition of certain toxicsubstances in
ships’anti-fouling systems.
• Other IMO Conventions deal with issues such as preparedness,
response and co-operation in tackling pollution
• from oil and from hazardous and noxious substances;
• the right of states to intervene on the high seas to prevent, mitigate or eliminate
danger to their coastlines or related interests from pollution following a maritime
casualty; and
• The safe and environment-friendly recycling of ships that have reached the end of
their lifetimes.
• Furthermore, IMO has also developed a comprehensive range of
measures aimed at ensuring that proper compensation is paid to
the marine pollution victims.

Other Potential Impacts
• IMO is also tackling various issues connected with
the protection and preservation of Marine
Biodiversity, such as
• The transfer of invasive species through ships’bio-fouling;
• Effects of under water noise from ships on living sea creatures

Pollution from Land-based Activities
• Estimates by GESAMP (The Joint Group of Experts on the
Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection)
suggested that land-based discharges
– Such as sewage, industrial effluents and urban / river run-off,
together with atmospheric inputs from land industry sources –
accounted, in 1990, for some 77% of marine pollution generated
from human activities,
– While maritime transport was estimated to be responsible for
only 12 % of the total.
• According to the report (2002) of UNEP’s Global
Programme of Action for the Protection of Marine
Environment from Land-Based Activities,
• 80% of the pollution in the world’s oceans originate from the land-
based activities,
• With the maritime sector representing just 10% of human sources of
marine pollution.

Overview of Total Sea-Pollution
Source: Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine
Pollution (GESAMP)

Anthropogenic Sources of Pollution

http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/02/28/
energy-mix-and-carbon-emissions-country-by-country/

Ship in search of Sustainable
Development !!

Can money save us from drowning !!

“It has been left to our generation to discover that you can
move heaven and earth to save five minutes and then not
have the faintest idea what to do with them when you have
saved them. “ ~C.E.M. Joad
"To get all there is out of living, we must employ our
time wisely, never being in too much of a hurry to
stop and sip life, but never losing our sense of the
enormous value of a minute." - Robert
Updegraff

Virus Concentration in Raw waste Water
Virus Concentration in Irrigation Water
Virus Concentration in Crop Products after Irrigation
Virus Concentration in Crop Products at Consumption
Daily Ingested Dose
Daily Risk of Infection
Annual Risk of Infection
Exposure Frequency
Dose – Response Model
Treatment Characteristics
Irrigation Characteristics
Virus Decay Model
Human Consumption Patter
Exposure Model
FUTURE ACTIVITIES
Water Pollution & Health Risk Assessment

6.6
0.75
46.6
75.839
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
PARADIP
Sewage (MLD)
Population (Lakhs)
BOD [g /(c*d)]
Methane (Gg/Year)
17.5
4
23.19
31.273
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
TUTICORIN
Sewage (MLD)
Population (Lakhs)
BOD [g /(c*d)]
Methane (Gg/Year)
68
13
27.1
38.715
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
VISAKHAPATTNAM
Sewage (MLD)
Population (Lakhs)
BOD [g /(c*d)]
Methane (Gg/Year)
36
6
31.8
47.662
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
COCHIN
Sewage (MLD)
Population (Lakhs)
BOD [g /(c*d)]
Methane (Gg/Year)
28
5
29.68
43.626
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
MANGALORE
Sewage (MLD)
Population (Lakhs)
BOD [g /(c*d)]
Methane (Gg/Year)
Gross Methane Emissions (Gg/y)
34
42
62
85
y = 34.179e
0.016x
R
2
= 0.486
y = 1.9035x - 12.869
R
2
= 0.5987
y = 0.1045x2
- 10.579x + 317.57
R2
= 0.9334
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 20 40 60 80 100
BOD (g per person per day)
MethaneEmissions(Gg/y)
Key Words : Oil Spills, Oil Prices, Methane-Emission, Ecological Footprint (EF), Carbon Footprint (CF), Coastal Zones, Carbon-Vulnerability
(CV)
OIL SPILLS, OIL PRICES AND CARBON-VULNERABILITY (CV) OF INDIAN COASTS
Authors : J.S. Pandey , Vaibhav Pandey and R. Kumar

• Three themes will dominate the Shipping
Industry :
• Shipyard Over-Capacity;
• Energy Costs; and
• The Environment
• Solutions :
• New Technologies, such as Dual-Fuel Engines
• Cutting Energy Costs by lowering Speed, Modifying
Design and Using Multiple Fuel Systems

Marine Pollution Control. - Dr. J.S. Pandey

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