Architecture in Perspective

University of the Highlands and Islands
BSc (Hons) Architectural Technology
Architecture in Perspective
Edward Brown 15003518
UK107001 Architectural Technology 1
Assignment 1
Word Count: 1528

Edward Brown 15003518 107001 Architectural Technology 1
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Architecture in Perspective:
CONTENTS
Page
Architecture in Perspective: Inspiring Style
The Modernist Movement ……………………………………………….. 3
Modernism ……………………………………………….. 4
Minimalism ……………………………………………….. 5
High-Tech ……………………………………………….. 6
Architecture in Perspective: Influential Architect
Sir Norman Foster ……………………………………………….. 7
Creek Vean (1966) ……………………………………………….. 7
Carré d’Art (1993) ……………………………………………….. 7
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts (1978) ……………………………………………….. 7
Yacht Club de Monaco (2014) ……………………………………………….. 7
Hearst Tower (2006) ……………………………………………….. 8
Commerzbank HQ (1997) ……………………………………………….. 8
Comcast Innovation & Tech Centre (2013) ……………………………………………….. 8
Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank HQ (1986) ……………………………………………….. 9
Reichstag Dome (1999) ……………………………………………….. 9
30 St Mary Axe (2004) ……………………………………………….. 10
Clyde Auditorium (1997) ……………………………………………….. 10
Chesa Futura (2004) ……………………………………………….. 10
Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre (2010) ……………………………………………….. 10
Vietinbank (2010) ……………………………………………….. 10
Architecture in Perspective: Inspiring Buildings
Scotland/Rest of UK/EU/International ……………………………………………….. 11
Scotland ……………………………………………….. 12
Rest of UK/EU ……………………………………………….. 13
International ……………………………………………….. 14
Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………... 15
References & Bibliography ………………………………………………………………… 16
Further Reading ……………………………………………………………………………... 18
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Architecture in Perspective: Inspiring Style
THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT
Farshid Moussavi’s ‘The Function of Style’ (2015) argues a point that is important to my ideas as a designer regarding style in architecture – individual aesthetic responses must be the focal point in contrast to multiple
understandings. A design is specific to the end user. Frank Lloyd Wright’s belief was similar to this, stating that there ought to be a countless amount of styles needed to suit each and everybody’s needs, not just one that is
available (Mihai, 2012).
The way I have always pictured designing domestic dwellings in my head is using the transition of moving from my family home to a home of my own. A combination of a traditional 500-year-old farmhouse in the Devon
countryside and a modern, open plan building using local materials but also using technology to shape the construction to be out of the ordinary. With these ideas in mind, I see myself as a keen follower of the MODERNIST
MOVEMENT – I love how open spaces and expressive structures can seem bold and sharp but also soft and comfortable at the same time. I appreciate domestic dwellings that follow both form and function that suits the end-
user’s needs. Modernism as a movement is a huge inspiration of mine as I can use my own home comforts but refining designs and mould parts of a building into exiting shapes that align perfectly with the surrounding
environment.
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THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT: MODERNISM
MODERNISM is an ideology that has been dominant throughout the western industrialised world via art and furniture design as well as architecture for the majority of the 20th
(RIBA, 2015), and is widely used globally today.
Modernism is well-known for discarding the use of ornamental features on buildings and incorporating more minimalist designs. Solitarily, the modernist style has become the most significant ‘new style’ or philosophy in the
architectural world. Buildings that were designed in the 1950s could easily still be mistaken for being designed in the present day, if not in the future. It has given architects a way to express their work through a more artistic
perspective. The ideas and needs of symmetry and pure function have gone and it’s a chance for a more analytical approach to the form and function of buildings, a rational use of materials and an openness to structural
innovation.
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THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT: MINIMALISM
During the 20th
century, Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe and Philip Johnson aimed for simplicity and clarity in designs paving the way for more minimalist architecture, where approaches would use modern construction materials
such as steel and plated glass, reducing the structural frameworks to a minimum, creating open spaces within buildings – the birth of MINIMALISM. Within this style of modernism, I want to keep designs (exterior and interior)
relatively de-cluttered and express the nature of what the building is trying to say – showcasing the elements of the building and keep the structure as sustainable as possible.
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THE MODERNIST MOVEMENT: HIGH-TECH
The HIGH-TECH movement within modernism is a particular style that really appeals to me as it celebrates the display of the construction of a building and can give an impression of drama and a futuristic presence. The style
was originally based as a concept and a development of modernism in the UK, made famous and successful by architects such as Norman Foster during the 1970s. Through its success, this concept was marked by a predilection
for lightweight materials and an eagerness to adopt new, modern techniques for the engineering world to celebrate the display of a building’s service to its end user.
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Architecture in Perspective: Influential Architect
SIR NORMAN FOSTER (FOSTER + PARTNERS)
“A world famous architect that has made a significant impact on architecture in Britain and abroad, Foster has been the recipient of the Royal Gold Medal and the Stirling Prize” RIBA (2015).
London to Nîmes, Moscow, Hong Kong and New York, the sun does not set on a SIR NORMAN FOSTER project. Between style defying skyscrapers and the world’s largest airport terminal, Foster also designs domestic and
educational dwellings, with an aim to assist in reshaping the architectural landscape. Although his practice, Foster + Partners has become a round-the-world powerhouse in the field of architecture, Foster makes sure that he
can still participate in activities close to his heart, such as cross-country skiing, cycling or flying. His innovative designs and projects have transformed cityscapes, reestablished city centres and enhanced people’s lives all over
the world, setting the highest of standards for the communication of buildings and their environment.
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During Foster’s travels to America in the early 1960s, he witnessed designs in California that were pragmatic and open-ended – a contrast to the industrialised towns and cities the Europeans had created – and brought these
ideas with him back to the UK. Foster’s progress and recognition as a high-tech architect increased and came onto the global architectural stage preserving his vision open and advocating ‘green’ architecture on a daring scale.
Foster is well-known for reconceiving structure – being able to open up what would normally be closed buildings, making them ecological, flexible and buoyant using fresh air and natural light that can bring people together.
Foster values the use of technology to humanise structures, allowing him to morph his visions into the new world. The continuously changing world of technology has allowed Foster to construct immense and complex contours
of his buildings. The style of Foster’s buildings fit seamlessly into both modern and historic contexts; placing towers into land that is unafraid of demolition and working inside historic landmarks.
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The success of Norman Foster and his practice is transparent in the vast amount of successful projects undertaken across the world and the appraisal from the public, clients and peers that the buildings are designed for.
They key indicators of Foster’s career that have been inspiring to me is his attention to every detail, his consideration and influence on the environment and innovative use of materials, utilising the constant change of
technology. Whether it was his first project in Cornwall (1964-1966) or one of his most significant in Berlin (1992-1999), the constructions designed by Foster, his characteristic are deeply engrained into the identity of the
building.
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Architecture in Perspective: Inspiring Buildings
SCOTLAND/REST OF UK & EU/INTERNATIONAL
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SCOTLAND: MAGGIE’S CANCER CARING CENTRE, DUNDEE (FRANK GEHRY)
According to Maggie’s website (2015), this exquisite form of architecture designed by Frank Gehry is modelled on a traditional Scottish butt n’ ben dwelling, a white cottage style building with a wavy silver roof, offering a sense
of sanctuary for visitors at Ninewells Hospital in Dundee. The use of a timber frame structure and large windows overlooking the Tayside landscape gives visitors a comfortable feel to the building. The cylindrical structure used
for a library and sitting room is loosely based on Gehry’s inspirations from lighthouses (FloorNature.com, 2007). The asymmetrical folded roof design is created using pine, plywood and stainless steel with a soft finish. The
garden’s labyrinth design is designed so that there are no dead ends for visitors and to make you trust yourself to find a route to the end, no matter what direction you are heading in. I find this to be an inspiration because of
the intricate design but also a realisation when it comes to progressing through my career – I may find routes difficult but there is always going to be a break through and I will become better at what I do.
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REST OF UK & EU: SPINNAKER TOWER (HGP ARCHITECTS)
Seen as the centerpiece to the Portsmouth harbour’s redevelopment, the Spinnaker Tower stands at 170m (the UK’s tallest accessible structure, outside London) with three viewing decks at 100m, 106m, and 110m, originally
created as a celebration for the millennium. Sitting upon an 84 concrete pile foundation, steel and concrete composite was used for the construction of the Spinnaker. The tower comprises of two inclined, concrete, hexagonal
shafts that merge into a single shaft. There are two elegant bows fabricated from steel that cross under the two shafts to create a sail shape to commemorate Portsmouth’s famous maritime history. I feel that this tower is an
inspiring construction simply because of the design that takes shape – linking my interests of using modern, hi-tech materials and my love for sailing. As well as my interests, the shape of the Spinnaker is an astute connection
between the old Harbour that Portsmouth is famous for and the way that the city is looking toward the future using a commemorative structure.
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INTERNATIONAL: HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTRE, BAKU, AZERBAIJAN (ZAHA HADID)
Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, is a former part of the Soviet Union and the architecture was heavily influenced by that era. Since gaining independence in 1991, Baku has been investing in the development of its infrastructure
and architecture, departing from Soviet Modernism. The Heydar Aliyev Centre epitomises the radical change in architecture in Baku and has become the focal point for Azerbaijan’s cultural programs. The design breaks away
from the unyielding Soviet architecture that is so predominant in Baku, and aspires to communicating the Azeri sanguinity and culture of a land that is looking toward the future. The extravagant formation of the construction
modifies the landscape and is a contemporary expression of traditional Azeri architecture. The fluidity of the design was to establish a relationship between the architecture and the ground they inhabit, much like historic
Islamic architecture that first stood in the region of Azerbaijan. It is a unique and inspiring design, departing the Azeri architecture from the past authoritarian style from the Soviets and showing their softer and romantic side
as well as an optimism for the future.
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Appendix
[1] Freehand perspective sketch of modern building
[2] Perspective sketch using two vanishing points
[3] Hertford Bridge (Oxford, UK) links old part of college to new Quad
[4] Fallingwater (Pennsylvania, USA) designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
[5] House (Cotswolds, UK) illustrating combination of old cottage with modern pavilions
[6] Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, ESP) designed by Frank Gehry
[7] S.R. Crown Hall (Chicago, USA) designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
[8] Guggenheim Museum (New York, USA) designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
[9] Villa Savoye (Poissy, FRA) designed by Le Corbusier
[10] Perspective sketch of minimalist house in pen
[11] Perspective sketch of minimalist house in pen
[12] Case Deck (Rungue, CHI) designed by Assadi + Pulido
[13] Glass House (New Canaan, USA) designed by Philip Johnson
[14] Louvre Pyramid (Paris, FRA) designed by I.M. Pei
[15] Selection of high-tech buildings
[16] Sketch of Eden Project’s (Cornwall, UK) structural framework designed by Nicholas Grimshaw
[17] Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris, FRA) designed by Richard Rogers
[18] Carré d’Art (Nîmes, FRA) designed by Norman Foster
[19] Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts (Norwich, UK) designed by Norman Foster
[20] Yacht Club de Monaco (Monaco) designed by Norman Foster
[21] Creek Vean (Feock, UK) designed by Norman Foster
[22] Hearst Tower (New York, USA) designed by Norman Foster
[23] Comcast Innovation and Technology Centre (Philadelphia, USA) designed by Norman Foster
[24] Commerzbank Headquarters (Frankfurt, GER) designed by Norman Foster
[25] Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Headquarters (Hong Kong) designed by Norman Foster
[26] Reichstag Dome (Berlin, GER) designed by Norman Foster, exterior
[27] Reichstag Dome (Berlin, GER) designed by Norman Foster, interior
[28] 30 St Mary Axe (London, UK) designed by Norman Foster, ‘The Gherkin’
[29] SECC Clyde Auditorium (Glasgow, UK) designed by Norman Foster, aka ‘The Armadillo’
[30] Vietinbank (Hanoi, Vietnam) designed by Norman Foster
[31] Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre (Astana, Kazakhstan) designed by Norman Foster
[32] Chesa Futura (St. Moritz, Switzerland) designed by Norman Foster, building
[33] Chesa Futura (St. Moritz, Switzerland) designed by Norman Foster, landscape
[34] University College (Oxford, UK)
[35] Tower of Pisa (Pisa, Italy) designed by Bonanno Pisano
[36] Taipei 101 Tower (Taipei, Taiwan) was the tallest building in the world up to 2010
[37] Perspective sketch of modern house
[38] Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre (Aberdeen, UK) designed by Snøhetta
[39] Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre (Dundee, UK) designed by Frank Gehry, illustrating tower and roof
[40] Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre (Dundee, UK) designed by Frank Gehry, illustrating roof
[41] Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre (Dundee, UK) designed by Frank Gehry, illustrating garden and labyrinth
[42] Spinnaker Tower (Portsmouth, UK) landscape sketch
[43] Sketch of boat – inspiration to both myself and designs for the Spinnaker Tower
[44] Spinnaker Tower (Portsmouth, UK) perspective sketch looking up the shafts toward viewing deck
[45] Heydar Aliyev Centre (Baku, Azerbaijan) designed by Zaha Hadid
[46] Heydar Aliyev Centre (Baku, Azerbaijan) designed by Zaha Hadid
[47] Practice sketches of creating curves to the Heydar Aliyev Centre

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REFERENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allaback, S (2003). Essays on Modern Architecture [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.nps.gov/nhl/learn/specialstudies/ModernArchitecture.pdf> [Accessed 17th October 2015].
Arc Space (2003). Maggie's Centre Ninewells NHS Hospital [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.arcspace.com/features/gehry-partners-llp/maggies-centre-ninewells-nhs-hospital/> [Accessed
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Arch Daily (2013). Heydar Aliyev Centre/Zaha Hadid Architects [Online]. Available at: <
http://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> [Accessed 11th
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Designboom. (2010). Norman Foster Biography [Online]. Available at:
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Emirates Spinnaker Tower. (2015). History and Construction of Spinnaker Tower [Online]. Available at:
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Fairs, M (2014). Heydar Aliyev Center was “an incredibly ambitious project” says Zaha Hadid [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.dezeen.com/2014/07/01/designs-of-the-year-2014-zaha-hadid-saffet-kaya-bekiroglu-interview-
heydar-aliyev/> [Accessed 14th
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FloorNature (2007) Maggie Cancer Care Centre. Frank O. Gehry Dundee (Scotland) 2003 [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.floornature.com/projects-buildings-and-public-places/project-maggie-cancer-care-centre-frank-
o-gehry-dundee-scotland-2003-4862/> [Accessed 20th
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Foster + Partners (2015). 30 St Mary Axe [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/30-st-mary-
axe/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Carré d’Art [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/carré-dart/>
[Accessed 11th
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Foster + Partners (2015). Chesa Futura [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/chesa-
futura/> [Accessed 11th
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Foster + Partners (2015). Comcast Innovation & Technology Centre [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/> [Accessed 19th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Commerzbank Headquarters [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/commerzbank-headquarters/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Creak Vean [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/creek-vean/>
[Accessed 19th October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Hearst Tower [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-
tower/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hongkong-and-shanghai-bank-headquarters/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/khan-shatyr-entertainment-centre/> [Accessed 19th October
2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Projects/30 St Mary Axe, London, UK 1997 – 2004 [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/30-st-mary-axe/> [Accessed 15th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Projects/Carré d’Art – Médiathèque of Nimes, Nimes, France 1984 – 1993 [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/carré-dart/> [Accessed 15th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Projects/Hearst Tower, New York, USA 2000-2006 [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/hearst-tower/> [Accessed 15th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Projects/Creak Vean, Feock, UK 1964-1966 [Online]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/creek-vean/> [Accessed 17th
October 2015].

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Foster + Partners (2015). Reichstag, New German Parliament [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/reichstag-new-german-parliament/> [Accessed 11th
October
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Foster + Partners (2015). Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/sainsbury-centre-for-visual-arts/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Saqqara Development [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/saqqara-development/> [Accessed 19th October 2015].
Foster + Partners (2015). Vietinbank [pdf]. Available at: <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/vietinbank/>
Foster + Partners (2015). Yacht Club de Monaco [pdf]. Available at:
<http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/yacht-club-de-monaco/> [Accessed 19th October 2015].
HGP Architects (2015). Special Projects: Spinnaker Tower [Online]. Available at: <http://www.hgp-
architects.co.uk/build/specialprojects/spinnaker-tower-portsmouth/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Jodidio, P (2013). Hadid: Complete Works 1979-2013. Cologne, GER: Taschen.
Johnson, P & Wigley, M (1988). Deconstructivist Architecture. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art.
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Maggie's (2015). The architecture and design of Maggie's Dundee [Online]. Available at:
<https://www.maggiescentres.org/our-centres/maggies-dundee/architecture-and-design/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Mihai (2012). 10 Great Architectural Lessons from Frank Lloyd Wright [Online]. Available at:
<http://freshome.com/2012/09/03/10-great-architectural-lessons-from-frank-lloyd-wright/ [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Moussavi, F (2015). The Function of Style. Harvard, MA: Actar, Harvard GSD.
Pfeiffer, BB. & Gössel, P (2015). Frank Lloyd Wright. Cologne, GER: Taschen.
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October 2015].
Ragheb, JF & Cohen, JL (2003). Frank Gehry, Architect: The Art of Architecture. New York, NY: Guggenheim Museum
Publications.
Sudjic, D (2010). Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture. New York, NY: The Overlook Press.
University College Oxford (2015). History [Online]. Available at: <http://www.univ.ox.ac.uk/content/history-0>
Vandenberg, M (2005). Farnsworth House: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. London: Phaidon Press.
Waters, S (RIBA). (2015). Modernism [Online]. Available at:
<https://www.architecture.com/Explore/ArchitecturalStyles/Modernism.aspx> [Accessed 11th
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<https://www.architecture.com/Explore/ArchitecturalStyles/HighTech.aspx> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].
Wiseman, C (2001). The Architecture of I.M. Pei: With an Illustrated Catalogue of the Buildings and Projects. London, UK:
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hadid.com/architecture/heydar-aliyev-centre/> [Accessed 11th
October 2015].

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FURTHER READING
Ching, FDK (2014). Architecture: Form, Space, and Order. 4th ed. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Davies, C (1995). Hopkins: The Work of Michael Hopkins and Partners. London, UK: Phaidon Press.
Jodidio, P (2012). Neimeyer. Cologne, GER: Taschen.
Jodidio, P (2012). 100 Contemporary Houses. Cologne, GER: Taschen.

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