1. Monism
The term monism was introduced in the 18th century. There is only one fundamental kind of
thing in the universe (either mental or physical). Mind and brain are separate.
Monism is one kind of stuff where only body or mind is Fundamental.
There are two sorts of definitions for Monism:
The broad definition: a philosophy is monistic if it postulates unity of the origin of all things;
all existing things return to a distinct source. and
The restricted purpose: this requires not only harmony of the head but also unity
of substance and essence.
Famous quotes about Monism-
"The highest wisdom knows there is only Oneself and that the perception of otherness exists
for companionship alone."
― Wald Wassermann
Idealism
Idealism is the world of the mind. It is accepting the fact that every knowledge of objects
depends on the human being. It starts with ideas and ends with things. Its ultimate reality is
spiritual. Knowledge is independent. It is talking about individualism and freedom. As it is
individual, that is why expertise or perception will be different. Example: ethics, literature.
There is no limit. In philosophy, Idealism is a diverse group of metaphysical views that all
assert that "reality" is in some way inseparable from human perception and understanding.
The theory holds that only minds and ideas exist. If we take that mind controls everything,
then that is called Idealism.
In Idealism, Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder, and Things are the ideas that we perceive.
There are no material objects, but physical objects do exist.
Three are three types of Idealism: Subjective Idealism, Phenomenalistic Idealism, and
Absolute Idealismthe, two primary forms of Idealism, are metaphysical Idealism, which
asserts the ideality of reality, and epistemological Idealism, which holds that in the
knowledge process, the mind can grasp only the psychic or that their perceptibility conditions
its objects.
Famous quotes about Idealism-
"Much that passes as idealism is disguised hatred or disguised love of power." – Bertrand
Russell.
Occasionalism
Occasionalism is a creative philosophy that holds that produced things cannot be reasonable
causes of events. Instead, all events are assumed to be directly caused by God. The parallelist
theory of the mind claims the correlation between mental and physical processes is caused on
each occasion by God.
2. Body and mind do not affect each other, but they work together. They are co-related, but
they are not causally related. We have no control over the mind as well as body, but they
work together. It is the law of nature. God maintains the appearance of direct interaction.
It accepts the dualism of body and mind but rejects the causal connection between the two.
Body and mind cannot possibly act upon each other. The apparent interaction is virtually a
case of correspondence that is affected by God. God mediates all interaction between mind
and body.
Famous quotes about Occasionalism -
"God joins us together utilizing the body, in consequence of the laws of the communication
of movements. He affects us with the same feelings in consequence of the laws of the
conjunction of body and soul" – Nicolas Malebranche.
subjectivism
Subjectivism is the belief that "our mental activity is the only undeniable fact of our
experience," instead of as shared or community experiences, and that there is no external or
objective truth. Subjective Idealism or Subjectivism is that philosophical position according
to which knowledge is always a knowledge of ideas. Ideas cannot exist apart from a mind.
There is no objective reality living independently of reason.
In George Berkeley's view, all our thoughts, passions, ideas exist within the mind. Anything
outside of the reason is incomprehensible; it is impossible that we should ever come to know
it, and so we cannot even think about it. Hence anything that is outside of the mind has no
meaning for us.
Famous quotes about Subjectivism-
"Few men think, yet all have opinions." or "The only things we perceive are our perceptions."
― George Berkeley
Physicalism /Materialism
Physicalism or Materialism is one kind of stuff. Here only body or mind is Fundamental. I
have to accept either one, the body controls everything, or the mind contains everything. If
we take that body controls everything, then that is called materialism.
In philosophy, Physicalism is the metaphysical thesis that "everything is physical," and there
is "nothing over and above" the physical, and that everything supervenes on the physical.
Mental states can be explained entirely in terms of physical conditions. Physical forms are
more fundamental than mental states. That's why Mental states are ontologically dependent
on physical states. And it is essential than mental states. There is only one absolute kind of
thing in the universe: material things. Physicalism is closely related to materialism.
Famous quotes about Physicalism-
3. "The term physical is just kinda like an honorific word, kinda like the word 'real' when we
say 'the real truth.' It doesn't add anything, and it just says, 'this is serious truth.' So to say that
something is 'physical' today means 'you gotta take this seriously."
― Noam Chomsky
