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1522                                   PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012


Performance Evaluation of Three Rectangular Patch Element Array
      Antenna Conformed on Small Radius Cylindrical Surface
                                  Emad S. Ahmed and Jawad K. Ali
        Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq


        Abstract— The cylindrical geometry can offer certain desirable antenna characteristics that
        are not provided by planar elements. In this paper, a three-element cylindrical conformal array
        antenna has been presented as a candidate for use in wireless communications and Radio Fre-
        quency Identification (RFID). Each element in the array is a microstrip fed rectangular patch
        antenna designed to resonate at 2.4 GHz. Once the desired results were obtained for a single
        element, each element in the conformal cylindrical array has been then designed using the same
        dimensions and parameters. Modeling and performance evaluation of the array has been carried
        out using the commercially available electromagnetic software CST Studio SuiteT M 2009. Sim-
        ulations have been conducted to study the performance of the proposed conformal array as well
        as the effects of small radius cylinder on mutual coupling and the radiation pattern of the array.
        The cylindrical radii in consideration are of about one quarter wavelengths or slightly more. The
        radius of cylinder used in simulation is taken to be 0.24λ and 0.32λ. Compared with the existing
        cylindrical conformal antenna, the proposed array antenna possesses a reduction in cylindrical
        structure radius with acceptable ominidirectionality and gain needed for wireless communications
        and RFID applications.

 1. INTRODUCTION
 Miniaturization in the integrated circuit technology and advancement in signal and data processing
 have opened prospects for wide spectrum of applications which uses densely packed terminals
 placed in little volume. That is why such applications depend on availability of conformal shaped
 antennas, ensuring required directions of radio wave propagation and enabling hidden terminal
 mounting. The range of applications spans from sensors goes through wireless access modes and
 then up to modern miniaturized spacecraft [1].
     One of the most important innovations in modern antenna technology is the conformal antenna
 array. Conformal arrays have good potential for application in aerospace vehicles with excel-
 lent aerodynamic characteristics. Cylindrical antenna arrays have attracted the greatest attention
 amongst conformal antennas and their applications include mobile cellular base stations, airborne
 radar and mobile satellite communication terminals [2, 3].
     Microstrip antennas are often used because of their thin profile, light weight and low cost.
 Furthermore, they can be made conformal to the structure. When the radius of the curved structure
 is large, the antenna can be analyzed as the planar one. However, for structure with smaller radii,
 more rigorous analysis methods should be used. If the antenna has a cylindrical shape, i.e., if one
 principal curvature is zero, the antenna can be analyzed as a circular-cylindrical one. In the case
 were both principal curvatures are different from zero, the antenna can be analyzed as a spherical
 one [4].
     The use of cylindrical substrate for microwave design is generally driven by the physical at-
 tributes of the system rather than by choice, since the analysis and fabrication are more compli-
 cated than for a comparable planar implementation. However, the cylindrical geometry can offer
 certain desirable antenna characteristics that are not provided by planar elements. There are also
 variety of configurations that can be realized, for example cylindrical conformal patch and slot an-
 tennas [5–7], microstrip [8], and coplanar transmission lines [9]. Cylindrical conformal structures,
 with radii greater than one half wavelengths, have been proposed for use as prospective candi-
 dates for mobile communications systems, cellular base stations, and Telemetry, Teleranging and
 Telecommand (TTC) communication that is essential to maintain space missions due to their full
 field of view advantage [1, 10, 11].
     In this paper, a microstrip fed rectangular patch antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz is considered.
 The proposed planar patch antenna is used in array consisting of three equally spaced elements.
 The proposed antenna array is conformed on a finite cylindrical substrate of 1.57 mm thickness and
 relative permittivity of 2.2. Two different radii for the cylindrical structure are simulated using
 CST Microwave Studio simulator. Results obtained on return loss, coupling between elements and
 radiation pattern are presented and discussed.
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 1523

2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND CONFIGURAIONS
2.1. Single Element Antenna Structure
The configuration of the rectangular patch antenna is shown in Figure 1(a). The patch has been
modeled in CST Studio and its dimensions have been adjusted to resonance at 2.4 GHz. A quarter-
wave transformer was used to match 343 Ω input impedance to a 50 Ω system. The final dimensions
of the entire microstrip patch are given in Table 1. Figure 1(b) shows the return loss response of
the patch element antenna. It can be clearly indicated that the antenna was resonates at 2.4 GHz
with return loss of less than −10 dB within 40 MHz bandwidth.
2.2. The Proposed Conformal Antenna Array Structure
Three patch elements were equally spaced on cylindrical substrate. The substrate material used
for modeling has a thickness of 1.57 mm. The dielectric constant of the substrate is εr = 2.2.
The conductive material in the model is of 70.0 µm thick copper. The radius of the cylinder is
comparable to one quarter wavelength and the height is H = 90 mm. Inside the cylinder there is a

                                                                     2

                                                                     0

                                                                    -2

                                                                    -4
                                             Return Loss, S11(dB)




                                                                    -6

                                                                    -8

                                                                    -10

                                                                    -12

                                                                    -14

                                                                    -16

                                                                    -18
                                                                       2       2.2       2.4       2.6    2.8   3
                                                                                         Frequency, GHz
                        (a)                                                                  (b)

Figure 1: (a) The layout of single element patch antenna structure, and (b) is its return loss S11 (dB)
response for single element patch antenna.




                         Figure 2: A 3-D view of the modeled 3-element array.

                                 Table 1: Antenna dimensions in mm.
                                      W       L                             W1        L1
                                      60     88                            41.08     39.03
                                     W2      L2                             W3        L3
                                     0.72   24.05                           4.84      15
1524                                                       PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012

continuous ground plane of 70.0 µm thick copper. The model of the antenna array taken from the
simulation software is shown in Figure 2.

3. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
The cylindrical structure of Figure 2 has been modeled through a commercially available finite
element package CST Studio Suite. Cylinders with radii 30 and 40 mm (0.24 and 0.32λ) have been
analyzed while keeping the rest of the antenna parameters fixed. The simulation results of return
loss of all of the ports of the array and the coupling among the antenna elements are shown in
Figure 3.
   From Figure 3, it’s clearly observed that the coupling between elements for 30 mm (0.24λ)
radius cylinder is about −1 dB, while for cylinder of 40 mm (0.32λ) radius, the coupling is less than
−18 dB. The small radius of the cylinder results in decreasing the spacing between the elements so
the mutual coupling between elements is increased.
   Simulated radiation patterns at 2.4 GHz for single element and 3-element array are illustrated
in Figure 4.
   The radiation patterns are significantly affected. In the elevation direction, the radiation pattern

                  10                                                                            10

                   0                                                                             0

                                                                    S11                         -10                                                 S11
                  -10                                                                                                                               S22
                                                                    S22
                                                                    S33                         -20                                                 S33
                  -20                                                                                                                               S21
                                                                              Return Loss, dB
Return Loss, dB




                                                                    S21
                                                                    S31                         -30                                                 S31
                  -30
                                                                    S32                                                                             S32
                                                                                                -40
                  -40
                                                                                                -50
                  -50
                                                                                                -60
                  -60                                                                                              R=40 mm
                                                                                                -70
                                    R=30 mm
                  -70                                                                           -80

                  -80                                                                           -90
                     2        2.2        2.4         2.6      2.8         3                        2       2.2        2.4         2.6         2.8         3
                                         frequency, GHz                                                               Frequency, GHz


Figure 3: Simulated coupling of the 3-element array conformed on cylinders with radii of 30 mm (0.24λ) and
40 mm (0.32λ).




                         E θ plane                    H φ plane                                        E θ plane                  H φ plane
                                         (a)                                                                          (b)

Figure 4: Radiation patterns: (a) for element in cylindrical array, the radius of cylinder is R = 30 mm
(0.24λ) and (b) radius of cylinder is R = 40 mm (0.32λ).
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 1525

is strongly dependant on the cylinder radius but much less so in the azimuth direction. The E
plane (Eθ ) and H plane (Hφ ) fields, depicted in the figure, reveal that they still have an acceptable
quasi ominidirectional radiation pattern.
4. CONCLUSION
This paper presents detailed performance evaluation concepts of a three rectangular patch element
conformal antenna arrays. There are few issues that should be taken into consideration when
designing such antennas. Firstly the curvature of the cylindrical array affects the radiation pattern
of the antenna and the optimal radius should be found depending on the application on hand.
Secondly the spacing between elements is very important to consider as it affects the level of mutual
coupling in the array. An acceptable mutual coupling was obtained for cylinder radius greater than
one quarter wavelength. The result shows that the resonant frequency is not affected by curvature
however the radiation patterns are significantly affected. The radiation pattern in the elevation
direction is strongly dependant on the cylinder radius but much less so in the azimuth direction.
Simulation results shows that the proposed array antenna possesses an acceptable ominidirectional
radiation pattern needed for most wireless communications and RFID applications.
REFERENCES
 1. Pawel, K., O. Przemyslaw, and H. Pawel, “TTC patch antennas made in a conformal form
    with small radius,” Proceeding of ‘Eu CAP 2006’, Nice, France, Nov. 6–10, 2006.
 2. Wang, Q. and Q.-Q. He, “An arbitrary conformal array pattern synthesis method that includes
    mutual coupling and platform effects,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 110, 297–
    311, 2010.
 3. Josefsson, L. and P. Persson, Conformal Array Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley-Inter Sci-
    ence, 2006.
 4. Niksa, B. and S. Zvonimir, “Radiation properties of spherical and cylindrical rectangular mi-
    crostrip patch antennas,” Automatika Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1–2, 69–74, 2002.
 5. Jain-Ming, J., J. A. Berrie, R. Kipp, and S. Lee, “Calculation of radiation patterns of microstrip
    antennas on cylindrical bodies of arbitrary cross section,” IEEE Transaction, Antennas and
    Wave Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 1, 126–132,
 6. Ho, C. H., P. K. Shmaker, K. Smith, and J. W. Liao, “Printed cylindrical slot antenna for
    commercial applications,” Electronic Letters, Vol. 32, No. 3, 151–153, 1996.
 7. Pirai, M. and H. R. Hassani, “L-probe fed circular polarized wideband planar patch antenna
    on cylindrical structure,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 3, 161–167, 2008.
 8. Huang, J., R. Vahldieck, and H. Jin, “Microstrip discontinuities on cylindrical surfaces,” IEEE
    MTT-S Symposium, Vol. 3, 1299–1302, Jun. 1993.
 9. Su, H. and K. Wong, “Dispersion characteristics of cylindrical coplanar waveguides,” IEEE
    Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 44, No. 11, 2120–2122, 1996.
10. Ning, Y., S. Y. Tat, N. Xiao-Chun, and L. Le-Wei, “Analysis of probe-fed conformal microstrip
    antennas on finite grounded substrate,” IEE Trans. Ant. and Propag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 554–562,
    2006.
11. Geng, J. P., J. J. Li, R. H. Jin, S. Ye, X. L. Liang, and M. Z. Li, “The development of curved
    microstrip antenna with defected ground structure,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research,
    Vol. 98, 53–73, 2009.

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  • 1. 1522 PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 Performance Evaluation of Three Rectangular Patch Element Array Antenna Conformed on Small Radius Cylindrical Surface Emad S. Ahmed and Jawad K. Ali Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq Abstract— The cylindrical geometry can offer certain desirable antenna characteristics that are not provided by planar elements. In this paper, a three-element cylindrical conformal array antenna has been presented as a candidate for use in wireless communications and Radio Fre- quency Identification (RFID). Each element in the array is a microstrip fed rectangular patch antenna designed to resonate at 2.4 GHz. Once the desired results were obtained for a single element, each element in the conformal cylindrical array has been then designed using the same dimensions and parameters. Modeling and performance evaluation of the array has been carried out using the commercially available electromagnetic software CST Studio SuiteT M 2009. Sim- ulations have been conducted to study the performance of the proposed conformal array as well as the effects of small radius cylinder on mutual coupling and the radiation pattern of the array. The cylindrical radii in consideration are of about one quarter wavelengths or slightly more. The radius of cylinder used in simulation is taken to be 0.24λ and 0.32λ. Compared with the existing cylindrical conformal antenna, the proposed array antenna possesses a reduction in cylindrical structure radius with acceptable ominidirectionality and gain needed for wireless communications and RFID applications. 1. INTRODUCTION Miniaturization in the integrated circuit technology and advancement in signal and data processing have opened prospects for wide spectrum of applications which uses densely packed terminals placed in little volume. That is why such applications depend on availability of conformal shaped antennas, ensuring required directions of radio wave propagation and enabling hidden terminal mounting. The range of applications spans from sensors goes through wireless access modes and then up to modern miniaturized spacecraft [1]. One of the most important innovations in modern antenna technology is the conformal antenna array. Conformal arrays have good potential for application in aerospace vehicles with excel- lent aerodynamic characteristics. Cylindrical antenna arrays have attracted the greatest attention amongst conformal antennas and their applications include mobile cellular base stations, airborne radar and mobile satellite communication terminals [2, 3]. Microstrip antennas are often used because of their thin profile, light weight and low cost. Furthermore, they can be made conformal to the structure. When the radius of the curved structure is large, the antenna can be analyzed as the planar one. However, for structure with smaller radii, more rigorous analysis methods should be used. If the antenna has a cylindrical shape, i.e., if one principal curvature is zero, the antenna can be analyzed as a circular-cylindrical one. In the case were both principal curvatures are different from zero, the antenna can be analyzed as a spherical one [4]. The use of cylindrical substrate for microwave design is generally driven by the physical at- tributes of the system rather than by choice, since the analysis and fabrication are more compli- cated than for a comparable planar implementation. However, the cylindrical geometry can offer certain desirable antenna characteristics that are not provided by planar elements. There are also variety of configurations that can be realized, for example cylindrical conformal patch and slot an- tennas [5–7], microstrip [8], and coplanar transmission lines [9]. Cylindrical conformal structures, with radii greater than one half wavelengths, have been proposed for use as prospective candi- dates for mobile communications systems, cellular base stations, and Telemetry, Teleranging and Telecommand (TTC) communication that is essential to maintain space missions due to their full field of view advantage [1, 10, 11]. In this paper, a microstrip fed rectangular patch antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz is considered. The proposed planar patch antenna is used in array consisting of three equally spaced elements. The proposed antenna array is conformed on a finite cylindrical substrate of 1.57 mm thickness and relative permittivity of 2.2. Two different radii for the cylindrical structure are simulated using CST Microwave Studio simulator. Results obtained on return loss, coupling between elements and radiation pattern are presented and discussed.
  • 2. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 1523 2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND CONFIGURAIONS 2.1. Single Element Antenna Structure The configuration of the rectangular patch antenna is shown in Figure 1(a). The patch has been modeled in CST Studio and its dimensions have been adjusted to resonance at 2.4 GHz. A quarter- wave transformer was used to match 343 Ω input impedance to a 50 Ω system. The final dimensions of the entire microstrip patch are given in Table 1. Figure 1(b) shows the return loss response of the patch element antenna. It can be clearly indicated that the antenna was resonates at 2.4 GHz with return loss of less than −10 dB within 40 MHz bandwidth. 2.2. The Proposed Conformal Antenna Array Structure Three patch elements were equally spaced on cylindrical substrate. The substrate material used for modeling has a thickness of 1.57 mm. The dielectric constant of the substrate is εr = 2.2. The conductive material in the model is of 70.0 µm thick copper. The radius of the cylinder is comparable to one quarter wavelength and the height is H = 90 mm. Inside the cylinder there is a 2 0 -2 -4 Return Loss, S11(dB) -6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 Frequency, GHz (a) (b) Figure 1: (a) The layout of single element patch antenna structure, and (b) is its return loss S11 (dB) response for single element patch antenna. Figure 2: A 3-D view of the modeled 3-element array. Table 1: Antenna dimensions in mm. W L W1 L1 60 88 41.08 39.03 W2 L2 W3 L3 0.72 24.05 4.84 15
  • 3. 1524 PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 continuous ground plane of 70.0 µm thick copper. The model of the antenna array taken from the simulation software is shown in Figure 2. 3. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION The cylindrical structure of Figure 2 has been modeled through a commercially available finite element package CST Studio Suite. Cylinders with radii 30 and 40 mm (0.24 and 0.32λ) have been analyzed while keeping the rest of the antenna parameters fixed. The simulation results of return loss of all of the ports of the array and the coupling among the antenna elements are shown in Figure 3. From Figure 3, it’s clearly observed that the coupling between elements for 30 mm (0.24λ) radius cylinder is about −1 dB, while for cylinder of 40 mm (0.32λ) radius, the coupling is less than −18 dB. The small radius of the cylinder results in decreasing the spacing between the elements so the mutual coupling between elements is increased. Simulated radiation patterns at 2.4 GHz for single element and 3-element array are illustrated in Figure 4. The radiation patterns are significantly affected. In the elevation direction, the radiation pattern 10 10 0 0 S11 -10 S11 -10 S22 S22 S33 -20 S33 -20 S21 Return Loss, dB Return Loss, dB S21 S31 -30 S31 -30 S32 S32 -40 -40 -50 -50 -60 -60 R=40 mm -70 R=30 mm -70 -80 -80 -90 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 frequency, GHz Frequency, GHz Figure 3: Simulated coupling of the 3-element array conformed on cylinders with radii of 30 mm (0.24λ) and 40 mm (0.32λ). E θ plane H φ plane E θ plane H φ plane (a) (b) Figure 4: Radiation patterns: (a) for element in cylindrical array, the radius of cylinder is R = 30 mm (0.24λ) and (b) radius of cylinder is R = 40 mm (0.32λ).
  • 4. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27–30, 2012 1525 is strongly dependant on the cylinder radius but much less so in the azimuth direction. The E plane (Eθ ) and H plane (Hφ ) fields, depicted in the figure, reveal that they still have an acceptable quasi ominidirectional radiation pattern. 4. CONCLUSION This paper presents detailed performance evaluation concepts of a three rectangular patch element conformal antenna arrays. There are few issues that should be taken into consideration when designing such antennas. Firstly the curvature of the cylindrical array affects the radiation pattern of the antenna and the optimal radius should be found depending on the application on hand. Secondly the spacing between elements is very important to consider as it affects the level of mutual coupling in the array. An acceptable mutual coupling was obtained for cylinder radius greater than one quarter wavelength. The result shows that the resonant frequency is not affected by curvature however the radiation patterns are significantly affected. The radiation pattern in the elevation direction is strongly dependant on the cylinder radius but much less so in the azimuth direction. Simulation results shows that the proposed array antenna possesses an acceptable ominidirectional radiation pattern needed for most wireless communications and RFID applications. REFERENCES 1. Pawel, K., O. Przemyslaw, and H. Pawel, “TTC patch antennas made in a conformal form with small radius,” Proceeding of ‘Eu CAP 2006’, Nice, France, Nov. 6–10, 2006. 2. Wang, Q. and Q.-Q. He, “An arbitrary conformal array pattern synthesis method that includes mutual coupling and platform effects,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 110, 297– 311, 2010. 3. Josefsson, L. and P. Persson, Conformal Array Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley-Inter Sci- ence, 2006. 4. Niksa, B. and S. Zvonimir, “Radiation properties of spherical and cylindrical rectangular mi- crostrip patch antennas,” Automatika Journal, Vol. 43, No. 1–2, 69–74, 2002. 5. Jain-Ming, J., J. A. Berrie, R. Kipp, and S. Lee, “Calculation of radiation patterns of microstrip antennas on cylindrical bodies of arbitrary cross section,” IEEE Transaction, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 1, 126–132, 6. Ho, C. H., P. K. Shmaker, K. Smith, and J. W. Liao, “Printed cylindrical slot antenna for commercial applications,” Electronic Letters, Vol. 32, No. 3, 151–153, 1996. 7. Pirai, M. and H. R. Hassani, “L-probe fed circular polarized wideband planar patch antenna on cylindrical structure,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 3, 161–167, 2008. 8. Huang, J., R. Vahldieck, and H. Jin, “Microstrip discontinuities on cylindrical surfaces,” IEEE MTT-S Symposium, Vol. 3, 1299–1302, Jun. 1993. 9. Su, H. and K. Wong, “Dispersion characteristics of cylindrical coplanar waveguides,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 44, No. 11, 2120–2122, 1996. 10. Ning, Y., S. Y. Tat, N. Xiao-Chun, and L. Le-Wei, “Analysis of probe-fed conformal microstrip antennas on finite grounded substrate,” IEE Trans. Ant. and Propag., Vol. 54, No. 2, 554–562, 2006. 11. Geng, J. P., J. J. Li, R. H. Jin, S. Ye, X. L. Liang, and M. Z. Li, “The development of curved microstrip antenna with defected ground structure,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 98, 53–73, 2009.