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Fundamental
Ergonomic Principles
Maintain Neutral Posture
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Neutral postures are postures where the body is aligned and
balanced while either sitting or standing, placing minimal stress on
the body and keeping joints aligned.
Neutral postures minimize the stress applied to muscles, tendons,
nerves and bones and allows for maximum control and force
production.
Maintain Neutral Posture
Ergo-Plus.com
The opposite of a neutral posture is an “awkward posture.” Awkward
postures move away from the neutral posture toward the extremes
in range of motion.
This puts more stress on the worker’s musculoskeletal system, is a
contributing risk factor for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), and
should be avoided.
Maintain Neutral Posture
Ergo-Plus.com
Maintain Neutral Posture
Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
Maintain Neutral Posture
Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
Maintain Neutral Posture
Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
Maintain Neutral Posture
Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
Work in the
Power/Comfort Zone
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
The power zone for lifting is close to the body,
between mi-thigh and mid-chest height. This
zone is where the arms and back can lift the
most with the least amount of effort.
Working from the power / comfort /
handshake zone ensures that you are working
from proper heights and reaches, which
reduces MSD risk factors and allows for more
efficient and pain-free work.
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Ergo-Plus.com
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Working outside the
Power Zone = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Working outside the
Power Zone = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Working outside the
Power Zone = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Working outside the
Power Zone = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Work in the Power/Comfort Zone
Working outside the
Power Zone = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Allow for Movement and
Stretching
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Stretching reduces fatigue, improves muscular balance and posture
and improves muscle coordination. Everyone is an athlete in life, so
you need to prepare your body for work by warming up to improve
performance and lower injury risk.
A warm-up stretching regimen is a great way to prepare your body
for work.
It is also beneficial to take periodic stretch breaks over the course of
your work day to get your blood moving and restore your energy.
Allow for Movement and Stretching
Ergo-Plus.com
Allow for Movement and Stretching
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Force
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Excessive force is one of the primary ergonomic risk factors. Many
work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle
effort increases in response to high force requirements which
increases fatigue and risk of an MSD.
There are numerous conditions that affect force, but the idea is to
recognize when a job or task requires excessive force and then find
ways to reduce that force.
Reduce Excessive Force
Ergo-Plus.com
Eliminating excessive force requirements will reduce worker fatigue
and the risk of MSD formation in most workers. Using mechanical
assists, counter balance systems, adjustable height lift tables and
workstations, powered equipment and ergonomic tools will reduce
work effort and muscle exertions.
Reduce Excessive Force
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Force
Excessive force = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Force
Excessive force = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Motions
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Repetitive motion is another one of the primary ergonomic risk
factors. Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive in nature, and are
frequently controlled by hourly or daily production targets and work
processes.
High task repetition, when combined with other risks factors such
high force and/or awkward postures, can contribute to the formation
of MSD. A job is considered highly repetitive if the cycle time is 30
seconds or less.
Reduce Excessive Motions
Ergo-Plus.com
Excessive or unnecessary motions should be reduced if at all
possible. In situations where this is not possible, it is important to
eliminate excessive force requirements and awkward postures.
Other control methods to consider are job enlargement, job rotation
and counteractive stretch breaks.
Reduce Excessive Motions
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Motions
Excessive motion combined
with other risk factors = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Motions
Excessive motion combined
with other risk factors = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Minimize Contact Stress
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
According to OSHA, contact stress results from continuous contact
or rubbing between hard or sharp objects/surfaces and sensitive
body tissue, such as soft tissue of the fingers, palms, thighs and feet.
This contact creates localized pressure for a small area of the body,
which can inhibit blood, nerve function, or movement of tendons
and muscles.
Minimize Contact Stress
Ergo-Plus.com
Examples of contact stress include resting wrists on the sharp edge
of a desk or workstation while performing tasks, pressing of tool
handles into the palms, especially when they cannot be put down,
tasks that require hand hammering, and sitting without adequate
space for the knees.
Minimize Contact Stress
Ergo-Plus.com
Minimize Contact Stress
Contact Stress = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Minimize Contact Stress
Contact Stress = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Vibration
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Multiple studies have shown that regular and frequent exposure to
vibration can lead to permanent adverse health effects, which are
most likely to occur when contact with a vibrating tool or work
process is a regular and significant part of a person’s job.
Reduce Excessive Vibration
Ergo-Plus.com
Hand-arm vibration can cause a range of conditions collectively
known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), as well as specific
diseases such as white finger or Raynaud’s syndrome, carpel tunnel
syndrome and tendinitis. Vibration syndrome has adverse circulatory
and neural effects in the fingers. The signs and symptoms include
numbness, pain, and blanching (turning pale and ashen).
Reduce Excessive Vibration
Ergo-Plus.com
Reduce Excessive Vibration
Excessive Vibration = Risk!
Ergo-Plus.com
Provide Adequate Lighting
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
Poor lighting is a common problem in the workplace that can affect
a worker’s comfort level and performance. Too much or too little
light makes work difficult – just imagine trying to do your job
without sight!
Dimly lit work areas and glare can cause eye fatigue and headaches
and improperly lit areas put workers at greater risk for all types of
injuries.
Provide Adequate Lighting
Ergo-Plus.com
Providing workers with adjustable task lighting is often a simple
solution to lighting problems. At a computer workstation, take steps
to control screen glare, and make sure that the monitor is not placed
in front of a window or a bright background.
Provide Adequate Lighting
Ergo-Plus.com

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Fundamental Principles of Ergonomics

  • 3. Neutral postures are postures where the body is aligned and balanced while either sitting or standing, placing minimal stress on the body and keeping joints aligned. Neutral postures minimize the stress applied to muscles, tendons, nerves and bones and allows for maximum control and force production. Maintain Neutral Posture Ergo-Plus.com
  • 4. The opposite of a neutral posture is an “awkward posture.” Awkward postures move away from the neutral posture toward the extremes in range of motion. This puts more stress on the worker’s musculoskeletal system, is a contributing risk factor for Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs), and should be avoided. Maintain Neutral Posture Ergo-Plus.com
  • 5. Maintain Neutral Posture Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
  • 6. Maintain Neutral Posture Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
  • 7. Maintain Neutral Posture Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
  • 8. Maintain Neutral Posture Image SourceErgo-Plus.com
  • 9. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
  • 10. The power zone for lifting is close to the body, between mi-thigh and mid-chest height. This zone is where the arms and back can lift the most with the least amount of effort. Working from the power / comfort / handshake zone ensures that you are working from proper heights and reaches, which reduces MSD risk factors and allows for more efficient and pain-free work. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Ergo-Plus.com
  • 11. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Working outside the Power Zone = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 12. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Working outside the Power Zone = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 13. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Working outside the Power Zone = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 14. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Working outside the Power Zone = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 15. Work in the Power/Comfort Zone Working outside the Power Zone = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 16. Allow for Movement and Stretching ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLE
  • 17. Stretching reduces fatigue, improves muscular balance and posture and improves muscle coordination. Everyone is an athlete in life, so you need to prepare your body for work by warming up to improve performance and lower injury risk. A warm-up stretching regimen is a great way to prepare your body for work. It is also beneficial to take periodic stretch breaks over the course of your work day to get your blood moving and restore your energy. Allow for Movement and Stretching Ergo-Plus.com
  • 18. Allow for Movement and Stretching Ergo-Plus.com
  • 20. Excessive force is one of the primary ergonomic risk factors. Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle effort increases in response to high force requirements which increases fatigue and risk of an MSD. There are numerous conditions that affect force, but the idea is to recognize when a job or task requires excessive force and then find ways to reduce that force. Reduce Excessive Force Ergo-Plus.com
  • 21. Eliminating excessive force requirements will reduce worker fatigue and the risk of MSD formation in most workers. Using mechanical assists, counter balance systems, adjustable height lift tables and workstations, powered equipment and ergonomic tools will reduce work effort and muscle exertions. Reduce Excessive Force Ergo-Plus.com
  • 22. Reduce Excessive Force Excessive force = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 23. Reduce Excessive Force Excessive force = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 25. Repetitive motion is another one of the primary ergonomic risk factors. Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive in nature, and are frequently controlled by hourly or daily production targets and work processes. High task repetition, when combined with other risks factors such high force and/or awkward postures, can contribute to the formation of MSD. A job is considered highly repetitive if the cycle time is 30 seconds or less. Reduce Excessive Motions Ergo-Plus.com
  • 26. Excessive or unnecessary motions should be reduced if at all possible. In situations where this is not possible, it is important to eliminate excessive force requirements and awkward postures. Other control methods to consider are job enlargement, job rotation and counteractive stretch breaks. Reduce Excessive Motions Ergo-Plus.com
  • 27. Reduce Excessive Motions Excessive motion combined with other risk factors = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 28. Reduce Excessive Motions Excessive motion combined with other risk factors = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 30. According to OSHA, contact stress results from continuous contact or rubbing between hard or sharp objects/surfaces and sensitive body tissue, such as soft tissue of the fingers, palms, thighs and feet. This contact creates localized pressure for a small area of the body, which can inhibit blood, nerve function, or movement of tendons and muscles. Minimize Contact Stress Ergo-Plus.com
  • 31. Examples of contact stress include resting wrists on the sharp edge of a desk or workstation while performing tasks, pressing of tool handles into the palms, especially when they cannot be put down, tasks that require hand hammering, and sitting without adequate space for the knees. Minimize Contact Stress Ergo-Plus.com
  • 32. Minimize Contact Stress Contact Stress = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 33. Minimize Contact Stress Contact Stress = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 35. Multiple studies have shown that regular and frequent exposure to vibration can lead to permanent adverse health effects, which are most likely to occur when contact with a vibrating tool or work process is a regular and significant part of a person’s job. Reduce Excessive Vibration Ergo-Plus.com
  • 36. Hand-arm vibration can cause a range of conditions collectively known as hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), as well as specific diseases such as white finger or Raynaud’s syndrome, carpel tunnel syndrome and tendinitis. Vibration syndrome has adverse circulatory and neural effects in the fingers. The signs and symptoms include numbness, pain, and blanching (turning pale and ashen). Reduce Excessive Vibration Ergo-Plus.com
  • 37. Reduce Excessive Vibration Excessive Vibration = Risk! Ergo-Plus.com
  • 39. Poor lighting is a common problem in the workplace that can affect a worker’s comfort level and performance. Too much or too little light makes work difficult – just imagine trying to do your job without sight! Dimly lit work areas and glare can cause eye fatigue and headaches and improperly lit areas put workers at greater risk for all types of injuries. Provide Adequate Lighting Ergo-Plus.com
  • 40. Providing workers with adjustable task lighting is often a simple solution to lighting problems. At a computer workstation, take steps to control screen glare, and make sure that the monitor is not placed in front of a window or a bright background. Provide Adequate Lighting Ergo-Plus.com