Academic only

1. SKILL MODELS
Leadership capacities can be developed over time thru education and experience.
Examines relationship between leader’s knowledge and skills and the leader’s
performance.
COMPONENTS OF THE SKILL MODEL
Competencies
Individual attributes
Leadership outcomes
Career experiences
Environmental influences

2. A. COMPETENCES
• There are three competencies
• (1). Problem solving skill
• (2). Social judgment skills
• (3). knowledge

3. Problem solving skills
• Leader’s creative ability to solve new and unusual, ill-defined
organisational problems.
• Being able to construct solutions

4. Social judgment skills
• Capacity to understand people and social system.
• Able to work with others to solve problems.
• 4 SOCIAL SKILLS
• (a) perspective taking
• Understanding the attitude that others have towards particular
problems or solutions
• (b) social perceptiveness
• Insight and awareness on how others function/ respond to proposed
change.

5. (c) Behavioral flexibility
• Capacity to change and adapt one’s behavior.
• Not locked into singular approach to a problem.
• (d) social performance.
• Leaders coach followers, give them direction and support.

6. KNOWLEDGE
• Application and implementation of problem solving skills in
organisations.
• Becoming expert.

7. B. INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES
• General cognitive ability
• Crystalized cognitive ability
• Motivation
• personality

8. (1) General cognitive ability
• This is person’s intelligence
• It contains:
• Perceptual processing, information processing, general reasoning
skills, creative and divergent thinking, and memory skills.
• (2) CRYSTALIZED COGNITIVE ABILITY
• Intellectual ability learned or acquired over time.
• Being able to comprehend complex information

9. 3. Motivation.
• (a) willingness
• Willing to tackle complex organizational problems.
• (b) dominance
• Able to exert influence.
• (c) social good
• Taking responsibility of trying to advance the overall human good and
value of the organization.
• (4) PERSONALITY
• E.g. openness, tolerance and curiosity.

10. C. LEADERSHIP OUTCOMES
(1). Effective problem solving
Creating logical, effective and unique solutions.
(2). Performance
How well the leader has done his or her job.

11. D. CAREER EXPERIENCES
• Help leaders to improve their skills and knowledge over time.
• Skills and knowledge are shaped by career experiences.
E. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES.
Factors outside leader’s competencies, characteristics and experience.
(1). Internal environmental influences. E.g. technology, facilities and
expertise of subordinates.
(2). External environmental influences, e.g. economic, political, social
issues and natural disasters.