The document discusses government shutdowns in the United States. It provides details on several shutdowns between 1976-2013, including the causes such as disagreements over funding abortion and budget cuts. Shutdowns result when Congress and the President cannot agree on appropriations bills to fund government operations. During a shutdown, non-essential government services are suspended. The longest shutdowns lasted 18 days under President Carter in 1978 due to disagreements over Medicaid funding for abortions.

1. The International Article
The Government Shutdown In United
States

2. The Government Shutdown In United States
• In U.S Politics, a government shutdown is the name
for the process the Executive Branch must enter into,
when the Congress creates a "funding gap" by
choosing not to or failing to pass legislation funding
government operations and agencies. If interim or
full-year appropriations are not enacted into law, the
U.S Constitution and the Antideficiency Act require
the federal government begins a "shutdown" of the
affected activities.

3. The Government Shutdown In United States
• During the Ford and Carter administrations, funding
gaps caused 6 partial shutdowns that affected only the
departments of Labor and Health,Education and
Welfare. These lasted from 8 to 18 days and the
primary issue of dispute was federal funding for
abortion.

4. The Government Shutdown In United States
The U.S Federal Government Shutdown in 2013 ran
from September 30 to October 16, 2013. The primary
issue of dispute between the Republican-controlled
House of Representatives and the Democratic Senate
was the Republicans' desire to delay or defund the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
(Obamacare), signed into law in 2010, A bill to end
the shutdown and fund federal agencies through
January. 15, 2014, passed the Senate and the House
and was signed into law on Oct. 17, 2013.

5. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Mechanism of a shutdown
• Under the separation of Powers created by the U.S
Constitution, the U.S Congress has the sole power of
the purse and responsibility for appropriating
government funds. The appropriations bills must start
in the House of and then be approved by the Senate,
which upon passage of a final version by both houses
then go to the President of The United States.

6. The Government Shutdown In United States
• If the President signs or ignores the bills, they
become law. If the President vetoes the bills, they go
back to Congress, where the veto can be overridden
by a two-thirds vote. Government shutdowns tend to
occur when the President and one or both of the
chambers of Congress are unable to resolve
disagreements over budget allocations before the
existing budget cycle ends.

7. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Effects
• The exact details of which government functions
would stop during a shutdown is determined by
the Office of Management and Budget.
• For the Department of Defense, at least half of
the civilian workforce, and the full-time, dualstatus military technicians in the US National
Guards and traditional Guardsmen.

8. The Government Shutdown In United States
• List of United States Government Shutdown
• The United States federal government
shutdowns of 1995 and 1995–96 were the result
of conflicts between Democratic President Bill
Clinton and the Republican Congress over
funding for Medicare, education, the
environment, and Public Health in the 1996
federal budget.

9. The Government Shutdown In United States
• The government shut down after Clinton vetoed the
spending bill the Republican Party-controlled
Congress sent him. The Federal government of the
United States put government workers on furlough
and suspended non-essential services from November
14 through November 19, 1995 and from December
16, 1995 to January 6, 1996, for a total of 27 days.

10. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Sept. 30 – Oct. 18, 1978
• Length: 18 days
• Major players: President Jimmy Carter, House
Speaker Tip O’Neill, Senate Majority Leader Robert
Byrd

11. The Government Shutdown In United States
• The House and Senate, both controlled by
Democrats, disagreed on using Medicaid funding to
pay for abortions concerning when the mother’s life
was at stake: The Senate wanted to allow it, and the
House did not. The issue was related to funding for
the Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and
Welfare, which complicated the issue and led to the
shutdown. In the end Congress agreed to continue the
ban on Medicaid funding for abortions temporarily,
which gave everyone more time to work out a longer
deal.

12. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Sept. 30 – Oct. 12, 1979
• Length: 11 days
• Major players: President Jimmy Carter, House
Speaker Tip O’Neill, Senate Majority Leader Robert
Byrd

13. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Abortion emerged again as a contentious issue in another
shutdown during Carter’s tenure (he had five total), along
with Congressional pay. The House wanted to increase
pay for Congress and senior civil servants by 5.5 percent,
but the Senate opposed. The House also wanted to limit
federal abortion funding in cases where the mother’s life
was in danger, while the Senate did not.
• The shutdown ended when houses agreed on pay
increases, but they disagreed on abortion – the
House had to allow abortion funding in cases of rape
or incest, but not when the mother’s health (rather
than life) was at stake.

14. The Government Shutdown In United States
• Sept. 30 – Oct. 11, 1976
• Length: 10 days
• Major players: President Gerald Ford, House
Speaker Carl Albert, Senate Majority Leader Mike
Mansfield

15. The Government Shutdown In United States
• The biggest budget conflict of this first shutdown
stemmed from Ford’s veto of a funding bill for the
Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and
Welfare. He thought the bill presented by the House
and Senate, both of which were controlled by
Democrats, failed to cut spending enough. Congress
overrode Ford’s veto on Oct. 1, allowing the bills to
become law. But it took more than a week for the
shutdown to end because that’s when the continuing
resolution for other parts of the budget officially
became law. Source: Http/Wikipedia/com