2. Definitions of terms
• Outbreak- more cases in a time and place (or population) in
excess of normal expectancy.
• Epidemic- same as outbreak or more widespread/prolonged
• Surveillance- defined a means of continuous scrutiny and
watchfulness over distribution, spread of infection and
related factors with accuracy and completeness to provide
the basis for effective control
3. Priority Diseases and Events in Nigeria
These are diseases targeted for public health
surveillance and response because:
They remain leading cause of illness, death and
disability in the Africa region, Nigeria inclusive
Well known effective responses for their prevention
and control already exist
Many have a high potential for causing epidemics
Few have been targeted for eradication or elimination
4. LIST OF 40 PRIORITY DISEASES AND EVENTS IN NIGERIA
Epidemic prone International Health Regulations (IHR) recommended
1. Cholera
2. Diarrhoea with blood (Shigella {Sd1})
3. Measles
4. Meningitis
5. Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa fever)
6. Human influenza (caused by a new
Subtype)
7. Yellow Fever
8. SARS
9. Smallpox
10. Dengue
11. Anthrax
12. SARI
Diseases targeted for Elimination or Eradication
1. Poliomyelitis
2. Dracunculiasis
3. Leprosy
4. Neonatal tetanus
5. Lymphatic Filariasis
6. Tuberculosis
Other diseases of public health importance
Communicable Non-Communicable
1. Diarrhoea (children <5
years)
2. Pneumonia (children <5
years)
3. HIV/AID
4. Malaria
5. Onchocerciasis
6. Sexually transmitted
infections
(STIs)
7. Trypanosomiasis
8. Plague
9. Trachoma
10. Typhoid
11. Hepatitis –B
12. Pertussis
13. Human Rabies
14. Schistomiasis
15. Asthma
16. Buruli ulcer
17. Diabetes mellitus
18. Epilepsy
19. High blood pressure
20. Sickle cell disease
21. Malnutrition
22. Noma
5. Epidemic Prone Diseases
• Cholera
• Diarrhoea with blood (Shigella)
• Measles
• Meningitis
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa fever, EBD, DHF)
• Human influenza (caused by a new Subtype)
• Yellow Fever
7. Case definition: Lassa fever
RECOMMENDED CASE DEFINITION
Clinical description
An illness of gradual onset with one or more of the following: malaise, fever, headache,
sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, myalgia, chest pain, hearing loss, and A
history of contact with excreta of rodents or with a probable or confirmed case of Lassa
fever
Laboratory criteria for diagnosis
• Isolation of virus (only in laboratory of biosafety level 4) from blood, urine or throat
washings or
• Positive IgM serology or seroconversion (IgG antibody) in paired serum specimens or
• Demonstration of Lassa virus antigen in autopsy tissues by immunohistochemistry or in
serum by ELISA
• Positive PCR from serum or autopsy tissues
13/12/2022
8. Case definition: Lassa fever (contd.)
Case classification
• Suspected: A case compatible with the clinical description.
• Probable: A suspected case that is epidemiologically linked to a
confirmed case.
• Confirmed: A suspected case that is laboratory-confirmed.
• Contact: A person having close personal contact with the patient
(living with, caring for) or a person testing the laboratory specimens
of a patient in the 3 weeks after the onset of the illness.
13/12/2022
9. List of Reporting forms
• IDSR 001A – Immediate/Case-based reporting form
• IDSR 001B – Laboratory investigation form
• IDSR 001C – Epidemic Line list form
• IDSR 002 – Weekly Routine Epidemic Prone Disease
reporting form
• IDSR 003 – Monthly Routine Disease Reporting form
10. Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response
(IDSR)
• IDSR is an approach for improving public health
surveillance and response in the African Region
linking community, health facility, district and
national levels
• Surveillance activities for different diseases involve
similar functions:
• (detection, reporting, analysis and interpretation,
feedback, action) and
• often use the same structures, processes and
personnel, hence the need for an integrated
approach
11. IDSR
IDSR aims to create functional IDSR system in
Africa countries that will generate information
for timely action thus contributing to reduction
of mortality, disability and morbidity.
12. International Health Regulations (2005)
• The IHR- key legal instrument for addressing global
health security by the WHO.
• IHR aim at helping countries to prevent, detect and
respond to acute public health risks that have the
potential to cross borders and threaten people
worldwide.
13. IHR (2005) contd.
Internationally notifiable diseases, any case of:
• Smallpox
• Poliomyelitis due to wild-type polio virus
• Human influenza caused by a new subtype
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
