Additive Manufacturing 3D printing

Additive Manufacturing:
3D Printers Continue to
Get Better and Cheaper
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
MT 5009 GROUP PROJECT
JANI ADOLFSSON JHOANAMEL MANALILI JULIUS RIIKONEN
JOHANNES NOEKE JONI SALMELA TOBIAS KOBOLD

Agenda – Additive manufacturing
1. What‘s about the Hype?
2. Technology, Limitations & Improvements
4. Changing the Industry: Spare Parts
3. Cases: Dynamics Driving Technology Changes
b) SLM: GE’s fuel nozzle
a) Game changing speed: CLIP
11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 2

Additive manufacturing (AM) announced as
Additive Manufacturing – Worth the hype?
http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/513691/prenatal-dna-sequencing/
http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/513716/additive-manufacturing/
“AM has a growing market capability and it is
expected to increase its market share rapidly to
about 40% by 2015.”
3D printing provides manufacturers with the ability to
compete by creating, and the opportunity to turn
product development into a core strength”
3D printing “has the potential to revolutionize
the way we do almost everything” US president
Barack Obama in 2013

AM – Another way to look on the hype
Is the market proving this hype?
2009 2011 2013 2015 Forecast
Google trends: Showing how often a particular search-term was searched
3D Printing
https://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=3d%20printing

200
500
1000
2300
1.6 3.1
6.3
13,4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Revenueinbillion$
Printerssoldinthousands
Year
Printers sold
Revenue
CAGR(2015-2018)
Printers sold: 91%
Revenue: 88%
http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/12/18/gartner-forecasts-the-3d-printer-
market-will-be-13-4b-by-2018/
Additive Manufacturing market (I)

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Growthratep.a.in%
Year
Yearly growth rate
Revenue
Printers sold
Enormous market growth will continue at least for the next 4-6 years
Additive manufacturing is or will become economically feasible
http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/12/18/gartner-forecasts-the-3d-printer-
market-will-be-13-4b-by-2018/
Additive Manufacturing market (II)

AM – Impacts on the industry
• Cost-effective, less wasteful, rapid manufacturing of parts or
components that can be customized based
• Development an agile manufacturing which will reduce the lead
time from conception to the production (Time-to-Market)
• 3D printers have chance to revolutionize low-volume
manufacturing of complex parts
• Usage in biomedical application, customized manufacturing and
by application in automobile and aerospace.
PossibleImpacts

Additive manufacturing – What to be questioned
APPROACH
• AM – Breakthrough?
• What are the cost and performance dynamics of
3D printers?
• How does these dynamics impact on
applications?
• Why do the economics of 3D printing change?

Basic principle of AM
Design
Print
Finish
A digital model of the
object is issued and
converted into a STL.
file
3D Printer slices file
into numerous digital
cross-sectional, and
builds the model by
joining together
successive layers
Final 3D printed model
is cleaned to remove
overhung material and
is polished/painted
and made ready for
use

Multiple technology approach: High variety
Applications
Technology
Materials
Automotive
Aerospace
Consumer
Medical
Industrial
Research
Stereo Lithography
(SLA)
Laser sintering
Selective laser
melting
Fused Disposition
Melting
CLIP
Polymers
Metals and Alloys
Powders
Thermoplastics
Ceramics
Glass

Computing •Basis
Software •Basis
Hardware
(Technolo
gy)
•Application
depend
Materials
• Application
depend
Ecosystem – not only one technology
AM as a result of improvements in different technology
sectors
http://techcrunch.com/2015/10/28/understanding-the-3d-printing-ecosystem-breaking-it-down-and-building-it-up/

 Improvement in computing technology
/software as trailblazers for AM
 Directly: AM machine
 Indirectly: supporting technology
 Fields of improvement affecting AM
 Processing power
 Graphics capability
 Machine control
 Networking
AM – Computing as trailblazer
Gibson, Rosen, Strucker: Additive manufacturing technologies - rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. New York: Springer, 2012
General integration of an AM machine

Improvement Drivers Development
Processing power ICs Moore’s law
Graphics capability ICs Moore’s law
Machine control MEMS, Sensors More than Moore
Networking IoT, WiFi Explosion
Computing as trailblazer
http://softsupplier.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/image010.jpg
http://tarrysingh.com/2014/07/fog-computing-happens-when-big-data-analytics-marries-internet-of-things/

 Computer-aided design are basis of every AM model
 Beside improvements closed link to improvements in computing, CAD
has improvement:
 Realism
 Usability and user interface
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Complexity
Further improvement through
 open sourcing
Software / CAD as trailblazer
Improvements are aligned with
improvements in computing
Google trends: 3D Printing open source
2011 2013 2015
https://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=3d%20printing%20open%20source
Gibson, Rosen, Strucker: Additive manufacturing technologies - rapid prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. New York: Springer, 2012

• The first AM technology has been introduced in 1983
 Why does MIT announced it 30 years later as breakthrough?
 Why is AM hyped for the last 3 years?
Computing & Software as trailblazer
2016 - 20201983 2013
• Improvements in computing and
software as basis for all AM
technologies
• Ability to start entering the
market
• The prove of being a
breakthrough technology will be
made on the technology and
application level
What will be the next improvements?

Strength Surface finish Speed Cost
Today’s Limitations
http://gizmodo.com/why-3d-printing-is-overhyped-i-should-know-i-do-it-fo-508176750
1. Improvements in surface fineness
2. Increase in detail rendition by thinner layers
3. Improvements of material properties and range
4. Cut down of construction time
5. Elimination of rework
6. Reduce cost
IMPROVEMENTS

Material
26%
indirect costs
74%
Energy
3%
Labor
29%
Maschining
59%
Overhead
9%
What drives the quality and costs of additive
manufacturing?
11/12/2015
Power
source
(Laser, LED)
MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 19
Integrated
circuits Sensors
Power source are the key technology
and a big cost driver
Cost and quality drivers
Focus on power source and
materials to enhance
improvements
choice of material is crucial for the price
http://www.rolandberger.com/media/pdf/Roland_Berger_Additive_Manufacturing_20131129.pdf

•Prof. Hong Minghui (NUS, Department of Electrical & Computer
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering - Laser technology group)
•Q: Will Laser drive the cost and improvement development concerning
AM?
•Example:
• 3D Printing device mainly based on lasers for a specific application
Hypothesis:
Cost and improvement of the 3D Printing device are directly related to
lasers
Assumption: Melting point properties do not affect application
Why a general approach on technology and
application is not feasible?

Why a general approach on technology and
application is not feasible?Printingspeed[cm3/h]
Laser power output [W]
Laser
Improved laser
Improvement in laser
power
Improvement in
printing speed
1 2
Printingtemperature[°C]
Laser power output [W]
Laser
Improved laser
3
Meltingpoint[°C]
/Laseroutput[W]
Printing speed [cm3/h]
New material
Material used
Laser
Low-tech laser
General conclusion concerning cost and
improvement dynamics of 3D printing
can not be drawn.
Investigation has to be made for each
• Technology
• Application

Continuous Liquid Interface Production
http://carbon3d.com/

The CLIP Technology
http://carbon3d.com/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uD0d1IPsF4&list=PLulOCUoJY0qqmc2wD_3EUP8Mm9T0IZHg_&index=4

TRADITIONAL SLA CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION
CONTINUOUS MATERIAL PRODUCTION
Carbon 3D: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMkhVt_IWs4FSL3D: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkIMbio6El0

1
30
35
115
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CLIP Polyjet SLS SLA
Printers needed for production
Number
of Printers
The Game Changing Speed
This 51 mm diameter complex shaped
structure was produced with CLIP in 6,5
minutes
SLA SLS Polyjet CLIP
Speed (mm/h) 4 15 17 471
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
400
425
450
475
500
Speed(mm/h)
Speed Comparison
Speed (mm/h)
The speeds over 1000 mm/h are achievable
when resolution is sacrificed
http://carbon3d.com/

Speed Leads to Cost Reductions in Production
Task
Object: A complex ball structure
Height: 50 mm
Pieces: 10
Time available: 1h
10
5
3
2
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
50 100 200 250 500
#ofPrintersNeeded
Speed (mm/h)
Benefits of the Speed in Production
# of Printers
Needed
$-
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
$250,000
50 100 200 250 500
CostoftheAssets
Speed (mm/h)
Total Cost of the Assets
Total Cost of
the Assets
Assuming the printer price 20 000 $

What Drives the Speed
DLP Projector
System
”Deadzone” Material
Software
Improvements in
- DMD micromirrors (MEMS)
- UV-LEDs
Improvements in
- Materials
- Implementing thin films
O2

What Drives the Quality: Layerless Process
Isotropic Objects Smooth Surface Finish
What Drives the Quality
- High resolution DLP system
- Layerless process due to ”deadzone” formation
- Software controlling the parameters
- Material choice

CLIP: Materials
Wide range of photocurable polymers can be used
Soft, elastic materials Very rigid, impact resistant
Bioplastics Polymers reinfroced with
Carbon Nanotubes or
Nanofibres

Partnership between
Carbon3D and Ford
Google Ventures led
the latest $100 M
Funding round
• Founded 2013, Silicon Valley
• Hardware, software &
molecular science
• Funding received: $ 141 M
• Patented CLIP Technology

What is Selective laser melting
• Metal powder and metal wires
get melted by a Ytterbium fiber
laser
• Adding layer by layer
• Material: Stainless steal, Titan,
special alloys
+ physical behaviour like in
conventional production
How it works:
Schubert “rapid prototyping and rapid tooling” (2014)

Better fuel nozzle by using 3D – General electric
• Must be heat resistant so made of strong alloys
• 1 part instead of 18 parts
• fuel nozzle can be 25% lighter and more reliable because of the shape
• Optimal shape - 5 times higher durability
• time reduced by 66%
www.geglobalresearch.com/innovation/3d-printing-creates-new-parts-aircraft-engines
http://3dprintingreviews.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/ge-aviation-to-grow-better-fuel-nozzles.html

What drives performance?
• Increase in pulse energy
improves interlayer
connection/strength
• The absolute pulse energy
depends on the material
Laser Power
Material
No other material with lower melting
point possible for the fuel nozzle, as
heat resistance is essential
New material - less laser power
Strength!!!
Kietzmann, J. Business horizont (2015)
Thiesse, F. (2015)

What drives the speed?
http://www.sciencedirect.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/science/article/pii/S0924013607004712
• more material can be bonded at
the same time.
• causes higher printing speed
• higher specific energy density is
necessary otherwise the material
does not bond properly and gets
weak
Higher Laser power needed
x
x
Thiesse, F. (2015)

Will there be higher power laser in the future?
https://www.rp-photonics.com/highpowerfiberlasers.html
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
PowerOutput[KW]
Power output development of fiber laser
Increase in laser power will
enable higher printing
speed

Expert forecast the same!!!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2013 2018 2023
Speedincm³/h
Speed of SLM
Key improvements
• Higher accuracy and power
of lasers
• Faster computing
• Less post-processing effort
DMRC survey of 75 AM
experts:
build speed will at least
quadruple by 2018

What about the cost?
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2010 2013 2017
InMillionUS$
Market of Fiber Lasers
20%
80%
Laser Market in 2013
Fiber
Market
Remaining
Market
28%
72%
Laser Market in 2017
Fiber
Market
http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID
=57806http://optics.org/news/6/7/37
Economies of scale so lasers
will get cheaper

0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
2013 2018 2023
CostinEur/cm³
Cost of SLM
material labor, maschining, Labor, Energy, Overhead
3.1
1.6
1.1
Prospective cost reduction of SLM
• Increasing competition for powder supply will reduce today's markups
• increasing volume will reduce production costs. (EOS)

Air craft engine – General electric
GE will invest 3.5 Billion Dollar in AM until
2020
http://3dprintingreviews.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/ge-aviation-to-grow-better-fuel-nozzles.html
0%
500%
1000%
1500%
2000%
2014 2020
100%
2000%
Speedcomparedto2014
GE's development of printing Speed

Why Spare Parts? Aviation Industry Example
High service level target because of expensive downtime cost
Huge amount of parts
- > Extremely expensive supply chain, 400 000 USD per aircraft annually

Industries Which use 3D Printed Parts Already
Boeing:
◦ 30 3D-printed parts in the 787 Dreamliner Airplane
◦ 20000 3D-printed parts for 10 different military and commercial airplanes
General Motors:
◦ 85000 fuel nozzles for new Leap jet engines
◦ Expanding ist 3D printing stuff
◦ GE Aviation wants to produce 100000 additive parts by 2020
Airbus:
◦ 1000 aircraft 3D printed parts for their first Airbus A350XWB

3D Printing point of view from OEM and MRO
12%
7%
40%
49%
54%
60%
None
Improved part reliability
Increased spare part options (e.g. PMA or STC availability)
Improved part availability
Lower investment in inventory (e.g. parts, warehousing)
Lower cost for replacement parts
What benefits might the successful deployment of 3D printing
technology bring to airline?
Oliver Wyman, MRO Survey 2014

Service demand not possible to
forecast with certainty
Service tradeoffs: Revenue, cost
and service performance
80/20: Only 20 percent of spare
parts used frequently
What Are the Challenges in Spare Part Industry

Time, Location, Extent and Consequences is
Impossible to Forecast
Forecast is not accurate - How
does this affect the cost?
◦ Time: Need components have to
be available every time ->
◦ Location: Components need to be
available near in every critical
location
◦ Extent and consequence: Increases
the number of SKU:s classified as
critical
OEM
DC
Local DC
Expected demand
Total Inventory Cost = Number of Different SKUs x Volume of each SKU x
Number of Locations

Airplane Industry Spare Parts: Price of 3D Printers
goes Down and Replaces DC:s
OEM
DC
Local DC
Expected demand
Current situation
OEM
DC
Local DC
Expected demand
Economically
feasible today
OEM
DC
Local DC
Expected demand
Economically feasible
in near future
Total Inventory Cost With 3D = Number Different SKUs x
Volume of each SKU x Number of Locations

Tradeoffs between Revenue, Cost and Performance
Current state
Static asset management
Dynamic asset management DAM
3D + DAM
Service level
Asset
investment and
service costs

20/80 Rule of Spare Parts Inventory
Category percentage of
Item
sales profit inventory
cost
fast moving A -part 20% 80% small friction
slow moving B-part 50% 15% high
slow moving C-part 30% 5% high
20% are being used frequently, yet the availability of the parts should be
100%, which cause high inventory management cost.
Example: Airbus in Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel is using only 80% a few years out of
120.000 parts. With the increasing numbers of produced aircraft models, slow
moving parts will increase in number and this problem will be more urgent.
Rapid manufacturing and ist impact on supply chain management (2004) – M. Walter, J. Holmström, H. Yrjölä

Supply Chain Costs with Adaption of 3D Printing
Product
Category
3D Printing
Adaption
%Saving
A-part 10% 70%
B-part 25% 78%
C-part 60% 85%
$- $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00
C-Part
B-Part
A-Part
Total Supply Chain Cost Comparison by Product Category
Current
3D Printing
Impact of 3D printing on global supply chains by 2020, Bhasin, Varun; Bodla, Muhammad Raheel; 2014
Slow moving parts will be adopted
largely and could save up to 85% of
total supply chain cost, whereas fast
moving parts adaption is low.

Questions???
Q&A
Thank u lah
Dankeschön
Kiitos

Appendix and additional data
APPENDIX

1. Additive Manufacturing Overview
2. Additive Manufacturing Technology and Materials
5. CLIP
4. 3D Printing for Glass
3. Laser market

History of additive manufacturing
1984 / 1986
First AM approach
Stereolithographic (STL) /
AM technology got patented
1988
AM technology was made available for public
1996
The term “3D printer” was
first used
2000
First high definition printer
2006
First self replicating 3D printer was
developed
2010
The term “Additive
manufacturing” and “3D
printing” were used as
synonyms
2013
Announced as breakthrough technology by
MIT
http://blog.harbinger-
systems.com/2014/11/3d-printing-captivates-
the-consumer-market/

Additive manufacturing
SignificanceMarketImpact
• Additive manufacturing enables cost-
effective, less wasteful, rapid manufacturing
of parts or components that can be
customized based
• It becomes possible to develop an agile
manufacturing which will reduce the lead
time from conception to the production
• Additive manufacturing has a growing
market capability and it is expected to
increase its market share rapidly to about
40% by 2015.
• It is expected to see wider usage in
biomedical application, customized
manufacturing and by application in
automobile and aerospace.

Additive manufacturing market (III)
1.1 1.2
1.7
2.2 2.5
4
6
7.5
10.8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
inBillionUS$
3D service, products and
materials market
Expected growth
rate of 30%
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2012 2017E
#ofunitinstalledink
3D Printer installed
CAGR: 95%
http://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2014/08/09/roundup-of-3d-printing-market-forecasts-and-estimates-2014/

Additive manufacturing market (IV)
http://blog.luxresearchinc.com/blog/coveragearea/advanced-materials/page/2/

Additive manufacturing market – conclusion
1. Even market data differs depending on the institute conducted the
research, some general conclusion can be drawn:
 A rapid market growth can be expected either this year or next year
 This enormous market growth will continue at least for the next 4-6 years
 Additive manufacturing is or will become economically feasible
2. But this market development rises many questions which have to be
answered in the next years:
 As “some new technologies destroy both an existing economic system
and create a new one (Schumpeter, 1942)”, the future will show how
Additive manufacturing will diffuse in our life, how it will affect exciting
industries and how it will improve those.

Gartner Hype cycle
• Gartner Hype Cycles provide a graphic representation of the maturity and
adoption of technologies and applications
• Gartner Hype Cycle methodology gives you a view of how a technology or
application will evolve over time
• Each Hype Cycle drills down into the five key phases of a technology's life cycle.
 Technology Trigger
 Peak of Inflated Expectations
 Trough of Disillusionment
 Slope of Enlightenment
 Plateau of Productivity
http://www.gartner.com/technology/research/methodologies/hype-cycle.jsp#

Hype cycle for emerging industries
http://www.gartner.com.libproxy1.nus.
edu.sg/document/3100227?ref=QuickS
earch&sthkw=hype%20cycle%20emergi
ng%20technology&refval=157030558&
qid=dfda72a24788721c4351d7a1af6b3e
21

Hype cycle for additive manufacturing
http://www.gartner.com.libproxy1.nus.edu.sg/document/3100228?ref=Qu
ickSearch&sthkw=Laser&refval=157030440&qid=af5f123168b20920048c1
09e0b1d5728

Additive manufacturing – market adaption

Additive manufacturing
Technology
ExtrusionLaser/LED
Stereolithography
SL
Selective laser
sintering SLS
Carbon 3D
Selective laser
melting
Fused deposition
modeling FDM

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
• A wire shaped material is melted
in a high temperature nozzle
• Plotter mechanism
• Hard layers of plastic or metal
filaments can be created
• Multiple jetting possible
Part
Building platform
Nozzle
FDM - Head
Coil
+ low cost
+ Dual jetting possible
- Slow process
- Inconsistent material due to
the construction in layers
How it works:
Pro & Con

Stereolithography (SL)
Pro & Con
• Based on photo polymerization
• Photo reactive resin is cured by
using UV laser
+ Complex geometries are possible
+ High resolution
- Usually time consuming
How it works:

Selective laser melting
• Metal powder and metal wires
get melted
• Adding layer by layer
• Stainless steal, Titan, special
alloys
+ physical behaviour like in
conventional production
- expensive
How it works:
Pro & Con

Selective laser sintering
• High power laser fixes powders in
a solid bond
• Plastic, glass powder, ceramic
• Powder functions also a
supporting material
+ Complex structures are
possible
- expensive
How it works:
Pro & Con

Additive manufacturing – materials
Commonly used materials
Plastics Metals Others
ThermosetsComposites Aluminium Ceramics
Bioplastics Thermoplastics Stainless Steel Titanium ResinsPhotopolymers

Application of Selective Laser Sintering
Materials Applications
Metal alloys
Composites
Ceramics
Carbon fibers
Engineering plastics

Application of Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
Stainless steel and tool
steel
Titanium
Aluminum
Other metal alloys

Application of Stereolithography (SLA)
Epoxy based
photopolymers
Thermoplastics (ABS)

Application of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Thermoplastics (ABS)
Polyphenylsulfone
(PPSF)
Polycarbonate (PC)
Ceramics

Materials Advantages Limitations
Plastics • Design flexibility
• Biodegradable in case of
bioplastics
• Durable
• Availability of colors
• Limited weathering resistance
• Flammable with high smoke
generation
• Possibility to warping
Metals • Strong
• High weathering resistance
• Corrosion resistance
• Low design flexibility
• Costly
Ceramics • Strong but flexible
• Availability of colors
• Low detail
• Rigid compared to other
materials
Precious Metals • Strong but flexible
• High detail
• Can be plated
• Costly
Composites • High mechanical strength
• Can be used for intricate design
• Good surface finish
• Difficult to work with due to
complicated interlocking
assemblies and joints
Materials comparative analysis

Material used for AM
Photopolymers
56%
Thermoplastics
40%
Thermoplastic
powders
2%
Metal Powders
1%
Others
1%
Material used
for additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing - materials
0 200 400 600
Inkjet materials
Metal powders
Thermoplastic powders
Solid thermoplastics
Photopolymers
Revenue in million US$
The material used market
2013
2025E
http://www.technologyreview.com/news/530721/how-to-build-3-d-printing/

Lasers used in Additive Manufacturing
•Stereolithography (SLA) – UV laser (wavelength:
100-400 nm)
•Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) – High power
laser/IR laser (wavelength: 9-11 µm) e.g. CO2 laser
•Selective Laser Melting (SLM) – High power
laser/IR laser (wavelength: 1030-1100 nm) e.g.
Ytterbium fiber laser

Improvements in Average Selling Price (ASP) and Power of
Semiconductor Lasers
10
100
1000
1
10
100
1000
10000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
CWpowerpercm-bar(W)
IndustryASP($perCWWatt)
Year
Source: Martinson R 2007. Industrial markets beckon for high-power
diode lasers, Optics, October: 26-27.
9xx laser

Laser market
11/12/2015 MT5009 ANALYZING HIGH-TECH OPPORTUNITIES 82/www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-51/issue-
4.24 4.15 3.96 4.23 4.39
3.91 4.31 4.68
4.97
5.36
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
InBillion$ Laser revenues
Non-Diode
Diode
• Laser market is growing constantly with a yearly growth rate of around 4% -6%
• Due to the market growth, economy of scale is likely to happen, which will drive down
the cost of each unit

Laser prospective developments and synergies
• the power output increases
• Beam spot size reduces
• Accuracy of melting spot increases
• Prices go down
Laser technology - steady improvements
Additive manufacturing market:
Market is growing tremendously
Laser market: Revenue is increasing constantly and
simultaneously, the market is growing
SYNERGY EFFECTS
• A growing market in Additive manufacturing promotes the laser market
• Economies of scale lead to price reduction of the laser technology
• Cheaper laser technology promotes the AM-market

that a recent changing
momentum has happened
with influence the market
in sustainable way.
Conclusion
that the additive
manufacturing is benefitting
from the laser improvement
rates and cost reduction.
The price for additive manufacturing has dropped, while quality of the
technology remains the same
The price for additive manufacturing remains the same while the
quality is improving.
The price for additive manufacturing is dropping, while the technology
is improving  DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION
1
2
3
Extremely high growth rate
of additive manufacturing
market imply
Due to Moore’s law, this makes additive manufacturing widely used.
Strategies

Additive manufacturing as disruptive innovation
• Even data for additive manufacturing is hardly available, additive
manufacturing has a high likelihood to be disruptive.
•  “It has a strong reputation for generating disruptive technology”
http://www.motorship.com/news101/engines-and-propulsion/3d-printed-nozzle-ring
Indicators
◦ Dropping price
◦ Increasing quality
◦ Rapidly growing market
Has AM the potential displaces an existing technology, a product or a service partly or
completely?
“An innovation transforms an existing market or sector by introducing simplicity,
convenience, accessibility, and affordability where complication and high cost are the
status quo” http://www.christenseninstitute.org/key-concepts/disruptive-innovation-2/

•Introduced in August 2015 by MIT
•Technology is based on extrusion and
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
•Printed materials: Soda lime glass and Pyrex glass
•What made this possible?
• Smart heating system
• Nozzle material
Additive Manufacturing of Transparent Glass = G3DP

B = The kiln cartridge
1 = The crucible
2 = Heating elements
3 = The nozzle
4 = The thermocouple
5 = Feed access lid
C = The crucible kiln
D = The nozzle kiln
Heating and nozzle system section

Current possible applications:
Design: Vases and Glasses
Visions from the G3DP Team:
Solar transmittance window: can control solar transmittance due to the
production availabilty of a complex surface on the inside as well as the
outside
Architectural possibilities:
• An all-glass building with internal channels and networks for airflow and
water circulation
• An all-in-one building skin made of glass
Possibilities and applications for the Industry

Contrains Leads Possible solutions
Extruded glass stuck
covering the nozzle tip
Deviation from desired
shapes and uneven glass
distribution
• Creating new nozzle geometry
• Material
• Coating
• Face cooling
• Addition of sacrificial foil
Software environment
improvements
• Full control of printing
process
• Direct control over the
kiln’s temperature
•Merge of separate pieces of
software
Frequently refilling of the
crucible
Quality of the print
Active material feed system in
form of a plunger or of
compressed air
Small pressure drop
generated by the gravity
fed system
• Printing speed
• Resolution
• Preventing scaling down
the nozzle diameter
Manual activation of start,
stop and cut the glass
filament
Quality Automating the compressed air
and torching
Limitations/Contrains

1. Additive Manufacturing Overview
2. Additive Manufacturing Technology and Materials
4. CLIP
3. 3D Printing for Glass
3. Laser market

UV market
http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2013/03/uv-led-market-43percent-cagr.html
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
MarketsizeinMillionUS$
87%
13%
UV lamp market
UV LED market
65%
35%
UV lamp market
UV LED market
• The total UV market is growing with a CAGR (2012-2017) of 34%. While the traditional UV lamp market is
growing by a CAGR of 10%, the UV LED market is booming with a CAGR of 43%
• Especially, the market growth of UV LED is likely based on improvements in quality and/or decreasing costs
• This technology improvement or cost reduction will significantly impact Additive Manufacturing

Teflon AF 2400
• Highly oxygen permeable
• 990 barrers
• Great optical properties
• Lowest index of refraction of any
polymer
• UV transparent
• Chemical inertness and good
mechanical properties
• Very expensive
• 100 $ / g
Dynamics Behind the Speed: Oxygen Permeable
Membrane
http://www.google.com/patents/US7914852
 Application of thin films of less expensive materials like PET
O2
http://www.soarnol.com/eng/solution/solution040507.html
EVOH

Dynamics Behind the Speed: UV-LED based DLP
Projector
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
AveragePrice($) Year
Average Price for LED Lightsource, Global, 2012-
2019
Average
Price ($)
Source: Frost & Sullivan
http://www.radtech.org/uvledbook/RadTech_eBook1_UVLED.pdf
Jeff Funk: Source: Clark Ngyuen, August and September 2011 Berkeley lectures
TI’s DLP9000
- > 4 M micromirrors
- 2560x1600 pixels
High speed, power and
resolution
http://eecatalog.com/sensors/2014/10/02/integrated-mems-is-powering-the-
internet-of-moving-things/

DLP System For 3D-Printing
http://www.ti.com/lit/sg/dlpt019c/dlpt019c.pdf

Speed Enabling Point-of-Need Manufacturing
25 to 100 x Faster Than Traditional SLA Techniques
DentistryPersonalized Medicine
http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/07/carbon-3d-provides-more-information-on.html(Carbon 3D)

•Layerless process provides large
potential
•Feature sizes from 10 microns to
1000 microns with complex
geometries
•New sort of sensor technologies
• Lab on a chip
• MEMS
•New drug delivery systems
Reductions in Scale: Microfabrication
http://www.chromatographytechniques.com/articles/2011/12/microfluidics-evolution http://www.che.ncsu.edu/display/pages/desimone-clip.pdf
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2008/January/16010801.asp

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