7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Dealing with numbers and anything that is measurable in a
systematic way of investigation of phenomena and their
relationships For example, when a researcher is interested to
investigate the „effectiveness of expert system for managing
e-commerce application in open source environment’’, the
researcher will formulate the research question such as, „How
effective is the expert system in comparison to case-based
reasoning for e-commerce module development. The
researcher finds 10 software developers using e-commerce
module with expert system in open source environment and
10 software developers using case-based reasoning e-
commerce module in proprietary programming language
environment. The researcher will administer the results and
compute them using statistical approach and then summaries’
it. Here, we can say the researcher used the quantitative
method for the work mentioned.
11. TYPES OF DIRECT OBSERVATION
(Springer Science+Business Media New York 2009)
1. Overt – means that the
subjects/individuals in the
environment do not know the
purpose.
2. Covert – means that they are not
aware of the ongoing observation.
13. SURVEY
Normally, the type of survey method
used depends on the scope of the research
work. If the research needs a pool of
opinions and practices, a cross-sectional
survey would be appropriate. On the other
hand, if a researcher specifies the objective
as to compare differences in opinion and
practices over time, a longitudinal survey
would be the ideal.
14. TWO TYPES OF SURVEY
1. Cross-sectional survey, a researcher collects
information from a sample drawn from a population. It
involves collecting data at one point of time. The
period of data collection can vary and it depends on the
study weightage. For example: You administer a
questionnaire on broadband usage among 500
university students for information dissemination using
research network. The university students may comprise
20-23 year old students. The students could be males
and females from different course backgrounds in a
particular university. In this case, the data you obtain is
derived from a cross-section of the population at one
point of time.
15. TWO TYPES OF SURVEY
2. Longitudinal surveys, data
collection is done at different
points of time to observe the
changes. Two common types of
longitudinal surveys are Cohort
Studies and Panel Studies.
17. TWO COMMON TYPES
OF LONGITUDINAL
1.Cohort Studies
In Cohort Studies, a researcher specifies population (e.g. IT
subordinates in an organization dealing with security audit and
penetration tests) and lists the names of all members of this
population. At each data collection point, a researcher will select
a sample of respondents from the population of IT subordinates
doing security audit and penetration testing and administer a
questionnaire. This is then REPEATED AT ANOTHER POINT
OF TIME. Although the population remains the same, different
respondents are sampled each time. The researchers aim here
is to see if there are changes in perceptions or trends that occur
in the study.
2. Panel Studies
In Panel Studies, a researcher can identify a sample from the
beginning and follow the respondents over a specified period of
time to OBSERVE CHANGES in specific respondents
18. VALIDATION OF THE
INSTRUMENT USED
A reliable test or instrument should be able to reliably
differentiate people’s responses from one another based
on their score. Reliability and validity are the hallmarks of
good measurement procedure.
1. RELIABILITY is when a test or survey measures the
same thing more than once and the result in the same
outcome.
2. VALIDITY refers to the extent to which the instrument
measures what is intended to measure. Content validity
can be established through the opinions of expert in the
area of knowledge related to the inquiry. Validity also
means to establishing trustworthiness of results from a
test or an assessment tool.
25. NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING STRATEGIES
1. Convenience Sampling
It is just what it says. A basketball coach gives each team
member a questioner. The team is a captive one, and it is very
convenient way to generate a sample. When the members of the
population are convenient to sample. Convenient and
inexpensive. The degree of generalizability is questionable.
2. Quota Sampling
It select people with the characteristics that you want but does not
randomly select from the population a subset of all such children.
When the strata are present and stratified sampling is not
possible. Insure some degree of representativeness of all the
strata in the population. The degree of generalizability is
questionable.
26. NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING STRATEGIES
2. Sample and Sampling Error
A sample should be big enough to answer the research
questions, but not so big that the process of sampling
becomes uneconomical and inefficient. The basic rule for a
sample to be economical and efficient is to assure that it is
closer to the population with the sampling error of not higher
than the advised 0.05. A sampling error is the difference
between the characteristics of the population from which the
sample was selected.
27. Paper & pencil
Focus: Interpretation and analysis of data,
Sampling techniques,
1. How many like math
a) 14 b) 7 c) 12 d) 9
2. How many like math only
a) 2 b) 7 c) 14 d) 9
3. How many likes Science and Math
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 9
4. How many likes all 3 subjects
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 9
5. How many do not like any of the 3 subjects
a) 5 b) 4 c) 3 d) 9
6. How many students are there
a) 16 b) 9 c) 44 d) 48
7. If there are 3000 students of senior high
school in Kalian NHS for the school year 2018 -
2019, and if there are 2,300 female students, the
odds of selecting one senior as part of the
sample is:
a) 1. 30 b) 1.25 c) 1.50 d) 1.3
8. Question number seven is an example of:
a) Probability sampling b) Non-probability sampling
c) Purposive sampling d) a & c
28. 9. Suppose 0.1 percent of Filipinos have COVID-19. A COVID 19 test is available but it is not
completely accurate. If a person has COVID -19, the test will indicate it with probability 0.999. If the a
person does not have COVID -19, the test will erroneously indicate that person with probability 0.002.
For a randomly selected person, What is the probability that this person actually has COVID 19?
a) 0.002 b) 1 c) 1 d) 2___
0.999 1000 3 3
Paper & pencil
10. IT subordinates in an organization dealing with security audit and penetration tests and lists the names of all
members of this population. At each data collection point, a researcher will select a sample of respondents from
the population of IT subordinates doing security audit and penetration testing and administer a questionnaire. The
researchers aim here is to see if there are changes in perceptions or trends that occur in the study. This is __ of
study.
a) Cohort study b) Panel study c) Longitudinal survey d) Cross sectional survey
11. You administer a questionnaire on broadband usage among 500 university students for information
dissemination using research network. The university students may comprise 20-23 year old students. The
students could be males and females from different course backgrounds in a particular university. In this case,
the data you obtain is derived from a _____ of the population at one point of time.
a) Cohort study b) Panel study c) Longitudinal survey d) Cross sectional survey
12. Refers to the extent to which the instrument measures what is intended to measure.
a) validity b) reability c) judge the data d) gathered the data
13. Survey is used when:
a) other measures do not produce statistical significance
b) the study must be repeatable
c) it is important to use procedures having cross-cultural application
d) it is necessary to discover the distribution and interprelations of certain variables among large numbers of
people.
29. Paper & pencil
14. In most instances of participant observation, the researchers:
a) hide their true identity b) do not hide their true identity
c) pay tier informants for information d) act as therapies to the subject
15 Mark wants to know how important are the rituals for dead person among Ifugaos especially. In
this instance, Mark has to employ this data gathering
a) interview b) life story c) observation d) participants observation
33. References:
1. Emejidio C. Gepila Jr at.al, (2017), Research in Daily life, Practical
research 2, Jenher publishing house.
2. Marrichelle G. Dones, (2011), Research, Technical & Business
Communication, Mindshapes Co.,Inc
3. McDougal, Little, Building English Skils, Teacher’s Edition, Orange Level.
4. Bermudo et.al., (2010), Research writing made simple; Mindshapeers co.,
inc.
34. Answer Key
1. A 9. A
2. A 10. A
3. D 11. D
4. B 12. B
5. D 13. D
6. C 14. B
7. A 15. D
8. A
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