Resilience of Urban Communities in a Changing Climate and Environment-Focus on Water-Related Issues in Central Vietnam

1. Resilience of Urban Communities in a Changing Climate and Environment- Focus on Water-Related Issues in Central Vietnam Bam HN Razafindrabe , Rajib Shaw, Makoto Arima Global COE Fellow Yokohama National University [email_address]

6. Metabolic Flow Governance Networks & Services Built Environment Social Dynamics URBAN RESILIENCE Income Employment Finance & Saving Budget & Subsidy Health Education Awareness Social Capital Social values in disaster time Housing & land use Electricity Water Sanitation, Solid waste disposal Road condition & accessibility Internal institutions and development plan, Effectiveness of internal institutions, External institution and network, and Institutional collaboration and coordination (modified from CSIRO et al, 2007) Type and Extent of Impacts Risk Perception Coping Mechanism and Preventive Strategies Methodology-Conceptual Framework

7. Some facts…

8. Some facts…

9. Some facts… Polluted by waste water and solid wastes Polluted by eutrophication Photo: Prof Quang

10. Other facts…

11. Study Site: Danang City, Vietnam Districts Ngu Hanh Son Cam Le Ward My An Hoa Quy Hoa Tho Dong Hoa Xuan Characteristics Purely urban Semi-urban Purely urban Semi-urban Coastal Coastal Inland Inland

12. Specific Resilience dimensions Overall, wards belonging to Cam Le District (Hoa Xuan & Hoa Tho Dong) had higher scores (=resilience) in Social dynamics compared to Ngu Hanh Son District -In general, households were less affected by water and vector borne disease & primary health care services were available when disasters occurred -Households were not much aware or were not able to fully access to Danang City’s information and awareness programs -Wards from Ngu Hanh Son District showed less participation to community activities and less preparedness and less mutual help during disaster times Social Dynamics

14. Specific Resilience dimensions Metabolic Flows Employment status of wards in Cam Le district : 77% ; Ngu Hanh Son: 93% of surveyed households (HH) HH with short-term to mid-term working contracts of wards in Cam Le district : 83% ; Ngu Hanh Son: 16% More sources of income and better income extent in H. Xuan and H. Tho Dong wards More available and accessible subsidies/incentives during or after disasters in H. Xuan and H. Tho Dong wards

15. Overall specific resilience dimensions in each ward a. social dynamics resilience; b. built environment resilience and c. metabolism flows resilience a. Lower scores for Hoa Quy & My An b. Slightly low scores for HQ & MA c. Slightly high scores for HQ & MA (results obtained by using WMI method)

16. Specific Resilience dimensions City governance : Danang city is changing gradually for its accountability and transparency elements - the City is one of the most competitive provinces in Vietnam (second rank over 64 provinces) according to two recent surveys on Vietnam Provincial Competitiveness Index 2005 and 2006, VietInsight (2007) Governance & Networks According to the city officials : -Poor effectiveness was found in the following aspects relating to internal institutions: role of formal and informal institutions, city regulations, social norms, trained emergency workers, logistics, capacity of public institutions and effectiveness of disaster management plan -Poor network with neighboring cities for emergency management BUT more collab. With central government and external institutions Photo: Red Cross, VN 2009

17. Metabolic Flow Governance Networks & Services Built Environment Social Dynamics URBAN RESILIENCE Income Employment Finance & Saving Budget & Subsidy Health Education Awareness Social Capital Social values in disaster time Housing & land use Electricity Water Sanitation, Solid waste disposal Road condition & accessibility Internal institutions and development plan, Effectiveness of internal institutions, External institution and network, and Institutional collaboration and coordination (modified from CSIRO et al, 2007) Type and Extent of Impacts Risk Perception Coping Mechanism and Preventive Strategies Methodology-Conceptual Framework

18. Type and Extent of Impacts Economic Impacts BUT, still with lower degree of indebtedness : This can be explained by other livelihood alternatives or the intervention of relatives and friends (if they are not affected) This fact also reflects the existence of a certain preparedness level of local households to face flood seasons (lessons learned) A significant negative correlation was found between number of sources of income and the extent of income change during or after a flood disaster (N= 144, p=0.193 at 0.05 level). This contradictory result signifies that although a household manages to diversify their source of income, these new alternatives are also vulnerable to flood impacts as is normally the case of those HH having only one or two sources of income Social Impacts Environmental Impacts

19. Livelihood Recovery- Risk Perception Livelihood recovery after recent major flood events NOT affected by Level of education of HH head , nor by economic status BUT by household size Bigger household size significantly recovered faster than smaller ones after the 1999 flood (F= 54.450, p<0.001 ) Level of protection provided by their current houses : 62% of households from Cam Le district think their house cannot protect at all or they need major reinforcement

20. Coping Strategies Examples of coping strategies; proportion of households borrowing money from relatives (a.) and others opting for sending their children to work for households’ additional income (b.) a. b. Strategies to face future disasters such as heightening floor-beds, reinforcing roofs, building two-storied or stronger house, making temporary lofts, buy small boats for transportation during flood times, sell animals or other goods before disaster season or diversify the sources of income

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25. Type and Extent of Impacts Environmental Impacts Social Impacts Length of school absence for children after a flood event Spread of household solid waste after flood event Ward No change after flood Cohesion got stronger at first, then became normal after some time Cohesion got stronger, people tended to help each other Hoa Quy 94.44 0.00 5.56 My An 97.22 0.00 2.78 Hoa Xuan 13.89 8.33 77.78 Hoa Tho Dong 8.33 11.11 80.56

26. Results of FGD in Cam Le District Major problem (decreasing importance) Cause Impacts Solutions Polluted water - Waste from small production factories such as carpentry, plastic making, brick, tail, metallurgy, etc. are affecting the environment - Vestige of American/Vietnamese War in terms of Agent Orange -Development of population had led to pressure on environment -Lack of sanitation/latrines -Cemetery is located nearby settlement places - Local people’s perception on environmental protection is limited - Impacts on community’s health as follows: Cancer, Pulmonary tuberculosis, malformation by Agent Orange, Diarrhea, Dengue, Cholera, Gynecological disease, sore eyes, dermatological disease, -Impacts on economy: Influence to agricultural crops, influence to aquaculture - Supply clean water -Improve perception for local people to protect environment -Need to study on water-related issues and community’s life -Improve community health care system -Plan and build sanitation system in community -Build sewage disposal system Establish community regulation for environment protection Lack of water supply (domestic use) -The fee for water connection was higher than income sources -Underground water is polluted, not to be used -Difficulties to access clean water for poor people -Flood affected drinking-water sources -Lack of running water system in residential places -Abundance of chemicals in water sources -Hard living conditions of residents -Conflicts between residents and water supply company in terms of water sources -Inhibition of small business development in the ward and household economy -Water-borne disease highly increasing -Necessity of external supports -Payment by installment for water connection Submersion phenomena during flooding season -Climate change: heavy rain in rainy season; drought in dry season -Poor sanitation system -Poor infrastructure -Increase of new constructions -Inequity in development plans (not uniform) -Mining exploitation by private companies -Pollution of water quality -Destruction of home garden and other crops

27. Mining map of Danang ) City (ICMD, 2004)