4. • Diagnostic ultrasonography
is the only clinical imaging
technology currently in use
that does not depend on
electromagnetic radiation.
5. Ultrasound Transducer
• Acts as both speaker & microphone
Emits very short sound pulse
Listens a very long time for returning echoes
• Can only do one at a time
Speaker
Microphone
transmits sound pulses
receives echoes
6. High Frequency
• High frequency (5-10 MHz)
greater resolution
less penetration
• Shallow structures
vascular, abscess, t/v gyn,
testicular
7. Low Frequency
• Low frequency (2-3.5 MHz)
greater penetration
less resolution
• Deep structures
Aorta, t/a gyn, card, gb, renal
21. Normal lung surface
Left panel: Pleural line and A line (real-time).
The pleural line is located 0.5 cm below the rib line in the adult.
Its visible length between two ribs in the longitudinal scan is
approximately 2 cm. The upper rib, pleural line, and lower rib (vertical
arrows) outline a characteristic pattern called the bat sign.
36. The key sonographic signs of
Pneumothorax
Absent lung sliding
Exaggerated horizontal artifacts
Loss of comet-tail artifacts
Broadening of the pleural line to a band
Lung point
Loss of lung impulse
48. Schematic representation of the parenchymal, pleural and vascular
features associated with pulmonary embolism.(Angelika Reissig, Claus
Kroegel. Respiration 2003;70:441-452 )
49.
50. Duplex Doppler sonogram of a 5 x 3 cm hypoechoic mass
(adenocarcinoma) in upper lobe of left lung shows blood flow
at margin of tumor near pleura. Spectral waveform reveals
arteriovenous shunting: low-impedance flow with high
systolic and diastolic velocities. Pulsatility index = 0.90,
resistive index = 0.51, peak systolic velocity = 0.47 m/sec, end
diastolic velocity =0.23 m/sec, peak frequency shift = 3.8 kHz,
51. Duplex Doppler sonogram in 67-year-old man with pulmonary
tuberculosis in lower lobe of left lung shows several blue and
red flow signals in massiike lesion. Spectral waveform reveals
high-impedance flow. Pulsetility index = 4.20, resistive index =
0.93, peak systolic velocity = 0.45 m/sec, end diastolic
velocity = 0.03 m/sec, Doppler angle = 21#{
57. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography
of pneumonia
A: Baseline scan shows
a
hypoechoic
consolidated area
B: Seven seconds after
iv bolus of contrast
agent, the lesion shows
marked
and
homogeneous
enhancement
C: The lesion remains
substantially unmodified
after 90 s.
58. Lung abscess at CEUS
.A: An anechoic oval
lesion is surrounded
by an echodense
capsule;
B: After iv bolus of
contrast agent, the
lesion shows no
contrast agent uptake,
whereas the capsule is
strongly enhanced
60. Bronchial carcinoma infiltrating the pleural wall.
A: Posterior intercostal scan shows a
hypoechoic lesion accompanied by rib
destruction (arrows);
B: Twenty-four seconds after iv bolus of contrast agent, the lesion
appears inhomogeneously enhanced; the disrupted rib appears
more echogenic than the tumor (arrowheads), as a consequence of
the incomplete tissue suppression due to the strong echogenicity
of bone tissue.
61. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of bronchial
carcinoma
A: Baseline scan shows a hypoechoic
lesion with irregular borders
Ten seconds after iv bolus of
contrast agent, the pulmonary
parenchyma near the lesion is
already enhanced (arrows),
whereas the lesions is still
unenhanced
B: Twenty seconds later, the lesion
shows delayed inhomogeneous
enhancement, which indicates a
preferential bronchial arterial supply