1. Production Technology of
Papaya
Prepared by
Gaurav Kumar Dewangan
Submitted to
Dr. Vikas Ramteke Sir
Scientist (Hort.)

2. • Scientific Name : Carica papaya L.
• Common Names : Papaya, Papaw or Pawpaw, Betik
• Family : Caricaceae
• Origin : Southern Mexico & Central America

3. CO.8
CO.3
CO.2

4. Pusa Giant
Arka Prabhat Arka Surya

5. RCTP-1
Pusa Dwarf Pusa Majesty

6. Red Lady
Coorg Honey Dew GJP-1

7. • Area : 1.38 lakhs ha
• Production : 59.89 lakhs MT
• Productivity : 44.3 MT/Ha
• Highest Area (State) : Gujarat
• Highest Production (State) : Andhra Pradesh
• Chhattisgarh is 4th in area and 6th in production

8. • Chromosome number : 2x = 2n = 18
• Fruit type : Berry
• Inflorescence type : Raceme
• Edible part : Mesocarp
• Other features:
– The ripe fruits are used for desert purpose, preparation of jam,
jelly, ice-cream, chewing gum, fruit salad etc.
– The seeds also have medicinal properties.
– Used for the treatment of ulcer & diptheria.
– Used in brewing industry as a clarifying agent for beer.

9. Climate Requirement
• Papaya requires tropical and mild sub-tropical climate, very
sensitive to frost.
• Optimum temperature is 25-30°C and minimum 16°C.
• The suitable pH value is 6 and 6.5.
• Papaya being a tropical fruit grows well in the mild sub-tropical
regions of the country upto 1,000 m.
• Dry climate at the time of ripening is good for the fruit quality.
• Papaya does not like strong, cool, hot, dry or salty wind.
• It is better to grow in sheltered but full sunshine place.
• Staking and/or windbreak can decrease the damage to plants
under strong wind.

10. Soil Requirement
• The well-drained or sandy loam soil with adequate organic
matter is the most important for the papaya cultivation.
• Sticky and calcareous soils are not good as rain water may
accumulate in the soil even only for a few hours. In this case,
higher raised bed and drainage ditch are recommended.
• Deep, well drained sandy loam soil is the ideal for cultivation of
papaya.
• The growing field should be and kept at a suitable moisture
which is necessary for the growth of papaya plants.
• Continuous cropping in the same field may result to poor growth
and cause disease problem of papaya trees.

11. Varieties/ Cultivars
S. No. Name of variety Description
1. CO.1 It is developed by sib mating Ranchi type over
a period of eight years. They are dwarf in
stature.
2. CO.2 It is selection purified from local type at ACRI,
Coimbatore. Suitable type for extraction of
“papain”.
3. CO.3 TNAU released variety. Red fleshed fruit only
for dessert purpose.
4. CO.4 It is the hybrid derivative of cross between
CO.1 and Washington.
5. CO.5 It is a selection from Washington type. It is
suitable exclusively for papain production.
6. CO.6 It is a selection from giant papaya. The plants
are dwarf but fruits are medium sized.

12. Varieties/ Cultivars
S. No. Name of variety Description
7. CO.7 This is developed through multiple crosses and
purified for over 4 years.
8. CO.8 Derived through improvement of CO.2. Red
pulped, suitable for dessert, papain &
processing.
9. Pusa Dwarf Very suitable for high-density planting.
10. Pusa Giant Vigorous and tolerant to strong wind. Suitable
for “canning” industry.
11. Pusa Majesty Tolerant to viral diseases and root knot
nematodes. Suitable for “papain” production.
12. Pusa Delicious It is grown as a table purpose variety. This is a
gynodioecious line with medium-tall plants.

13. Varieties/ Cultivars
S. No. Name of variety Description
13. Pusa Nanha It is dioecious and dwarf mutant variety. Plant
height is 100-110 cm, suitable for kitchen
gardening, pot planting.
14. Arka Prabhat Developed from IIHR, Bangalore with a cross
of Surya x Tainung-1 x Local Dwarf.
15. Arka Surya Offspring of Sunrise Solo x Pink Flesh Sweet
from ICAR-IIHR, Bengaluru.
16. IIHR39 & IIHR54 Developed at IIHR, Bangalore. Medium sized
sweet fruit and better shelf life.
17. Taiwan It is gynodioecious variety, blood red flesh and
good taste. Fruit is medium to large.
18. Washington It is a table purpose variety. When ripe skin
attaches a bright yellow colour.

14. Varieties/ Cultivars
S. No. Name of variety Description
19. Sunrise Solo It is famous for pink flesh and also
gynodioecious variety. It is pink fleshed
bisexual inbreed.
20. GJP-1 More no. of fruit per tree. Less number of seed
per fruit. Released in 2017.
21. Coorg Honey Dew Popularly known as ‘Madhubindu’ and is
cultivated for table as well as processing
purposes.
22. Red Lady High-yielding & the most favored variety for
large-scale commercial production.

15. Propagation
• Papaya plants are typically propagated by seed.
• However, clonal propagation may be needed to maintain or increase
individual selections with particularly desirable characteristics.
• In present study, a method using larger cuttings was developed that
avoided the need for bottom heat and reduced the period from
transplanting to flowering to 1 or 2 months.
• The cultivar ‘Honey Gold’ is grown entirely from cuttings.
• Storage of papaya seeds at 10°C was found to be the best for retention
seed viability.

16. Planting and Spacing
• The seed rate is 250-300 g/ha. The seedlings can be raised in
nursery beds 3m long, 1m wide and 10cm high as well as in pots
or polythene bags.
• Papaya is planted during spring (Feb-March), monsoon (June-
July) and autumn (Oct-Nov).
• A spacing of 1.8m x 1.8m is followed. However higher density
cultivation with spacing of 1.5m x 1.5m./ha enhances the returns
to the farmer.
• A closer spacing of 1.2m x 1.2m for cv. ‘Pusha Nanda’ is adopted
for higher density planting.
• The seedlings are planted in pits of 60 x 60 x 60 cm. size. In the
summer the pits are dug about a fortnight before planting.

17. Nutrient Management
• The pits are filled with top soil along with 20kg. of FYM, 1 kg
neem cake and 1kg bone meal.
• Apart from the basal dose of manures (@ 10kg./plant) applied in
the pits, 200-250 g. each of N, P2O5 and K2O are recommended.
Application of 200 g. N is optimum for fruit yield but papain
yield increases with increase in N upto 300 g.
• Apply 20g. in each of Azospirillum and Phosphobacterium at
planting again six months after planting.
• Micronutrients viz. ZnSO4 (0.5%) and H2BO3 (0.1%) are
sprayed in order to increase growth and yield characters.

18. Irrigation & Fertigation
• The irrigation schedule is fixed on the basis of soil type and
weather condition of the region.
• Irrigate copiously after planting. Irrigate the field once in a week.
Protective irrigation is provided in the 1st year of planting.
• During the 2nd year, irrigation is provided at fortnightly interval in
winter and at an interval of 10 days in summer.
• In areas having low rainfall, sprinkler or drip irrigation can be
adopted.
• Apply 10 litres of water per day + 13.5g urea and 10.5g muriate of
potash/week through drip irrigation and soil application of super
phosphate 300g per plant at bimonthly interval starting from 3-4
months after planting immediately after thinning of plants is
recommended.

19. Training and Pruning
• Well, training is one of the cultural activities should be carried
out in the plantation of the papaya crop.
• As papaya trees are easy to break, they need good support until
they are well established. Use any standard poles/sticks/support
and it is better to grow windbreaker trees at the border.
• Cut of any shoots sprouting from the base of the papaya. If the
papaya tree is several years old and fruit production is slowing,
allow one shoot to grow after the harvest, usually in September.
• In the spring, remove the main stem and stake the shoot,
encouraging it to become a new, fruiting stem.

20. Intercultural Operations
• Deep hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed
growth.
• Weeding should be done on regular basis especially around the
plants.
• Application of Fluchloralin or Alachlorin or Butachlorin (2.0
g./ha.) as pre-emergence herbicide two months after transplanting
can effectively control the weeds for a period of four months.
• Earthing up is done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid
water-logging and also to help the plants to stand erect.

21. Papain Extraction
• The immature papaya fruit contains a milky latex-containing
papain. It has several uses in the industry viz., food processing,
tanning and textile industry.
• In India CO.2 and CO.6 varieties of papaya are recommended for
papain production.
• Considering the export potential of papain large areas are being
brought under cultivation of papaya for papain production.
• For the purpose of papain tapping, partially mature fruits about 90-
100 days old is selected.

22. Papain Extraction
• Incision is made with bamboo splinters or ivory knives about 0.3
cm deep on four sides of fruit from stalk end to tip early in the
morning before 9.00 a.m.
• Latex is collected in glass vessels or aluminium trays. Similar
incision is repeated on untapped surface of the same fruit three
times at 3-4 days interval.
• Potassium Metabisulphite @0.05% is added to the liquid latex to
extend the storage life of the papain. The liquid latex is then dried
in sun or spray-dried at a temperature of 50-55°C.
• Powder is prepared from dry flakes and sieved in a 10 mesh sieve.
The papain in the powdered form is stored in polythene bags or in
airtight glass containers and stored for six months at 9°C.

23. Papain Extraction

24. Harvesting and Yield
• Fruits are harvested when they are of full size, light green in
colour with tinge of yellow at apical end. On ripening, fruits of
certain varieties turn yellow while some of them remain green.
• When the latex ceases to be milky and become watery, the fruits
are suitable to harvest.
• The economic life of papaya is only 3 to 4 years. The yield varies
widely acc. to variety, soil, climate and management of orchard.
• The yield of 75-100 tonnes/ha. is obtained in a season from a
papaya orchard depending on spacing and cultural practices.

25. Major Diseases
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides):-
• Brownish superficial discolouration on skin of the fruit, which
develops circular, slightly sunken areas.
• Lesions gradually coalesce and sparse mycelia growth appears on
the margin of the spots.
• Finally results in mummification and deformation.
Management:-
• Spaying with Copper Oxychloride (3 g/litre of water) or
Carbendazim (1 g/litre of water) or Thiophanate Methyl (1 g/litre
of water) at 15 days interval effectively controls the disease.
• Fruits for exports should be subjected to hot water treatment or a
fungicidal wax treatment.

26. Major Diseases
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides):-

27. Major Diseases
Fruit Rot (Pythium aphanidermatum) :-
• In India, the disease appears during the rainy season. It is
characterized by appearance of water soaked patches on the stem
near ground level.
• These patches enlarge rapidly and girdle the stem, causing rotting
of the tissues, which then turn dark brown or black.
• It is more common in trees of age 2-3 years.
Management :-
• Seed treatment with Thiram or Captan 4g/kg or Chlorothalonil.
• Drenching with Copper oxychloride 0.25% or Bordeaux mixture
1% or Metalaxyl 0.1%.

28. Major Diseases
Leaf Curl Disease (Papaya leaf curl virus) :-
• Curling, crinkling and distortion of leaves, reduction of leaf
lamina, rolling of leaf margins and thickening of veins.
• Leaves become leathery, brittle and distorted. Plants stunted.
• Affected plants does not produce flowers and fruits.
Management:-
• Vector control with Monochrotophos @0.05% or Dimethoate
@0.2% or Metasystox @0.1%.
• Avoid growing tomato, tobacco near papaya. Spraying with
systemic insecticides to control.

29. Major Diseases
Leaf Curl Disease (Papaya leaf curl virus) :-

30. Major Pest
White fly: Bemisia tabaci
Symptoms of damage:-
• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
undersurface of the leaves.
• Yellowing of leaves.
Management:-
• Installation of yellow sticky traps.
• Spray application of imidacloprid
200SL at 0.01% or triazophos 40EC at
0.06% during heavy infestation.
• Release of predators like Coccinellid
predator, Cryptolaemus monotrouzieri.

31. Major Pest
Green peach aphid: Myzus persicae
Symptoms of damage:-
• Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
leaves, petioles and fruits
• Leaf curling and falling
• Premature fruit drop
Management:-
• Remove and destroy damaged plant parts
• Spray dimethoate 0.03% or methyl demeton
0.025%
• Release of parasitoid like Aphelinus mali
and predator like Coccinella
septumpunctata

32. Major Disorders
Malformed Fruits:
Causes:-
• This is due to boron deficiency.
• Boron deficiency is one of the
serious disorders limiting yield in
papaya. It results in malformed
fruits.
Remedies:-
• Spraying boric acid 0.1% at 3
months interval from sixth month
after planting onwards correct the
deficiency.

33. Major Disorders
Skin freckles:
Causes:-
• Freckle-like blemishes occurred on
ripe papaya fruits.
• Young fruits (less than 40 days old)
were free from freckle.
• More freckles were seen on the
exposed side of the fruit away from
the stem.
Remedies:-
• Wrapping young fruits in white paper
bags significantly reduced freckle
incidence.

34. THANK YOU