1.
Introduction
Clustering Financial Time Series:
How Long is Enough?
25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence
IJCAI-16
S. Andler, G. Marti, F. Nielsen, P. Donnat
July 14, 2016
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

2.
Introduction
Clustering of Financial Time Series
Goal: Build Risk & Trading AI agents. . .
source: www.datagrapple.com
. . . which can strive with this kind of data.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

3.
Introduction
Clustering of Financial Time Series
Stylized fact I: Financial time series correlations have a strong
hierarchical block diagonal structure (Econophysics [4])
Stylized fact II: Most correlations are spurious (RMT [2])
Motivation for clustering financial time series using correlation as a
similarity measure:
dimensionality reduction ≡ filtering noisy correlations
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

4.
Introduction
Challenge for the statistical practitioner
The dilemma:
the longer the time interval, the more precise the correlation
estimates, but also
the longer the time interval, the more unrealistic the
stationarity hypothesis for these time series.
Question: How does the clustering behave with statistical errors
of the correlation estimates?
How long is enough? 30 days? 120 days? 10 years?
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

5.
Introduction
A first theoretical approach - simplified setting
We consider the following framework:
financial time series ≡ random walks
they follow a joint elliptical distribution (e.g. Gaussian,
Student) parameterized by a correlation matrix
the correlation matrix has a hierarchical block structure:
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

6.
Introduction
Simulations in the simplified setting
Some influential parameters:
clustering algorithm
number of observations T
number of variables N relative to T
contrast between the correlations, and their values
correlation estimator (e.g. Pearson, Spearman)
100 200 300 400 500
Sample size
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Score
Empirical rates of convergence for Single Linkage
Gaussian - Pearson
Gaussian - Spearman
Student - Pearson
Student - Spearman
100 200 300 400 500
Sample size
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Score
Empirical rates of convergence for Average Linkage
Gaussian - Pearson
Gaussian - Spearman
Student - Pearson
Student - Spearman
100 200 300 400 500
Sample size
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Score
Empirical rates of convergence for Ward
Gaussian - Pearson
Gaussian - Spearman
Student - Pearson
Student - Spearman
Ratio of the number of correct clustering obtained over the
number of trials as a function of T
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

7.
Introduction
A consistency proof & first convergence bounds
A 2-step proof. First step:
We consider Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering algorithms
Space contracting vs. Space conserving vs. Space dilating [1]
D(t+1)
C
(t)
i
∪ C
(t)
j
, C
(t)
k
≤ min D
(t)
ik
, D
(t)
jk
D(t+1)
C
(t)
i
∪ C
(t)
j
, C
(t)
k
∈
min D
(t)
ik
, D
(t)
jk
, max D
(t)
ik
, D
(t)
jk
D(t+1)
C
(t)
i
∪ C
(t)
j
, C
(t)
k
≥ max D
(t)
ik
, D
(t)
jk
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

8.
Introduction
A consistency proof & first convergence bounds
A 2-step proof. First step:
Which geometrical configurations lead to the true clustering?
For space-conserving algorithms (e.g. Single, Complete, Average
Linkage), a sufficient separability condition reads
max Dintra := max
1≤i,j≤N
C(i)=C(j)
d(Xi , Xj ) < min
1≤i,j≤N
C(i)=C(j)
d(Xi , Xj ) =: min Dinter
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

9.
Introduction
A consistency proof & first convergence bounds
A 2-step proof. Second step:
How long does it take for the estimates of the correlation
coefficients to be precise enough to be with high probability in
a good configuration for the clustering algorithm?
Answer: Concentration inequalities for correlation coefficients.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

10.
Introduction
Convergence bounds
Combining both steps, we get the following convergence rate:
Convergence rate
The probability of the clustering algorithm making an error is
O
log N
T
.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

11.
Introduction
Proof. Step 1 - A bit more details
By induction.
Let’s assume the separability condition is satisfied at step t,
then
min D
(t)
intra ≤ max D
(t)
intra < min D
(t)
inter ≤ max D
(t)
inter
From the space-conserving property, we get:
D
(t+1)
intra ∈ min D
(t)
intra, max D
(t)
intra and D
(t+1)
inter ∈ min D
(t)
inter, max D
(t)
inter .
Therefore:
separability condition is satisfied at t+1,
the clustering algorithm has not linked points from two
different clusters between step t and step t + 1.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

12.
Introduction
Proof. Step 2 - A bit more details
Maximum statistical error
For space conserving algorithm the separability condition is met if
ˆΣ − Σ ∞ <
minρi ,ρj
|ρi − ρj |
2
,
where C(i) = C(j).
This means that the statistical error has to be below the minimum
correlation ‘contrast’ between the clusters.
Weaker the ‘contrast’, more precise the correlation estimates have to be.
N.B. From Cram´er–Rao lower bound, we get for Pearson correlation
estimator:
var(ˆρ) ≥
(1 − ρ2
)2
1 + ρ2
.
When correlation is high, it is easier to estimate.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

13.
Introduction
Correlation estimates concentration bounds
number of variables N, observations T, minimum separation d
Concentration bounds [3]
If Σ and ˆΣ are the population and empirical Spearman correlation
matrices respectively, then for N ≥ 24
log T + 2, we have with
probability at least 1 − 1
T2 ,
ˆΣ − Σ ∞ ≤ 24
log N
T
.
P(“correct clustering”) ≥ 1 − 2N2
e−Td2/24
Not sharp enough! (for reasonable values of N, T, d)
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

14.
Introduction
Future developments
Bounds are not sharp enough. We can try to refine them using:
(theoretical) Intrinsic dimension of the HCBM model [5];
(empirical) A distance between dendrograms (instead of
correct/incorrect) for a finer analysis;
(empirical) A study of ‘correctness’ isoquants:
Precise convergence rates of clustering methodologies can provide
a useful model selection criterion for practitioners!
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

15.
Introduction
Zhenmin Chen and John W Van Ness.
Space-conserving agglomerative algorithms.
Journal of classification, 13(1):157–168, 1996.
Laurent Laloux, Pierre Cizeau, Marc Potters, and
Jean-Philippe Bouchaud.
Random matrix theory and financial correlations.
International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance,
3(03):391–397, 2000.
Han Liu, Fang Han, Ming Yuan, John Lafferty, Larry
Wasserman, et al.
High-dimensional semiparametric gaussian copula graphical
models.
The Annals of Statistics, 40(4):2293–2326, 2012.
Rosario N Mantegna.
Hierarchical structure in financial markets.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?

16.
Introduction
The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and
Complex Systems, 11(1):193–197, 1999.
Joel A Tropp.
An introduction to matrix concentration inequalities.
arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.01571, 2015.
Gautier Marti Clustering Financial Time Series: How Long is Enough?