The document provides an overview of Chinese history from 2100 BC to the present day. It discusses the early dynasties including the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. It then covers the imperial periods including the Qin dynasty which first unified China, and the Han dynasty which saw the first golden age. Subsequent sections summarize the periods of disunity like the Three Kingdoms period, as well as important dynasties like the Sui and Tang dynasties when China was again united and culturally prosperous. The document touches on many influential figures, political and philosophical developments, and cultural achievements over Chinese civilization.

1. Chinese History
an overview…

2. Basic facts
• Where: Eastern Asia
• When: 2100 B.C. ~ present
• What: …
o Dynasties
o Emperors
o Philosophers
o Poets
o Great cities and projects
o Massive warfare
o Traditions
o Agriculture
o Technology
o Chinese cultures
o Chinese languages
o Fusion of ethnics
o …

3. What is China?
• By geography?
• By politics?(Mainland China, HK, Macau, Taiwan)
• By culture?(Greater China, Korea, Vietnam,
Mongolia, Japan?)
• By ethnics? (Han, Mongols, Manchus, Tibetans,
Muslims, other minorities)
• By language? (Mandarin has many dialects –
Beijing, Sichuan, Northeast, Shanxi, etc; other
languages spoken by Han Chinese – Wu, Hakka,
Min, Cantonese, etc; other languages spoken by
non-Han Chinese – Tibetans, Mongols, Korean,
Russians, Kirgis, etc.)

4. Early civilizations
• Great Rivers
• Yellow River (North)
• Yangtze River (South)

5. Legends or history?
• Ancient sages
• Three emperors and five sovereigns
• The Yellow Emperor
• The Yan Emperor
• Yao, Shun, Yu the Great (hand over crowns)
• Xia dynasty

6. The Yellow Emperor
• The Yellow Emperor,
whose surname is
Xuanyuan, is widely
considered as the
common ancestor of
Chinese people.
• He defeated Chi You,
the chief of barbarians,
and unified the Yellow
River valley.

7. Yu the Great
• Yu the Great is a
legendary ancient
leader who successfully
saved communities
from a massive flood.
• He was selected to be
the national leader to
succeed the crown
from Shun.
• His son, Qi, established
the legendary Xia
dynasty.

8. Dynasty?
• A period of time ruled by the same family clan
• Cycle of dynasties
• How many?
o Major: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Jin, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing
o Many more…

9. Early dynasties
• Xia dynasty: 2070 B.C. – 1600 B.C.
• Shang dynasty: 1600 B.C. – 1046 B.C.
• Zhou dynasty:
o Western Zhou dynasty: 1046 B.C. – 771 B.C.
o Eastern Zhou dynasty:
• Spring and Autumn period: 771 B.C. – 475 B.C.
• Warring States period: 475 B.C. – 256 B.C.

10. Xia dynasty
• 2070 B.C. – 1600 B.C. (approx.)
• Also spelled as Tsia dynasty
• Established by Qi, the son of Yu the Great
• With records in ancient books
• Few archaeological evidences
• Believed to be a major civilization in Neolithic Age
of China

11. Shang dynasty

12. Shang dynasty
• 1600 B.C. – 1046 B.C.
• Also known as Yin dynasty, named after its capital
city “Yin” near modern Anyang, Henan province
• Controlled most lower Yellow River valley and the
modern North China Plain
• Bronze age of China
• First texts (inscriptions on tortoise shells)
• The founder, Tang, was considered as a brilliant
ruler.
• The last king, King Zhou, is one of well-known tyrants
in Chinese history.
• The idea of Mandate of Heaven was developed.

13. Shang dynasty

14. Zhou dynasty
Master Jiang Ziya

15. Zhou dynasty
• 1046 B.C. – 256 B.C. (also spelled as Chou dynasty)
• Longest dynasty of China
• Booming of Chinese civilization
• About 200 vassal states in the beginning
• Western Zhou vs. Eastern Zhou?
o The locations of capital city
o Zhou court shifted the capital city to the east after a severe barbarian
invasion in 771 B.C.
o Zhou, Han, Jin, Song
• Great philosophers and military strategists
• Hundred schools of thoughts
• Martial and social reforms

16. W & E Zhou dynasty
King You of Zhou and Bao Si
War flames of drama

17. W & E Zhou dynasty
Western Zhou Eastern Zhou
• Earlier (before 771 B.C.)
• Capital in Hao, near
modern Xi’an
• Kings had real authority
• Kings had control on
vassal states
• Unified and peaceful
• Later (after 771 B.C.)
• Capital in Luo, near
modern Luoyang
• Kings had no authority
• Vassal states fought
against each other
• Dissolved and chaotic

18. Eastern Zhou dynasty
Spring and Autumn Warring States
• Major vassal states
allied with smaller ones
to be more powerful
and gain more respect.
• Five Hegemons:
o Duke Huan of State Qi
o Duke Wen of State Jin
o King Zhuang of State Chu
o Duke Xiang of State Song
o King Gou Jian of State Yue
• Stronger vassal states
attacked and annexed
smaller ones to gain
more land.
• Seven strongest states:
o Qin
o Yan
o Han
o Zhao
o Chu
o Wei
o Qi

19. Zhou dynasty
Western Zhou Eastern Zhou

20. Confucius
• The greatest
philosopher in ancient
China
• Real name: Kong Qiu
• Born in the vassal state
of Lu in 551 B.C.
• The master that
established the
Confucianism school
• Viewed as a sage in
later dynasties

21. Other great philosophers
• Mencius (Meng Zi or Menci) – Confucianism
• Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) – Taoism
• Zhuang Zi – Taoism
• Mo Tse – Mohism
• Shi Zi – Eclectic
• Zou Yan – School of Yin and Yang
• Sun Tzu (Sun Zi) – Military Strategist
• Zhang Yi – Political Strategist
• Su Qin – Political Strategist
• Han Feizi – Legalism
Hundred Schools of Thoughts

22. Early Imperial China
• Qin dynasty: 221 B.C. – 206 B.C.
• Han dynasty:
o Western Han dynasty: 204 B.C. – 9 A.D.
o Xin dynasty
o Eastern Han dynasty: 25 A.D. – 220 A.D.

23. Qin dynasty

24. Qin dynasty
• 221 B.C. – 206 B.C. (also spelled as Ch’in dynasty)
• Capital city: Xianyang (near modern Xi’an)
• Qin Shi Huang being the first emperor in China
• First imperial Chinese dynasty
• Reunified China after hundreds years of war
• Standardized writing system, measurement units, size of
vehicles, currency and so on…
• Built the Great Wall, ancient highways and Canal Lingqu
• Terra Cotta Warriors
• Harsh rule, heavy taxes
• Fought against Xiongnu and southern barbarians
• Overthrown by uprisings quickly after the death of Qin
Shi Huang

25. Qin dynasty

26. Qin Shi Huang
• Shi Huang = first emperor
• Real name: Ying Zheng
• Succeeded to the throne
as the King of State Qin in
247 B.C.
• Defeated other six major
vassal states from 230 B.C.
to 221 B.C.
• Claimed to be the
emperor in 221 B.C.
• An emperor with
remarkable contributions
• Also a tyrant

27. Han dynasty

28. Han dynasty
• 204 B.C. – 220 A.D.
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an)  Luoyang
• The name of ethnic Han
• First peak of Chinese empire
• Strong in military, culture and economy
• Expanded territory (into Central Asia, Vietnam and
Korean Peninsula)
• Rivalry between Han and Xiongnu
• Interrupted by the short-lived Xin dynasty (9 – 23)

29. Han dynasty

30. Notable emperors
• Emperor Gaozu of Han (Liu Bang)
o 202 B.C. – 195 B.C.
o Originally a lower-ranked officer
o Established the dynasty and defeated Xiang Yu in a 4-year contention
• Emperor Wen of Han (Liu Heng)
o 180 B.C. – 157 B.C.
o A brilliant leader who developed the economy and enhanced people’s life
standard
• Emperor Jing of Han (Liu Qi)
o 157 B.C. – 141 B.C.
o Another brilliant leader
• Emperor Wu of Han (Liu Che)
o 141 B.C. – 87 B.C.
o Conquered lots of land
o Defeated Xiongnu for the first time
• Emperor Guangwu of Han (Liu Xiu)
o 25 A.D. – 57 A.D.
o Restored Han dynasty after the Xin dynasty

31. What else?
• Sima Qian  Shi Ji
• Who were Xiongnu?
• The open of Silk Road
• Tributary states
• Paper-making technology
• Tofu
• Agricultural development and new technologies
• Confucianism became the only official school of
thought
• Yellow Turban Uprising
• Taoism spreading

32. Xiongnu
• A powerful nomadic ethnic
from the northern steppe
• Long time rival of Qin and Han
dynasties
• Leaders are called Chanyu
• Defeated by Han dynasty, and
then moved west
• The general chronological
order of dominant nomadic
people in northern steppe:
o Xiongnu – Xianbei – Rouran – Turks (Tujue) –
Uighers (Uyghurs) – Kirgis (Kyrgyz) – Khitan –
Mongols

33. Shi Ji
• Written by Sima Qian
• A.k.a. Records of the Grand
Historian
• Covers the era from
ancient sages till Emperor
Wu of Han
• Records of kings, dukes,
emperors, notable
people, major events,
culture, geography,
policies, etc.
• First of 24 official historic
records in Chinese history

34. Era of Fragmentation
• Three Kingdoms period: 220 – 280
• Jin dynasty:
o Western Jin dynasty: 256 – 315
o Eastern Jin dynasty: 315 – 420
• Northern and Southern dynasties: 386 – 589

35. Era of Fragmentation

36. Three Kingdoms
• Wei, Han (Shu), Wu (Eastern Wu)
• Wei, founded by Cao Pi (the son of Cao Cao), occupied
most northern China
• Han, commonly known as Shu or Shu-Han, was founded
by Liu Bei, a distant relative of Han dynasty’s royal clan. It
occupied the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China.
• Wu was founded by Sun Quan and occupied the
southeastern China.
• They reached an equilibrium and none of them was
able to swallow anyone else.
• Popular classic fiction Romance of Three Kingdoms is based
on this period.

37. Three Kingdoms

38. Popular historic figures
• Lyu Bu
o One of greatest warriors in ancient China
• Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei
o The founder of Shu-Han Kingdom and his two sworn brothers
o Symbol of friendship
• Zhuge Liang (a.k.a. Kongming)
o Liu Bei’s advisor
o Symbol of smart and loyalty
• Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi
o Cao Cao is the real founder of Wei but never claimed to be an emperor
o Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are his sons, and they are all known for their poems
• Sun Quan
o Founder of Wu Kingdom
o Showed great leadership in a young age
• Zhou Yu and Lu Su
o Sun Quan’s advisors

39. Jin dynasty

40. Jin dynasty
• A forgotten major dynasty
• Western Jin  barbarian invasion  Eastern Jin
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an)  Jiankang (Nanjing)
• Lost about half territory to nomads after 317
• Corrupted government
• Noble families control the empire but they did
nothing
• Talented people from humble families had no
chance to make contributions to the empire
• Great poets, philosophers, artists and calligraphers
• Open-minded society

41. Ethnic fusion
• Minorities founded 16
smaller kingdoms in the
north and northwest
• Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di
and Qiang  the five
barbarians
• They occupied
previously-Han
territories in Yellow River
valley

42. Great artists and poets
• Wang Xizhi
o The greatest calligrapher in ancient China
• Tao Yuanming
o A popular pastoral poet (Chinese idyllist)
• Seven Sages in the Bamboo Grove
o Seven people who did not want to be governors. They refused to stay in
human communities and lived in a bamboo grove
o Symbols of free

43. North & South rivalry

44. North & South rivalry
Northern dynasties Southern dynasties
• 386 – 581
• Northern Wei dynasty, E & W
Wei dynasties, Northern Zhou
dynasty, Northern Qi dynasty
• Established by Xianbei ethnic
group
• Later emperors respect Han
cultures and adapted to
Han’s ways
• Ruled the Yellow River valley
and North China Plain
• Capitals: Ping (Datong),
Luoyang, Ye and Chang’an
(Xi’an)
• 420 – 589
• Four successive dynasties:
Liu Song, Southern Qi, Liang
and Chen
• Established by Han ethnic
group
• Traditionally considered as
orthodox dynasties
• Ruled the Yangtze River
valley and southern
territories
• Buddhism spreading
• Capital: Jinling (Nanjing)

45. Buddhism spreading
• Emperor Wu of Liang
• Emperor Xiaowen of
Northern Wei
• Great Buddhism
grottoes in China:
o Mogao Grottoes in Gansu
o Longmen Grottoes in Henan
o Yungang Grottoes in Shanxi
o Dazu Grottoes in Chongqing

46. Buddhism spreading
Longmen Grottoes

47. Peak of Chinese culture
• Sui dynasty: 581 – 618
• Tang dynasty: 618 – 907
• Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: 907 – 960
• Song dynasty:
o Northern Song dynasty: 960 – 1127
o Southern Song dynasty: 1127 – 1279

48. Sui dynasty

49. Sui dynasty
• 581 – 618, only two emperors
• Capital: Daxing City (Xi’an)
• Emperor Wen of Sui (Yang Jian)
o Founder of Sui
o Brilliant Ruler
• Emperor Yang of Sui (Yang Guang)
o Talented ruler: defeated surrounding tribes, built the Grand Canal, rebuilt the
Great Wall
o Tyrant: Heavy taxes, harsh laws, endless wars, dissolute
• Reunification of China in 589
• First imperial exam
o Became the official way to select mayors and governors
o Lasted for 1400 years
o Last imperial exam was held in 1905 (Qing dynasty)
• Destroyed by peasant uprisings
o Wagang Army
o Dou Jiande
o Du Fuwei

50. Grand Canal

51. Tang dynasty

52. Tang dynasty
• 618 – 907
• Capital: Chang’an (Xi’an)
• Founded by Li Yuan (Emperor Gaozu of Tang)
• Brilliant emperors and chancellors in early half
• Three Departments and Six Ministries
• Peak of the civilization
• Strong in military, economy and cultural influences
• Great poets
• Weakened by An Lushan’s rebellion

53. Tang dynasty

54. The Three Departments
and Six Ministries
• Three departments
o Zhongshu  policy-making and legislation
o Shangshu  execution of policies
o Menxia  evaluation of policy proposals
• Six ministries
o Ministry of Military
o Ministry of Civil Registration
o Ministry of Justice
o Ministry of Constructions
o Ministry of Rites
o Ministry of Personnel
• 24 Boards under ministries

55. Emperor Taizong of Tang
• Real name: Li Shimin
• Son of Li Yuan
• Played a major role in
overthrowing Sui dynasty
• Took the throne after the
Xuanwu Gate Incident
• One of most brilliant
emperors in Chinese
history
• Regarded as Khan of
Heaven by neighboring
nomadic tribes
• Fang Xuanling and Du
Ruhui
• Wei Zheng

56. Wu Zetian
• The only empress in Chinese
history
• Originally the Queen
• Changed Tang into Zhou
• Handed the throne back to
Tang court before she died
• Controversial historical
figure
• Contributions
o Defeated nomadic tribes
o Development of economy
o Buddhism
• Negative effects
o Cruel officials
o Killed her own sons and daughtors

57. Emperor Xuanzong of
Tang
• Real name: Li Longji
• A.k.a. Emperor Ming of
Tang
• Tang dynasty reached
its peak during his reign
• Overally a brilliant ruler
• Romantic story of
Emperor Xuanzong and
Lady Yang
• An Lushan’s rebellion

58. Great poets
Li Bai Du Fu

59. Surrounding tribes and
kingdoms
• Turks (Tujue)
• Tuyuhun
• Gaochang Kingdom
• Khitan
• Uighurs
• Kirgiz
• Turgesh
• Pohai Kingdom
• Nanzhao Kingdom
• Tibetan Empire
• Korean kingdoms
o Koguryo
o Paekche
o Silla

60. Decline and fall of Tang
• An Lushan’s rebellion: 755 – 765
• Factional Struggles between Niu Party and Li Party
• Sweet Dew Incident in 835: eunuchs gained power
• Huang Chao's uprising: 881 – 884
• Zhu Wen established Later Liang dynasty in 907

61. Transition era
• Five successive short-
lived dynasties ruled
the north
o Later Liang, Later Tang, Later
Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou
o 907 – 960
• Ten smaller kingdoms
and many other de-
facto independent
states in the south and
frontier zones
• Khitan rose in the
northeast

62. Song dynasty

63. Song dynasty

64. Song dynasty
• Also spelled as Sung dynasty
• Great era in culture and economy
• Relatively weak in military
• Technology developments
o Compass
o Typography
o Gunpowder
o Calendar
o New type of waterwheel
• Great artists, literateurs and poets
o Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Dongpo, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Li Qingzhao
• Lost almost half territory in 1127
• Capitals: Bian (Kaifeng)  Lin’an (Hangzhou)

65. Barbarians knocking the
door
Concurrent dynasties and major kingdoms founded
by minority groups in Song dynasty:
• Liao dynasty (Khitan people): 907 – 1123
• Jurchen Jin dynasty (Jurchen people): 1115 – 1234
• Western Xia dynasty (Tangut people): 1038 – 1227
• Dali kingdom (Bai people): 1096 – 1253
• Mongol Khanate (Mongols): est. 1206  later the
Mongol Empire, and then Yuan dynasty

66. Song dynasty

67. Yue Fei
• 1103 – 1142
• One of most popular
military heroes in Chinese
history
• Defended the Song court
against the invasion of
Jurchen Jin dynasty
• Army of Yue Family
• Framed up by Qin Hui
• Executed by Emperor
Gaozong of Song
• Memorial in Hangzhou

68. Last great dynasties
• Yuan dynasty: 1271 – 1368
• Ming dynasty: 1368 – 1644
• Qing dynasty: 1644 – 1911

69. Yuan dynasty
• Great Yuan ruled by Mongol ethnic
• Mongol Khanate  Mongol Empire  Yuan dynasty
• Founded by Genghis Khan
• Conquered a huge portion of Eurasia continent
• Dissolved into four khanates and Yuan dynasty
• Defeated Song dynasty during the reign of Kublai
Khan
• Capital: Dadu (Beijing)
• Adapted to Chinese ways to rule
• Invented the province system

70. Mongol Empire

71. Yuan dynasty

72. Four classes of citizens
• Mongols
o Ruling class
o Nobles
• Semu people (literally: colored-eye people)
o Other former nomadic people, Muslims, people from Central Asia
o Higher social status
• Han people
o Citizens of former Jurchen Jin dynasty and Western Xia dynasty
o Jurchens, Khitans, Koreans
o Intermediate social status
• Southern people
o Citizens of former Song dynasty
o Han ethnic and southern barbarians
o Lowest social status
o Even keeping kitchen knifes was not allowed

73. Ming dynasty

74. Ming dynasty
• Capitals: Nanjing  Beijing
• Established by Zhu Yuanzhang
• Relatively strong in economy
• Most emperors were tyrants
• Cruel officials and secret polices
• Great sailings of Zheng He
• Rebuilt the Great Wall (the wall you can see today)
• Constructed the Forbidden City
• Threatened by Mongols, Manchus and Japanese
pirates

75. Ming dynasty

76. Hongwu Emperor
• Real name: Zhu
Yuanzhang
• Originally a poor monk
and begger
• Joined the Red Turban
Uprising
• Established Ming
dynasty in 1368
• Cruel rules
• Anti-corruption

77. Yongle Emperor
• Real name: Zhu Di
• Son of Zhu Yuanzhang
• Originally the Prince of
Yan
• Rebelled against his
nephew, Zhu Yunwen
(the Jianwen Emperor)
and gained the throne
• Moved the capital to
Beijing
• Zheng He’s voyages
• The Yongle Canon

78. Voyages of Zheng He

79. Qi Jiguang
• Great military strategist
• Invented many
weapons and
strategies
• Master in martial arts
• Popular military hero
• Fought against
Japanese pirates in the
southeastern coastal
area

80. Qing dynasty

81. Qing dynasty
• Also spelled as Ching dynasty or Tsing dynasty
• Capital: Beijing
• Who are Manchus?
• Descendants of Jurchens
• From the northeast
• Established the Second Jin in 1611 by Nurhachi
• Entered the Shanhai Pass after Ming dynasty was
overthrown by Li Zicheng’s uprising
• Influence on Chinese culture?  disputed
o Another peak of the civilization?  Heavenly empire
o Literary inquisition?  Wutai Poem Case

82. Qing dynasty

83. Qing dynasty
• Extremely powerful and wealthy during reigns of the
“brilliant emperors trio”
o Kangxi Emperor
o Yongzheng Emperor
o Qianlong Emperor
• Declined in the later half of Qianlong Emperor’s
reign due to over-arrogant and self-seclusion
• Missed the chance of industrial revolution
• Lost the Opium War to Britain in 1840s
• Invaded by many western powers and ceded huge
amount of territories, mostly to Russia
• Struggled a lot to reform and self-strengthen but
failed (in late 19th century)
• Collapsed during the Revolution of 1911

84. Kangxi Emperor
• Most brilliant emperor in
Qing dynasty
• Re-occupied the
Xinjiang region
• Suppressed massive
rebellions of Ming
dynasty’s remnants
• Developed the
economy
• Open-minded
• Always learning

85. Major events in later half
of Qing dynasty
Wars Reforms
• 1840s: Opium War
against Britain
• 1850s: Taiping Rebellion
• 1856 – 1860: Second
Opium War against
Britain and France
• 1894: War of Jiawu
against Japan
• 1900: Invasion of Allied
8 Powers
• 1890s: Self-strengthen
movement (learn from
western powers)
• 1898: Hundred-Day
Reform (failed)
• 1911: Xinhai Revolution
led by Sun Yat-sen

86. Modern China
• Republic of China: 1911 – present
o Abbr. ROC
o Moved to Taiwan after 1949
o Originally ran by National Party (Kuomingtang, KMT)
• People’s Republic of China: 1949 – present
o Abbr. PRC
o Currently running the mainland China (including Hong Kong and Macau)
o Established by Communist Party (CCP)

87. Sun Yat-sen
• A.k.a.: Sun Zhongshan
• 1866 – 1925
• Founding father of
modern China
• Based on Hawaii
• Led the Revolution of
1911 and established
the Republic of China
• First president of
Republic of China

88. Republic of China
Current capital: Taipei

89. Major events of ROC
• 1912: established
• 1919: May 4th Movement
• 1922 – 1935: wars among warlords
• 1926: the central government launched Northern
Expeditions against major warlords
• 1931: Sept. 18th Incident  Japan occupied Manchuria
• 1934 – 1936: Long March of Red Army led by
Communists
• 1937 – 1945: Total war between China and Japan (part
of WW-2)
• 1948 – 1949: Chinese Civil War between KMT and CCP
• Post 1949: ROC remained on Taiwan Island

90. Chiang Kai-shek
• A.k.a.: Jiang Jieshi and
Jiang Zhongzheng
• Born in Zhejiang province
• Professional soldier
• Graduated from a
military academy
• The leader of China
during WW-2
• The leader of KMT during
Chinese Civil War
• Anti-communists

91. People’s Republic of
China
Current capital: Beijing

92. Major events of PRC
• 1921: Communist Party of China was established
• 1927 – 1937: rivalry between CCP and KMT
• 1949: PRC was established by CCP after winning the civil war,
and Mao Zedong became the first chairman (president)
• 1956: Three Great Remould  banned private companies
• 1958 – 1960: Great Leap Forward  resulted in disasters and
tragedies
• 1964: China started to own nuclear bombs
• 1966 – 1976: Cultural Revolution
• 1971: Replaced ROC as the political entity to represent China
in the United Nations
• 1978: Reform and Open Up  Led by Deng Xiaoping
• 1989: Tian’anmen Square Incident
• 1997: Hong Kong was handed back to China
• 2003: First Chinese astronaut
• 2008: Beijing Olympics

93. Chinese Civil War
• 1947 – 1949
• Between KMT and CCP
• Three major battles
o Battle of Liaoning-Shenyang
o Battle of Huai-Hai
o Battle of Peking-Tianjin
• Yangtze-River-Crossing
campaign
• KMT lost the war and
shifted to Taiwan
• The blasting fuse of the
current Taiwan issue

94. Mao Zedong
• “Chairman Mao”
• The founding father and
first president of PRC
• Born in Hunan province
• Only took primary school
courses
• Great self-educated
military strategist and
politician
• Saved CCP during the
Long March
• Established PRC in 1949

95. Deng Xiaoping
• The second important
leader of PRC
• Born in Sichuan province
• An early member of
Communist Party
• Turned China back from
Cultural Revolution
• Reform and Open-up
• Greatly enhanced
China’s economy and
people’s life-standard
• On the cover-page of
TIMES magazine

96. Mainland China & Taiwan
• Technically, Taiwan = ROC while mainland = PRC
• Officially:
o They both agree that there is only one China
o They both claimed to be the only China
o They claim all territories of each other
• Consensus of 1992
• Actually:
o Taiwan is de-facto independent
o In the mainland:
• Almost everyone believes that Taiwan should be a part of China
• Educated in school
o In Taiwan:
• Some people think mainland and Taiwan should be one country  Pan-
Blue camp
• Many others think Taiwan should be an independent country  Pan-
Green camp
• Still, some people don’t really care

97. Future?
• World leading powers:
o United States
o Europe
o Russia
o China
o Japan
o India
o …