health

3. INTRODUCTION
TO HEALTH &
ILLNESS

4. Introduction
Health is very important for every individual
for living on this earth. In the society , its not
only issue of doctors, nurses, social services
and hospitals, its also an issue of justice. A
most common aspect in every culture is health.
As per the advancement of technology people
came to know that health is fundamental
human right & is essential for the satisfaction
of basic human needs and improvement of life.

5. Concept of Health
• Biomedical concept
• Ecological concept
• Psychosocial concept
• Holistic concept

6. Biomedical concept
• Health is ''absence of disease'' ie, if one
is free from disease than he is considered
healthy.
• Based on germ theory of disease.
• But its not merely as absence of disease,
but good health status of individual.
• Question - malnutrition, chronic disease,
accidents, drug abuse, mental illness ,
environmental pollution etc which lead to
ecological concept

7. Microorganism Human body Illness / Disease
Example:

9. Ecological concept
• Ecologists - health is dynamic equilibrium
between man and his environment, and disease is
maladjustment of the human organism to his
environment.
• ''Health implies the relative absence of pain
and discomfort and a continuous adaptation
and adjustment to the environment to ensure
optimal function''

11. Ecological concept
• Raised two questions
- Imperfect man
- Imperfect environment
• History shows that improvement in human
adaptation to natural environment can lead
to longer and better quality of life- even
with the absence of modern health delivery
servi•
ces.

12. Psychological concept
 Development in social science - Health is not only
a biomedical phenomenon, but it is influenced by
• Social,
• Psychological,
• Cultural,
• Economic and
• Political factors of the people concerned,
• ''Health is both a biological and
social phenomenon''

13. Holistic concept
• Synthesis of all the above concepts.
• It recognizes the strength of social,
economic, political and environmental
influences on health.
• Then came a many definitions of
health.

14. Definitions of Health
• ''The condition of being sound body, mind or
spirit, especially freedom from physical disease
or pain'' (webster)
• ''Soundness of body or mind; that condition
in which its functions are duly and efficiently
discharged'' ( oxford)
• '' A condition or quality of the human
organism expressing the adequate functioning
of the organism in given conditions, genetic
and environmental'' ( operational def by
WHO)

15. Health Definition
In 1948, WHO define,
• ''Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not
merely an absence of disease and /or
infirmity''

16. Characteristics of WHO
definition of health
•A concern for individual as a whole system.
•A view of health that identifies internal and
external environment .
•An acknowledgement of the importance of an
individual’s role in life.

17. Negative Aspect
•Complete well being for all is unattainable
goal.
•Some of us are born with severe physical and
mental limitations.

18. Dimensions of Health
As health is concerned with all those factors
that influence the health. Hence we consider it
as multidimensional. Specific dimensions of
health as per WHO are as follows:-

20. Physical
dimension
• The state of physical health implies the
notion of ''perfect functioning'' of the
body. It conceptualizes health biologically
as a state in which every cell and every
organ is functioning at optimum capacity
and in perfect harmony with the rest of the
body.

22. Mental
Dimension
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• Mental health is not mere absence of
· mental illness.
• Good mental health is ability to respond to
the many varied experience of life with
flexibility and sense of purpose.

23. • ''A state of balance between the individual
and the surrounding world, a state of
harmony between oneself and others, a
coexistence between the realities of the self
and that of other people and that of the
environment''

26. Social dimension
• Social well-being implies harmony and
integration within the individual, between
each individual and other members of
society and between individuals and the
world in which they live.
• ''Quantity and quality of an
individual's interpersonal ties and the
extent of involvement with the
community.''

31. Environmental dimension
•It’s the ability to recognize our own
responsibility for the quality of the air , the
water and the land that surrounds us.
•The ability to make a positive impact on the
quality of our environment be it our homes,
our communities or our planet contributes to
our environmental wellness.

32. Intellectual dimension
•It’s the ability to open our minds to new ideas
and experiences that can be applied to
personal decisions, group interaction and
community betterment.
•The desire to learn new concepts, improve
skills and seek challenges in pursuit of life
long learning contributes to our intellectual
wellness.

33. Other dimensions of health
•Philosophical dimension
•Cultural dimension
•Socio economic dimension
•Educational dimension
•Nutritional dimension
•Curative dimension
•Preventive dimension
•Occupational dimension

53. Health Illness- wellness
continuum
•Health : It’s a positive state of being that
includes physical fitness, mental/ emotional
stability; social and spiritual case.
•Illness : It’s the feeling of unhealthy and is a
personal experience.
•Wellness : Its defined as a “subjective
perception of ability, harmony and
vitality”(Leddy & Pepper, 1993).

54. Indications of good health
•To perform the best of their ability.
•To adjust and adapt to varying situations.
•Feeling of well-being.
•Feeling of harmony and togetherness.

56. Basic concept of health
•Health within illness: According to Jones &
Meleis, 1993 Illness is regarded as an event
that can expand human potential.
•Holistic health : This approach recognizes
the interaction of an individual with the
society and emphasis on the harmony with
oneself , nature and world.

64. Quadrants of wellness grid
Favourable
environment
Death Wellness
Unfavourable
environment

65. Health Illness Continuum
According to Neuman (1990) “Health on a
continuum is the degree of client wellness
that exists at any point in time, ranging
from an optimal wellness condition with
available energy at its maximum to death,
which represents total energy depletion”.

66. According to health illness continuum model,
‘Health is a dynamic state that continuously
alters as a person adapts to changes in the
external and internal environment to maintain a
state of physical, emotional, intellectual, social,
developmental & spiritual wellbeing .Illness is a
process in which the functioning of a person is
diminished or impaired in one or more dimensions
when compared with the person’s previous
condition’.

67. Optimal wellness Death

68. Functions of Health care services
•Health promotion
•Illness prevention
•Diagnosis
•Treatment
•Rehabilitation

69. Factors influencing Health
Internal variables
Developmental
stage
Intellectual
background
Perception of
functioning
Emotional factors
Spiritual factors
External variables
Family practices
Socio economic
factors
Cultural
background

70. ILLNESS
Illness is not described in the terms of disease
condition , it’s the deviation from the normal
healthy state and it results in frustration,
anxiety, denial, grief and uncertainty. In
illness all family members along with the ill
person have to adopt towards the different
situation.

71. Definition
According to Kozier Illness is a condition
characterized by a deviation from a normal
healthy state which is manifested by physical
and psychological symptoms.
According to Potter & Perry Illness is a
state in which a persons physical, intellectual,
emotional, social or spiritual functioning is
diminished or impaired in comparison with the
previous experience.

72. Classification/ Types of illness
⁕Acute illness
⁕Chronic illness
⁕Terminal illness
⁕Age related illness

73. Illness Behavior
Illness behavior is a complex process. It
involves the ways, person monitor their
bodies, define and interpret their symptoms ,
take remedial measures and use health care
services.

74. Variables affecting illness behavior
Internal variables
•Perception of symptoms
•Nature of illness
•Characteristics of person

75. External variables
•Visibility of symptoms
•Social group
•Culture and values
•Economic variables
•Accessibility of the health care system

77. Emotional response to illness
Fear
Over dependence and feeling of helplessness
Anxiety
Hope
Stress
Anger and hostility

78. Causes & Risk factors for illness
Physiological
causes
Physical
injuries
Abnormal
growth of
cells
Disease of
biotic origin
Chemical
injury

79. Causes & Risk factors for illness
Psychological
causes
Genetic
factors
Neurotic
disorders
Life
experiences
Psychotic
disorders

80. Risk factors for developing illness
Genetic factors
Physiological factors
Environment
Age
Lifestyle
Dietary habits

81. Biological factors
Socio economic situations
Literacy level
Economic status
Spiritual factors
Immunologic factors

82. Impact of illness on patient & family
Impact of illness on client
Impact of illness on client and family
Impact on family roles
Impact on body image
Impact on self concept
Impact on family dynamics

83. Prevention & Protection from illness
⁎Aware public regarding illness, injury or
disease.
⁎Nurses should maintain medical / surgical
asepsis.
⁎Proper health education.
⁎Nurses can guide the client in effective
problem solving and decision making.
⁎Nutritional education.

86. 0
Q U E S T I O N S