Geospatial innovation along four dimensions

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Geospatial Innovations
along Four Dimensions
New Zealand Geospatial Research Conference
George Percivall
OGC CTO, Chief Engineer
percivall@myogc.org
© 2015 Open Geospatial Consortium

OGC
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Geospatial Innovations along Four Dimensions
• Spatial Representation
• New Data Sources
• Computer Engineering
• Application Areas

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My perspective
• Physics, remote sensing, systems engineering
• NASA weather satellite and information systems
• Standards for science and engineering
• OGC CTO

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The OGC Mission
Global forum for
collaboration of developers and users of
spatial data products and services;
and to advance development of international
standards for geospatial interoperability.
Urban Model of Berlin based on OGC CityGML
Source: www.3d-stadtmodell-berlin.de
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium

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Spatial Representation

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Power of Location
• 1st law of geography: "Everything is related to everything
else, but near things are more related than distant things.”
– Waldo Tobler
• By measuring the entropy of each individual’s trajectory, we
find a 93% potential predictability in user mobility
– Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility, Science 2010
• “Location targeting is holy grail for marketers”
– Sir Martin Sorrell, WPP CEO, MWC 2011
© 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium 6

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Region-Centric
Geospatial
Information
Feature-Centric
Geospatial
Information
Human-Centric
Geospatial
Information
Device-Centric
Geospatial
Information
1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
Source of slide: Steve Liang, Univ. Calgary and chairman of OGC Sensor Web 4 IoT
Progression of geospatial information
© 2013 Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc. 7

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What is CityGML?
- GML3 application schema
(encoding standard)
- Information modeling approach
(conceptual and logical model, physical exists)
The thing that makes geography
interoperable in 3D.

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3D city modeling
far more than the 3D visualization
of reality
• geometry and its appearance are only
one aspect of an entity)
• Key issue:Semantic modeling
meaning / structure / relationships
 Enabling geospatial smart city services
 Need for standards to integrate data

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24th of April, 2008
Availability of semantics
CityGML: (Up to) Complex objects with structured geometry
Semantics Geometry
– Geometric entities know WHAT they are
– Semantic entities know WHERE they are and what their spatial
extents are

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Levels of Detail – Multiple Representation

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An urban geospatial information
integration standard

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Semantic 3D City Model of Berlin
>500,000 buildings;
• fully-automatically generated
from 2D cadastre footprints &
airborne laserscanning data.
• textures (automatically
extracted from aerial images)
• semantic information (includes
data from cadastre)
• 3D utility networks from the
energy providers
• modeled according to CityGML www.virtual-berlin.de
Source: Nagel, Kolbe, 2010

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Indoor Geo-Portal
Indoor mCommerce
Emergency
Control
Services for
handicapped persons
Cruise Ship
Hospital
Indoor LBS
Indoor Security
Indoor Robot
IndoorGML
Copyright © 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium© 2014 Open Geospatial Consortium

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n
room
gml::id=001
`
Option 2: Geometry
in IndoorGML
Option 3: No
Geometry
CityGML data
IndoorGML data
GM_Solid (or GM_Surface)
Option 1:
External
Reference to
room in CityGML
Three options to represent geometry of each cell
15
Geometry options for IndoorGML Cells

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• Poincare Duality
– Conversion from original (primal space) to dual space
– Given a N-D (e.g. 3D) space,
conversion from k D object  N-k (e.g. 3 – k) D objects
Dual Space
3D 0D
2D 1D
Solid Node
Surface
(Boundary)
Edge
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Topology between Cells
A Graph
Primary Space

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Example: Wall and Door as Space Boundary
Cell R2
Cell R1
R1
R2
EXTTopographic Space
B1
D1
D3
D4
B2
B3
B4
B5
Ext
D1
D3
D4 D2
B2
B3B1
B5
B4
Non-navigable Link (Adjacency)
Navigable Link (Connectivity)
Dual Space
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Topology between Cells

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Example – Multi-Layered Space
Non-Navigable SpaceStair
Room 1 Room 2
Room 3
Room 1 Room 2
Room 3b
Room 3a
WiFi A WiFi B
WiFi AB

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Indoor 3D mapping drone
Real-Time Visual-Inertial Mapping, Re-localization and Planning Onboard MAVs in Unknown Environments
M. Burri, H. Oleynikova, M. Achtelik and R. Siegwart
IEEE/RSJ Intl Conf. Intelligent Robots and Systems, Sept 28 - Oct 2, 2015. Hamburg, Germany

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OGC Point Cloud Working Group
• Established in July
2015
• Focus on all types of
point clouds:
LiDAR/laser,
bathymetric,
meteorologic,
photogrammetric…

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Discrete Global Grid Systems
Source: Matt Purss, Geoscience Australia
National
Nested
Grid
SCENZ-Grid
Earth System Spatial Grid
Snyder
Grid

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Discrete Global Grid System (DGGS)
Standards Working Group (SWG)
• Develop common criteria that will
define conformant DGGSs
– Considering Goodchild criteria
• Develop conceptual standard to
facilitate data fusion between
DGGSs using OGC Standards
– to make them interoperable – with
conventional and other DGGS data
– to standardize operations on them
• Engage stakeholders to encourage
new use cases and adoption of
interoperability through DGGSs
http://www.opengeospatial.org/projects/groups/dggsswg

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Spatial Representation Research Questions
• Efficient construction of building models
– Outdoor, Indoor, Underground
• Indoor location determination
– Positioning, navigation and timing for indoors
• Processing on DGGSs
– Interpolation, Big Data processing

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New Data Sources

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Sensors Everywhere
(Things or Devices)
50 billions Internet-connected things by 2020

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Sensors and Actuators

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OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• Quickly discover sensors and sensor data (secure or
public) that can meet my needs – location, observables,
quality, ability to task
• Obtain sensor information in a standard encoding that is
understandable by me and my software
• Readily access sensor observations in a common manner,
and in a form specific to my needs
• Task sensors, when possible, to meet my specific needs
• Subscribe to and receive alerts when a sensor measures a
particular phenomenon
27

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OGC SensorThings for IoT
• Builds on OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) standards
that are operational around the world
• Builds on Web protocols; easy-to-use RESTful style
• OGC candidate standard for open access to IoT devices
http://ogc-iot.github.io/ogc-iot-api/datamodel.html

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Framework for UAS using OGC SWE
• UAV challenges
– sensors publish data in
unpredictable manner.
– proprietary access to data
• Need to integrated data
stream web publishing
• Framework to simplify
integration in an
interoperable way using
OGC SWE standards
Source: Rieke, M., Foerster, T., Broering, A. 14th AGILE International Conference

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Using SensorML to manage UAS complexity
• Manage proliferation of sensors on UAV platforms
– Mission planning: after the most appropriate UAV is determined, it is
time to choose which kind of sensor will be accompany to the UAV.
• Using SensorML to manage specifications
– Platforms: helicopter, quadcopter, blimp and airplane
– Sensors: micro analog, HD camera, lowlight and thermal camera
– In a database to support processing, e.g., MATLAB, BPEL
Figure 23: System 1 and 2- Cameras with Quad copter and Cameras with Blimp
For instance, in a mission that happens at night and if it takes a lot of time and it must be
fast, the UAV will probably be an aero plane with these four UAV and the camera must be
thermal or low light camera from five camera sensors.
Figure 24: System 3 and System 4-Cameras with aero plane and cameras with helicopter
Source: C. Avci,, Halmstad University

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slide based on work
by Alex Robin
Citizens Observatories

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Using Social Media in Geospatial Analysis
Social
Media
APIs
Silos
GeoSPARQL
Linked Data
REST API
Web
Access
Layer
Human-
oriented
Clients
. . .
OGC Interfaces for Social Media
Social Media
Analysis WPS

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New Data Sources Research Questions
• IoT interoperability
– Multiple IoT communication stacks all need location and sensors
• UAVs
– Plug and play sensors on platforms
– Crowdsourcing with UAVs
• Social media
– From unstructured to structured

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Computer Engineering

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Change in Geo Big Data
1PB in 1995 required an
entire building
100PB in 2015 requires
a 1 car garage

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MultiSolid
Coverage
• n-D "space/time-varying
phenomenon"
• [ISO 19123, OGC 09-146r2]
Big Data Variety: Coverages
«FeatureType»
Abstract
Coverage
MultiPoint
Coverage
MultiCurve
Coverage
MultiSurface
Coverage
Grid
Coverage
Referenceable
GridCoverage
Rectified
GridCoverage

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Web Coverage Service (WCS)
• WCS Core: Simple & efficient access to spatio-temporal
coverages, in any suitable format
– subset = trim | slice
• WCS Extensions: additional, optional functionality facets
• WCS Application Profiles: domain-oriented bundling
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Web Coverage Processing Service
• QL for nD sensor, image, simulation, statistics data [OGC 08-068r2]
– Syntax close to XQuery (WCPS 2.0: integration)
• Ex: "From MODIS scenes M1, M2, and M3, the difference between red
and nir, as TIFF where nir exceeds 127 somewhere”
for $c in ( M1, M2, M3 )
where some( $c.nir > 127 )
return encode( $c.red - $c.nir, “image/tiff“ )
(tiff1,
tiff2)

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Geospatial Analytics
• Analytic exploitation of the space-time features will usher in
advances in high-quality prediction systems.
– Space time features: the highest order bits - Jonas, Tucker
• Using algorithmic extraction and big data graphs to create
and relate entities on the Web, organising them through a
semantic taxonomy and enabling natural access
– The future is ‘Where’" - S. Lawler, Bing

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Big Data Spatial Analytics - GeoWave
Geographic objects and operators in Apache Accumulo
Advanced support for OGC spatial types: 3D and temporal
GeoServer plugin for OGC Web Services
http://ngageoint.github.io/geowave/

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OGC Moving Features Encoding Standard
• "Moving features" data describes such things as vehicles,
pedestrians, airplanes and ships.
– This is Big Data – high volume, high velocity.
• CSV and XML encodings of ISO 19141

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Moving features in a temporal CRS
time
Spatial
plane
1 prism = 1 leaf + 1 sweep
(&attribute)
End leaf of tracks
id=1
Id=2
11:11:20.835 11:11:26.215 11:11:28.021 11:11:30.127
(C)
(B)
(D)
(A)
ISO19141 a basis for OGC Moving Features Standard

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Market Reality - Mobile First
• “Millennials would rather
give up driving than their
smartphone or laptop”
– Zipcar survey
http://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/2012-kpcb-internet-trends-yearend-update
• Geospatial services need to consider: “the other end of
the spectrum has customers who do not use laptops and
computers. They use cell phones and tablets.”
– Ola Rollen, President and CEO, Hexagon AB
http://issuu.com/geospatialworld/docs/geospatial-world-annual-edition-january-2013

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OGC and Mobile
Open GeoSMS
GeoPackage
OWS Context
ARML 2
Points of Interest
3D Visualization
IndoorGML
SensorThings (IoT)
Moving Features

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OGC Open GeoSMS
• Characteristics
– Multilingual
– Multi-device
– Harmonized with many existing
applications
– Incorporates relevant
ISO standards
• Significant potential for many applications
• Adopted in 2011
• Submitted to International
Telecommunications Union

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3D Portrayal Services
• Service interface for web-based scene graph rendering and
image based rendering of 3D city models
• Use several encodings and protocols
Scenegraph
Images
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First multi-vendor Augmented Reality
Open Interoperability Demonstration
>50 Million
users
+ + =
AR content
encoded in
OGC ARML 2.0
draft standard
Organized by
AR Standards
Community
Demonstrated
at Mobile World
Congress 2014
http://www.opengeospatial.org/pressroom/pressreleases/1967
http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2014/02/augmented-reality-interoperability-demo/

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Computer Engineering Research Questions
• Geotemporal on Big Data
– Apache Big Data Platforms
• Grid databases
– Applied to complex coverages
• Moving features
– Analytics on spatial-temporal tracks
• Portrayal
– 3D and AR
• Mobile, mobile, mobile

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Application Areas

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Geospatial Information and Technologies
Inform and Enhance Decision Making
Emergency / Disaster
Management
Aviation Flight
Information / Safety
Meteorology, Hydrology,
Ocean Monitoring
Source: DigitalGlobe

OGC
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• Urgent need for more
information on soils at varying
geographic scales
• Diversity of data makes
integration and harmonisation
difficult
• Soil data needs to be freely
available and in formats that
can be readily used for a wide
range of purposes
• Need for harmonization of
methods
UN General Assembly declared 2015
The International Year of Soils

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OGC Soil Interoperability Experiment
International Union of Soil Sciences (IUSS) proposed
the IE to OGC in May 2015
• IE Initiators
– Landcare Research
– ISRIC World Soil Information
– CSIRO
• Participating Organizations
– Federation University (Aus), CRA-ABP (Italy), USGS Office of Water
Information, NRCS – USDA (US), Horizons Regional Council (NZ)

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Goals of the Soil IE achieved
• Primary focus:
–Develop and test a
Soil Markup Language,
a GML compatible encoding
for soil features
• Successful demonstration at
OGC meeting, 2015-12-03
– Using WMS, WFS, WPS

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Urban Resilience with Coastal Inundation
Coastal Inundation as a result of Sea-Level Rise – 2025 Projection
Climate and Human Security:
• Social unrest with displaced population due to climate change
• Integrating spatial and non-spatial models of human geography
• OGC Web Processing Service (WPS) for model interoperability

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What to look for in the Testbed 11 video
• Simplified interaction with predictive models for anticipation
of warnings and opportunities
• Data collection from network-challenged field operations to
test models and fill in gaps in context
• Integrated security and open data together providing
content and context to all customers
• Web-first strategy based on multi-vendor interoperability
Unique innovation process to advance
open access through standards

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Testbed 11 Video
OGC Testbed 11 YouTube Playlist

OGC
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Join Testbed 12
OGC’s interoperability innovation lab
Contact Dr. Terry Idol, tidol@opengeospatial.org
Executive Director, OGC Interoperability Program
Or
Dr. Scott Serich, Ph.D, JD, Testbed 12 Initiative Director
sserich@opengeospatial.org

OGC
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Blog
http://www.opengeospatial.org/blog/1814

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Thanks to New Zealand
For OGC contributions
• Land Information New
Zealand
– Byron Cochrane
• Landcare Research NZ
– David Medyckyj-Scott,
– Alistair Ritchie
– Robert Gibb
For conference
• University of Canterbury
– Kathryn Salm
– Wendy Lawson

OGC
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For Details on OGC Standards…
OGC Standards
– Freely available
– www.opengeospatial.org/standards
George Percivall
gpercivall at opengeospatial.org
@percivall
61

Geospatial innovation along four dimensions

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Geospatial innovation along four dimensions