It deals with the process of test adaptation.

1. ALLPPT.com _ Free PowerPoint Templates, Diagrams and Charts
Process of the Test Adaptation:
Translation & Back Translation
Presented by:-
Dr. Girish Kumar Tiwari
Independent Researcher
Mob.- 7318248269
Email:-girishtiwari8@gmail.com
www.drgirishkumartiwari.com

2. Adaption is the process to get the different langu
-age versions of a test developed in a particular l
-anguage like, Hindi, English or French. The ada-
pted version of test must be conceptually equiva
-lent in each of countries/culture.
Adaptation (What) :-

3. Adaptation (Why): -
 Unavailability of Test;
 To get different language versions of
the test;
 To bring Fairness in cross national or
cross cultural assessment; and
 To save time and cost

4.  Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a p
-opular example.
 It is a large-scale study by the Organisation for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD).
 The aim of the test is to assess and to compare the education
-al achievement of 15-year-olds in OECD member countries.
 In the 2015 edition, 72 nations participated in PISA testing.
 Tests are administered after every three years.
Example of Test Adaptation:-

5. Adaptation (How): -
Translation and Back Translation Method
or
Forward Translation and Back Translation
Method

6. This Process involves 6 steps –
 Translation or Forward translation;
 Expert panel;
 Back-translation;
 Pre-testing and cognitive interviewing;
 Final version; and
 Documentation
Process of Translation and Back Translat
-ion:-

7. Translation or Forward Translation: -
A translator translates the test into targe
-t language from source language.
 The translator must have the knowledge of
subject-matter;
 The translator must have the deep understa
-nding of both languages and culture.

8. Translation or Forward Translation(Contd..): -
 The mother tongue of the translator p
-referably be the target language
 Emphasis must be given on the conce-
ptual equivalence of the test;
 simple, clear and concise sentences sh-
ould be used in formulation of a quest
-ion.

9.  A bilingual (in source and the target language for transla
tion) expert panel should be constituted and chaired by
an editor-in-chief.
 The goal in this step is to identify and to resolve the dis
crepancies between the forward translation and the exist
-ing versions of the questions.
 The expert panel may question some words or expressio
-ns and suggest alternatives.
Expert Panel:-

10.  Experts should be equipped with such materials that can
help them to be consistent with previous available versio
-n(s).
 The panel should include the original translator, experts
of subject-matter, language, Psychology.
 Experts must have the experience of test development a
-nd translation.
 As the result of this process, a complete translated versi-
on of the test will be produced.
Expert Panel:-

11.  The test will be translated back to the source language f
-rom target language.
 The back translator will be different person from translat
-or.
 Mother tongue of the Back Translator preferably be sour
-ce language
 He must have the knowledge of subject-matter, source a
-nd target language and culture of both languages.
 He must not have the knowledge of questionnaire.
Back Translation:-

12.  Emphasis in the back-translation must also be gi
-ven on conceptual and cultural equivalence and
not on linguistic equivalence.
 Expert Panel headed by Editor-in-chief, once aga
-in discuss the discrepancies and resolve it.
Expert Panel:-

13.  It is essential to pre-test the tool on the target
population.
 Respondents of pre-test must represent the tar-
get population for the tool.
 Pre-test must be followed by debriefing.
Pre-testing and Cognitive interviewing:-

14. The debriefing should include questions like –
 what the respondents thought the question was asking?
 whether respondents could repeat the question in their
own words?
 what exactly they thought when they heard a particular
phrase or term?
 How they choose their answer?
Pre-testing and Cognitive interviewing:-

15.  Answers of these questions must be compared with the answ-
ers of the respondent’s responses taken at the time of the pre
-try out of the test developed at first time. It is for internal c-
onsistency.
 Respondents must also be asked about any word they did not
understand or any word or expression that was found unacce
-ptable or inappropriate.
 If alternative words or expressions exist for a word or expressi
on, the pre-test respondent must be asked to suggest that w-
hich of the alternatives will substitute better to the word or ex
-pression, which is inappropriate.
Pretesting and Cognitive interviewing:-

16. Final Version :-
 Thus, as the result of all the iterations describ
-ed above, the final version of the test will be
prepared in the target language.
 Each version of the test must be given a serial
number (e.g. 1.0).

17. Documentation :-
The procedure of the adaptation must be well doc
-umented so that it can be traced back whenever r
-equired. Documentation includes:
 The original version of the test;
 The translated version;
 A summary of the suggestions given by the expert panel;
 The back-translation version;
 A summary of problems found during the pre-testing of the tool and the
modifications proposed; and
 The final version.

18. Documentation(contd…)
Description of the samples used in this process. It
includes:
 composition of the expert panel; and
 pre-test respondent samples(the number of in-
dividuals as well as their basic characteristics s-
hould be described).

19. Challenges:-
 Untranslatability; and
 Choosing the most appropriate word
Reference:-
 PACTRANZ (Pacific International Translations): The Back Translation method: what is it a
nd why use it? Retrieved from https://www.pactranz.com/back-translation/ on 18/05/20
21.
 WHO (World Helth Organization): Process of translation and adaptation of instruments.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en/ on
18/05/21.

20. Thank You