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Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE




                              May 18, 2008

           Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)
Introduction




   Cellular Wireless System Evolution
   • 1G (Early 1980s)
         – Analog speech communications.
         – Analog FDMA.
         – Ex: AMPS

   • 2G (Early 1990s)
         –     Digital modulation of speech communications.
         –     Advanced security and roaming.
         –     TDMA and narrowband CDMA.
         –     Ex: GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne), and PDC

   • 3G (Late 1990s)
         – Global harmonization and roaming.
         – Wideband CDMA
         – Ex: UMTS, cdma2000, and TD-SCDMA


                                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   1
Introduction




   Beyond 3G

   • International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000
     introduced global standard for 3G.

   • Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) is set to introduce
     evolutionary path beyond 3G.
         – Mobile class targets 100 Mbps with high mobility and nomadic/
           local area class targets 1 Gbps with low mobility.

   • 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently developing evolutionary/
     revolutionary systems beyond 3G.
         – 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
         – 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

   • IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX is also evolving towards 4G through
     802.16m.

                                     Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   2
Introduction




   3GPP Evolution
   • Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA

   • Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA

   • Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA

   • Rel-7 (2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem),
     optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk).

   • Long Term Evolution (LTE)
         – 3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in
           November 2004.
         – Standardized in the form of Rel-8.
         – Spec finalized and approved in January 2008.
         – Target deployment in 2010.
         – LTE-Advanced study phase in progress.

                                     Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   3
Introduction




   3GPP2 Evolution


   • CDMA2000 1X (1999)

   • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2000)

   • EV-DO Rev. A (2004): VoIP

   • EV-DO Rev. B (2006): Multi-carrier

   • Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), f.k.a. EV-DO Rev. C
         – Based on EV-DO, IEEE 802.20, and FLASH-OFDM
         – Spec finalized in April 2007.
         – Commercially available in early 2009.



                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   4
Introduction




   IEEE 802.16 Evolution


   • 802.16 (2002): Line-of-sight fixed operation in 10 to 66 GHz

   • 802.16a (2003): Air interface support for 2 to 11 GHz

   • 802.16d (2004): Minor improvements to fixes to 16a

   • 802.16e (2006): Support for vehicular mobility and
     asymmetrical link

   • 802.16m (in progress): Higher data rate, reduced latency, and
     efficient security mechanism




                                  Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   5
3GPP LTE




  Requirements of LTE
  • Peak data rate
      – 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth.

  • Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz)
  • Less than 5 ms user-plane latency
  • Mobility
      – Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h.
      – 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance.
      – Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h.

  • Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS)
  • Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz
  • Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS

                                 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   6
3GPP LTE




  LTE Enabling Technologies


  • OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

  • Frequency domain equalization

  • SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA)

  • MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output)

  • Multicarrier channel-dependent resource scheduling

  • Fractional frequency reuse




                                 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   7
3GPP LTE




  LTE Enabling Technologies
                                                                           - cont.



  •   Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)
      – SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple access technique which
        has similar structure and performance to OFDMA.
           • Utilizes single carrier modulation and orthogonal frequency
             multiplexing using DFT-spreading in the transmitter and frequency
             domain equalization in the receiver.
      – A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM/OFDMA is low PAPR.
           • Efficient transmitter and improved cell-edge performance.
      – H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless
        Transmission,” IEEE Vehic. Tech. Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006
      – A comprehensive tutorial available at
        http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma.pdf.




                                      Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   8
3GPP LTE




  Key Features of LTE

  • Multiple access scheme
      – DL: OFDMA with CP.
      – UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP.

  • Adaptive modulation and coding
      – DL/UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
      – Convolutional code and Rel-6 turbo code

  • Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques
      – (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported.
      – Multi-user MIMO also supported.

  • Support for both FDD and TDD

  • H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc.

                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   9
3GPP LTE




  LTE Standard Specifications
  • Freely downloadable from
    http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm


     Specification
                                            Description of contents
        index
       TS 36.1xx     Equipment requirements: Terminals, base stations, and repeaters.

       TS 36.2xx     Physical layer.

                     Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio
       TS 36.3xx
                     resource control.


                     Infrastructure communications (UTRAN = UTRA Network) including
       TS 36.4xx
                     base stations and mobile management entities.

       TS 36.5xx     Conformance testing.



                                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung     10
3GPP LTE




  Protocol Architecture

                             RRC: Radio Resource Control                              Layer 3
    Control / measurements




                                        RLC: Radio Link Control
                                                                 Logical channels     Layer 2
                                      MAC: Medium Access Control
                                                                 Transport channels

                                           PHY: Physical layer                        Layer 1

                                                                 Physical channels

                                              Transceiver


                                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   11
3GPP LTE




  LTE Network Architecture
  • E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
        UMTS 3G: UTRAN                           EPC (Evolved Packet Core)


                                                            MME                     MME
               GGSN                                      S-GW/P-GW               S-GW/P-GW

                 SGSN                                                                        S1




     RNC                   RNC

                                                              eNB                            eNB
                                                                                        X2


   NB       NB          NB       NB                                 eNB          eNB
                                                 E-UTRAN
           NB: NodeB (base station)                                  eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
           RNC: Radio Network Controller                             MME: Mobility Management Entity
           SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node                           S-GW: Serving Gateway
                                                 * 3GPP TS 36.300
           GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node                           P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

                                             Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                   12
3GPP LTE




  LTE Network Architecture
                                                                                    - cont.

  • eNB
      – All radio interface-related       EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
        functions
                                                     MME                     MME
  • MME                                           S-GW/P-GW               S-GW/P-GW
      – Manages mobility, UE
        identity, and security                                                        S1

        parameters.

  • S-GW
      – Node that terminates the
                                                       eNB                            eNB
        interface towards E-UTRAN.                                               X2


  • P-GW                                                     eNB          eNB
                                          E-UTRAN
      – Node that terminates the                              eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB
        interface towards PDN.                                MME: Mobility Management Entity
                                                              S-GW: Serving Gateway
                                          * 3GPP TS 36.300
                                                              P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway

                                      Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                   13
3GPP LTE




  LTE Network Architecture
                                                                                         - cont.



                   UTRAN

                                SGSN
                   GERAN                    HSS
                                  S3
                  S1-MME                      S6a
                                MME
                                                                       PCR
                                                       S12                          Rx+
                                      S11                     S7
                                              S4
    "LTE-Uu"                    S10
                                             Serving    S5    PDN       SGi
  UE           E-UTRAN                       Gateway         Gateway          Operator's IP Services
                         S1-U                                                 (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.)




                                                                              * Non-roaming architecture
                                                                              * 3GPP TS 23.401




                                             Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung               14
3GPP LTE




  LTE Network Architecture
                                                                    - cont.
                                              RRM: Radio Resource Management
                                              RB: Radio Bearer
                                              RRC: Radio Resource Control
                                              PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol
                                              NAS: Non-Access Stratum
                                              EPS: Evolved Packet System




     * 3GPP TS 36.300


                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                15
3GPP LTE




  LTE Network Architecture
                                                                 - cont.



           User-Plane
           Protocol
           Stack




           Control-Plane
           Protocol
           Stack




                                                          * 3GPP TS 36.300


                           Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   16
3GPP LTE




  Frame Structure


  • Two radio frame structures defined.
      – Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD.
      – Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD.

  • A radio frame has duration of 10 ms.

  • A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration
    of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180
    kHz per RB.




                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   17
3GPP LTE




  Frame Structure Type 1

  • FDD frame structure




                               One radio frame = 10 ms
      One slot = 0.5 ms


           #0    #1       #2       #3                              #18      #19


      One subframe = TTI (Transmission Time Interval)




                                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   18
3GPP LTE




  Frame Structure Type 2

  • TDD frame structure


                                             One radio frame = 10 ms

                  One half-frame = 5 ms

    One subframe = 1 ms

    One slot = 0.5 ms


    Subframe #0         Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5        Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9




       DwPTS      GP    UpPTS                                  DwPTS      GP   UpPTS




                                                      Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                19
3GPP LTE




  Resource Grid
                                                                      One radio frame

                                                          Slot #0                             #19

                                                             N symb




                                                                            Resource block
                                                                            = N symb × N sc resource elements
                                                                                         RB
           Subcarrier (frequency)




                                    N RB × N sc
                                             RB     RB
                                                  N sc                        Resource element
                                                  = 12




                                                   OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol (time)

                                                              Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   20
3GPP LTE




  Length of CP


                  Configuration                           Nsymb
           Normal CP                                         7
           Extended CP                                       6
           Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz)†                       3



                  Configuration                 CP length NCP,l [samples]
                                            160 (≈ 5.21 µs) for l = 0
           Normal CP
                                            144 (≈ 4.69 µs) for l = 1, 2, …, 6
           Extended CP                      512 (≈ 16.67 µs) for l = 0, 1, …, 5
           Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz) †     1024 (≈ 33.33 µs) for l = 0, 1, 2


                                                                           † Only in downlink



                                          Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung       21
3GPP LTE




  LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration

          Channel
                             1.4     3        5        10       15          20
      bandwidth [MHz]

          Number of
                              6      15      25        50       75         100
     resource blocks (NRB)

         Number of
                             72     180      300      600      900         1200
     occupied subcarriers

      IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx)
                             128    256      512      1024     1536        2048
            size

      Sample rate [MHz]      1.92   3.84    7.68     15.36     23.04       30.72


       Samples per slot      960    1920    3840      7680     11520      15360


                                                                       *3GPP TS 36.104

                                    Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung      22
3GPP LTE




  Bandwidth Configuration
                                         1 slot

                                                                 Zeros
           DL or UL symbol


                   Resource
                    block
                             frequency




                                                      RB
                                                    N sc        N RB × N sc
                                                                         RB
                                                                               M
                                                    = 12          = 300       = 512
                                                    (180 kHz)   (4.5 MHz)     (7.68 MHz)




                                                                 Zeros
                                                                                           * 5 MHz system with
                                                                                            frame structure type 1
                                         time
                                                  Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                    23
3GPP LTE




  LTE Physical Channels

  • DL
      –    Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
      –    Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
      –    Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
      –    Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
      –    Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
      –    Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)

  • UL
      – Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
      – Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
      – Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)



                                    Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   24
3GPP LTE




  LTE Transport Channels

  • Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to
    medium access control (MAC) and higher layers.

  • DL
      –    Broadcast Channel (BCH)
      –    Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
      –    Paging Channel (PCH)
      –    Multicast Channel (MCH)

  • UL
      – Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH)
      – Random Access Channel (RACH)



                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   25
3GPP LTE




  LTE Logical Channels

  • Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer.

  • Control Channels: Control-plane information
      –    Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
      –    Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
      –    Common Control Channel (CCCH)
      –    Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
      –    Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

  • Traffic Channels: User-plane information
      – Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
      – Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)



                                  Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   26
3GPP LTE




  Channel Mappings


 PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH              Logical             CCCH    DCCH    DTCH

                                                channels


                                                Transport
    PCH       BCH   DL-SCH      MCH                                   RACH       UL-SCH
                                                channels



                                                 Physical
 PDSCH PBCH                  PMCH PDCCH          channels            PRACH   PUSCH   PUCCH




              Downlink                                                      Uplink


                                          Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung    27
3GPP LTE




  LTE Layer 2

  • Layer 2 has three sublayers
         – MAC (Medium Access Control)
         – RLC (Radio Link Control)
         – PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol)




                                   DL                                   UL
 ROHC: Robust Header Compression                                               * 3GPP TS 36.300

                                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung      28
3GPP LTE




  RRC Layer

  • Terminated in eNB on the network side.

  • Functions
      –    Broadcast
      –    Paging
      –    RRC connection management
      –    RB (Radio Bearer) management
      –    Mobility functions
      –    UE measurement reporting and control

  • RRC states
      – RRC_IDLE
      – RRC_CONNECTED



                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   29
3GPP LTE




  Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels



  • Dynamic resource scheduler resides in eNB on MAC layer.

  • Radio resource assignment based on radio condition, traffic
    volume, and QoS requirements.

  • Radio resource assignment consists of:
      – Physical Resource Block (PRB)
      – Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)




                               Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   30
3GPP LTE




  Radio Resource Management


  • Radio bearer control (RBC)

  • Radio admission control (RAC)

  • Connection mobility control (CMC)

  • Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS)

  • Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC)

  • Load balancing (LB)




                                 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   31
3GPP LTE




  Other Features

  • ARQ (RLC) and H-ARQ (MAC)

  • Mobility

  • Rate control

  • DRX (Discontinuous Reception)

  • MBMS

  • QoS

  • Security



                             Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   32
3GPP LTE




  DL Overview

  • DL physical channels
      –    Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
      –    Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
      –    Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
      –    Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
      –    Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
      –    Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)

  • DL physical signals
      – Reference signal (RS)
      – Synchronization signal

  • Available modulation for data channel
      – QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM


                                    Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   33
3GPP LTE




  DL Physical Channel Processing

                     Scrambling


                 Modulation mapping


                                                  Mapping onto one or more
                    Layer mapping
                                                  transmission layers
MIMO-related
 processing
                                                  Generation of signals for each
                      Precoding
                                                  antenna port


               Resource element mapping


                OFDM signal generation            IDFT operation


                            Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung        34
3GPP LTE




  DL Reference Signal


  • Cell-specific 2D RS sequence is generated as the symbol-by-
    symbol product of a 2D orthogonal sequence (OS) and a 2D
    pseudo-random sequence (PRS).
      – 3 different 2D OS and ~170 different PRS.
      – Each cell (sector) ID corresponds to a unique combination of
        one OS and one PRS ⇒ ~510 unique cell IDs.

  • CDM of RS for cells (sectors)of the same eNodeB (BS)
      – Use complex orthogonal spreading codes.

  • FDM of RS for each antenna in case of MIMO



                                  Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   35
3GPP LTE




  DL Reference Signal
                                                                                                                                          - cont.
              R0               R0                                                                                                      *With normal CP
                                                                                                                                       *3GPP TS 36.211
        R0              R0



              R0               R0



        R0              R0
       l =0        l =6 l =0        l=6




              R0               R0                          R1



       R0              R0                         R1               R1



              R0               R0           R1             R1



       R0              R0                         R1               R1
       l =0        l =6 l =0        l =6   l =0        l=6 l =0         l =6




              R0               R0           R1              R1                                     R2                 R3           R3



        R0              R0                        R1               R1                 R2



              R0               R0           R1              R1                                     R2                 R3           R3



        R0              R0                        R1               R1                 R2
       l =0        l =6 l =0        l =6   l =0        l =6 l =0        l =6   l =0        l =6 l =0    l =6   l =0        l =6 l =0        l=6




                                                                         Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                                 36
3GPP LTE




  DL MIMO


  • Supported up to 4x4 configuration.

  • Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity (TxD)
      – SM
           • Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback
             from user.
           • Multiple codewords
      – TxD: SFBC/STBC, switched TxD, CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
        considered.

  • MU-MIMO supported.




                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   37
3GPP LTE




  UL Overview

  • UL physical channels
      – Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
      – Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
      – Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

  • UL physical signals
      – Reference signal (RS)

  • Available modulation for data channel
      – QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

  • Single user MIMO not supported in current release.
      – But it will be addressed in the future release.
      – Multi-user collaborative MIMO supported.


                                    Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   38
3GPP LTE




            UL Resource Block
                                                                                     *PUSCH with normal CP

                                       Resource           Reference
                                      block (RB)        symbols (RS)
Frequency

             Subcarrier




                          1 slot (0.5 ms)     One SC-FDMA symbol

                                                       Time


                                                        Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung      39
3GPP LTE




  UL Physical Channel Processing


                               Scrambling


                           Modulation mapping


                           Transform precoding          DFT-precoding


           SC-FDMA
                        Resource element mapping
           modulation


                        SC-FDMA signal generation       IDFT operation




                                Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   40
3GPP LTE




   SC-
   SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL


                                                                                   Localized mapping
                                            Subcarrier                             with an option of
                                             Mapping                               adaptive scheduling
                                                                                   or random hopping.


                                              M-1
                                    Zeros



                                                    subcarrier
                       Serial-                                          Parallel
{ x0 , x1 … , xN −1}     to-
                                   N-                             M-
                                                                          -to-      { x0 , x1 … , xM −1}
                                                                                      ɶ ɶ         ɶ
                                  DFT                            IDFT
                       Parallel                                          Serial
                                                                                    One SC-FDMA
                                                                                       symbol
                                    Zeros
                                              0




                                               Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung             41
3GPP LTE




  UL Reference Signal

  • Two types of UL RS
      – Demodulation (DM) RS ⇒ Narrowband.
      – Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling ⇒ Broadband.

  • RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero
    Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence
      – CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular auto-
        correlation, flat frequency response, and low circular cross-
        correlation between two different sequences.

             − j 2π r  k 2 +qk  ,
                                         k =0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L even     * r is any integer relatively prime
                      L 2          
             e                                                           with L and q is any integer.

       ak = 
                    r  k ( k +1)      
             − j 2π             + qk    , k = 0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L odd
            e L 2                    

      B. M. Popovic, “Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,” IEEE
      Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409.


                                                         Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung          42
3GPP LTE




  UL RS Multiplexing



    User 1

    User 2

    User 3

              subcarriers                        subcarriers

             FDM Pilots                          CDM Pilots




                            Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   43
3GPP LTE




  UL RS Multiplexing
                                                                     - cont.




  • DM RS
      – For SIMO: FDM between different users.
      – For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna
      – For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna

  • Sounding RS
      – CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth.
      – CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths.




                                Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   44
3GPP LTE




  Cell Search

  • Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires
    time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects
    the cell ID of that cell.
      –    Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH
           (Synchronization Channel) signals.

  • P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are
    transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD.

  • Cell search procedure
      1.   5 ms timing identified using P-SCH.
      2.   Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH.
      3.   Full cell ID found from DL RS.
      4.   Decode BCH.


                                    Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   45
3GPP LTE




  Random Access
  • Non-synchronized random access.

  • Open loop power controlled with power ramping similar to WCDMA.

  • RACH signal bandwidth: 1.08 MHz (6 RBs)

  • Preamble based on CAZAC sequence.


                                 RA slot = 1 ms

  TCP                                                      TGP


  CP                              Preamble

  * TCP = 0.1 ms, TGP = 0.1 ms


                                                                                     *3GPP TR 25.814

                                                  Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung      46
3GPP LTE




  Other Procedures


  • Synchronization procedures
      – Radio link monitoring
      – Inter-Cell synchronization for MBMS
      – Transmission timing adjustments

  • Power control for DL and UL

  • UE procedure for CQI (Channel Quality Indication) reporting

  • UE procedure for MIMO feedback reporting

  • UE sounding procedure



                                   Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   47
Summary and References




   Summary


   • Key technologies of LTE system
        – Multicarrier-based radio air interface
            • OFDMA and SC-FDMA
        – IP-based flat network architecture
        – Multi-input multi-output (MIMO)
        – Active interference avoidance and coordination
            • Fractional frequency re-use (FFR)
        – Fast frequency-selective resource scheduling




                                       Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   48
Summary and References




   Summary
                                                                                                                      - cont.
                                  3GPP LTE                               3GPP2 UMB                            Mobile WiMAX

Channel bandwidth    1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz           1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 MHz           5, 7, 8.75, and 10 MHz

DL multiple access   OFDMA                                   OFDMA                                  OFDMA

UL multiple access   SC-FDMA                                 OFDMA and CDMA                         OFDMA

Duplexing            FDD and TDD                             FDD and TDD                            TDD

Subcarrier mapping   Localized                               Localized and distributed              Localized and distributed

Subcarrier hopping   Yes                                     Yes                                    Yes

Data modulation      QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM                  QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM           QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM

Subcarrier spacing   15 kHz                                  9.6 kHz                                10.94 kHz

FFT size (5 MHz)     512                                     512                                    512

Channel coding       Convolutional coding and turbo          Convolutional coding, turbo coding,    Convolutional coding and
                     coding.                                 and LDPC coding                        convolutional turbo coding. Block
                                                                                                    turbo coding and LDPC coding
                                                                                                    optional.

MIMO                 Multi-layer precoded spatial            Multi-layer precoded spatial           Beamforming, Space-time coding,
                     multiplexing space-time/frequency       multiplexing, space-time transmit      and spatial multiplexing
                     block coding, switched transmit         diversity, spatial division multiple
                     diversity, and cyclic delay diversity   access, and beamforming.


                                                             Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung                            49
Summary and References




   References and Resources
   • LTE enabling technologies
        – OFDM/OFDMA
            • R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications,
              Artech House, 2000.
        – SC-FDMA
            • H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE
              Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006.
            • http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma
        – MIMO
            • A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,
              Cambridge University Press, May 2003.
            • G. L. Stüber et al., “Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,”
              Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294.
        – Multicarrier scheduling
            • G. Song and Y. Li, “Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling
              in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 43,
              no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134.


                                            Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung      50
Summary and References




   References and Resources
                                                                           - cont.


   • 3GPP LTE
        – Spec
            • http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm
            • http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm (old)
        – E. Dahlman et al., 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile
          Broadband, Academic Press, 2007
        – H. Ekström et al., “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term
          Evolution,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp.
          38-45
        – 3G Americas, “Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of
          UMTS/HSPA - 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond" available at
          http://www.3gamericas.org/pdfs/UMTS_Rel7_Beyond_Dec2006.p
          df
        – http://www.LTEwatch.com




                                      Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung   51
Thank you!




                            May 18, 2008

         Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)

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Technical Overview of LTE ( Hyung G. Myung)

  • 1. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE May 18, 2008 Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)
  • 2. Introduction Cellular Wireless System Evolution • 1G (Early 1980s) – Analog speech communications. – Analog FDMA. – Ex: AMPS • 2G (Early 1990s) – Digital modulation of speech communications. – Advanced security and roaming. – TDMA and narrowband CDMA. – Ex: GSM, IS-95 (cdmaOne), and PDC • 3G (Late 1990s) – Global harmonization and roaming. – Wideband CDMA – Ex: UMTS, cdma2000, and TD-SCDMA Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 1
  • 3. Introduction Beyond 3G • International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2000 introduced global standard for 3G. • Systems beyond IMT-2000 (IMT-Advanced) is set to introduce evolutionary path beyond 3G. – Mobile class targets 100 Mbps with high mobility and nomadic/ local area class targets 1 Gbps with low mobility. • 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently developing evolutionary/ revolutionary systems beyond 3G. – 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) – 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) • IEEE 802.16-based WiMAX is also evolving towards 4G through 802.16m. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 2
  • 4. Introduction 3GPP Evolution • Release 99 (Mar. 2000): UMTS/WCDMA • Rel-5 (Mar. 2002): HSDPA • Rel-6 (Mar. 2005): HSUPA • Rel-7 (2007): DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), optimized real-time services (VoIP, gaming, push-to-talk). • Long Term Evolution (LTE) – 3GPP work on the Evolution of the 3G Mobile System started in November 2004. – Standardized in the form of Rel-8. – Spec finalized and approved in January 2008. – Target deployment in 2010. – LTE-Advanced study phase in progress. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 3
  • 5. Introduction 3GPP2 Evolution • CDMA2000 1X (1999) • CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (2000) • EV-DO Rev. A (2004): VoIP • EV-DO Rev. B (2006): Multi-carrier • Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), f.k.a. EV-DO Rev. C – Based on EV-DO, IEEE 802.20, and FLASH-OFDM – Spec finalized in April 2007. – Commercially available in early 2009. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 4
  • 6. Introduction IEEE 802.16 Evolution • 802.16 (2002): Line-of-sight fixed operation in 10 to 66 GHz • 802.16a (2003): Air interface support for 2 to 11 GHz • 802.16d (2004): Minor improvements to fixes to 16a • 802.16e (2006): Support for vehicular mobility and asymmetrical link • 802.16m (in progress): Higher data rate, reduced latency, and efficient security mechanism Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 5
  • 7. 3GPP LTE Requirements of LTE • Peak data rate – 100 Mbps DL/ 50 Mbps UL within 20 MHz bandwidth. • Up to 200 active users in a cell (5 MHz) • Less than 5 ms user-plane latency • Mobility – Optimized for 0 ~ 15 km/h. – 15 ~ 120 km/h supported with high performance. – Supported up to 350 km/h or even up to 500 km/h. • Enhanced multimedia broadcast multicast service (E-MBMS) • Spectrum flexibility: 1.25 ~ 20 MHz • Enhanced support for end-to-end QoS Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 6
  • 8. 3GPP LTE LTE Enabling Technologies • OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) • Frequency domain equalization • SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) • MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) • Multicarrier channel-dependent resource scheduling • Fractional frequency reuse Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 7
  • 9. 3GPP LTE LTE Enabling Technologies - cont. • Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) – SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple access technique which has similar structure and performance to OFDMA. • Utilizes single carrier modulation and orthogonal frequency multiplexing using DFT-spreading in the transmitter and frequency domain equalization in the receiver. – A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM/OFDMA is low PAPR. • Efficient transmitter and improved cell-edge performance. – H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE Vehic. Tech. Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006 – A comprehensive tutorial available at http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma.pdf. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 8
  • 10. 3GPP LTE Key Features of LTE • Multiple access scheme – DL: OFDMA with CP. – UL: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) with CP. • Adaptive modulation and coding – DL/UL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM – Convolutional code and Rel-6 turbo code • Advanced MIMO spatial multiplexing techniques – (2 or 4)x(2 or 4) downlink and uplink supported. – Multi-user MIMO also supported. • Support for both FDD and TDD • H-ARQ, mobility support, rate control, security, and etc. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 9
  • 11. 3GPP LTE LTE Standard Specifications • Freely downloadable from http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm Specification Description of contents index TS 36.1xx Equipment requirements: Terminals, base stations, and repeaters. TS 36.2xx Physical layer. Layers 2 and 3: Medium access control, radio link control, and radio TS 36.3xx resource control. Infrastructure communications (UTRAN = UTRA Network) including TS 36.4xx base stations and mobile management entities. TS 36.5xx Conformance testing. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 10
  • 12. 3GPP LTE Protocol Architecture RRC: Radio Resource Control Layer 3 Control / measurements RLC: Radio Link Control Logical channels Layer 2 MAC: Medium Access Control Transport channels PHY: Physical layer Layer 1 Physical channels Transceiver Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 11
  • 13. 3GPP LTE LTE Network Architecture • E-UTRAN (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) UMTS 3G: UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core) MME MME GGSN S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW SGSN S1 RNC RNC eNB eNB X2 NB NB NB NB eNB eNB E-UTRAN NB: NodeB (base station) eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB RNC: Radio Network Controller MME: Mobility Management Entity SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node S-GW: Serving Gateway * 3GPP TS 36.300 GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 12
  • 14. 3GPP LTE LTE Network Architecture - cont. • eNB – All radio interface-related EPC (Evolved Packet Core) functions MME MME • MME S-GW/P-GW S-GW/P-GW – Manages mobility, UE identity, and security S1 parameters. • S-GW – Node that terminates the eNB eNB interface towards E-UTRAN. X2 • P-GW eNB eNB E-UTRAN – Node that terminates the eNB: E-UTRAN NodeB interface towards PDN. MME: Mobility Management Entity S-GW: Serving Gateway * 3GPP TS 36.300 P-GW: PDN (Packet Data Network) Gateway Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 13
  • 15. 3GPP LTE LTE Network Architecture - cont. UTRAN SGSN GERAN HSS S3 S1-MME S6a MME PCR S12 Rx+ S11 S7 S4 "LTE-Uu" S10 Serving S5 PDN SGi UE E-UTRAN Gateway Gateway Operator's IP Services S1-U (e.g. IMS, PSS etc.) * Non-roaming architecture * 3GPP TS 23.401 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 14
  • 16. 3GPP LTE LTE Network Architecture - cont. RRM: Radio Resource Management RB: Radio Bearer RRC: Radio Resource Control PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol NAS: Non-Access Stratum EPS: Evolved Packet System * 3GPP TS 36.300 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 15
  • 17. 3GPP LTE LTE Network Architecture - cont. User-Plane Protocol Stack Control-Plane Protocol Stack * 3GPP TS 36.300 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 16
  • 18. 3GPP LTE Frame Structure • Two radio frame structures defined. – Frame structure type 1 (FS1): FDD. – Frame structure type 2 (FS2): TDD. • A radio frame has duration of 10 ms. • A resource block (RB) spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms. One subcarrier has bandwidth of 15 kHz, thus 180 kHz per RB. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 17
  • 19. 3GPP LTE Frame Structure Type 1 • FDD frame structure One radio frame = 10 ms One slot = 0.5 ms #0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19 One subframe = TTI (Transmission Time Interval) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 18
  • 20. 3GPP LTE Frame Structure Type 2 • TDD frame structure One radio frame = 10 ms One half-frame = 5 ms One subframe = 1 ms One slot = 0.5 ms Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9 DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 19
  • 21. 3GPP LTE Resource Grid One radio frame Slot #0 #19 N symb Resource block = N symb × N sc resource elements RB Subcarrier (frequency) N RB × N sc RB RB N sc Resource element = 12 OFDM/SC-FDMA symbol (time) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 20
  • 22. 3GPP LTE Length of CP Configuration Nsymb Normal CP 7 Extended CP 6 Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz)† 3 Configuration CP length NCP,l [samples] 160 (≈ 5.21 µs) for l = 0 Normal CP 144 (≈ 4.69 µs) for l = 1, 2, …, 6 Extended CP 512 (≈ 16.67 µs) for l = 0, 1, …, 5 Extended CP (∆f = 7.5 kHz) † 1024 (≈ 33.33 µs) for l = 0, 1, 2 † Only in downlink Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 21
  • 23. 3GPP LTE LTE Bandwidth/Resource Configuration Channel 1.4 3 5 10 15 20 bandwidth [MHz] Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100 resource blocks (NRB) Number of 72 180 300 600 900 1200 occupied subcarriers IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx) 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048 size Sample rate [MHz] 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72 Samples per slot 960 1920 3840 7680 11520 15360 *3GPP TS 36.104 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 22
  • 24. 3GPP LTE Bandwidth Configuration 1 slot Zeros DL or UL symbol Resource block frequency RB N sc N RB × N sc RB M = 12 = 300 = 512 (180 kHz) (4.5 MHz) (7.68 MHz) Zeros * 5 MHz system with frame structure type 1 time Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 23
  • 25. 3GPP LTE LTE Physical Channels • DL – Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) – Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) – Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) – Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) – Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) – Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) • UL – Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) – Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) – Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 24
  • 26. 3GPP LTE LTE Transport Channels • Physical layer transport channels offer information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher layers. • DL – Broadcast Channel (BCH) – Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) – Paging Channel (PCH) – Multicast Channel (MCH) • UL – Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) – Random Access Channel (RACH) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 25
  • 27. 3GPP LTE LTE Logical Channels • Logical channels are offered by the MAC layer. • Control Channels: Control-plane information – Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) – Paging Control Channel (PCCH) – Common Control Channel (CCCH) – Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) – Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) • Traffic Channels: User-plane information – Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) – Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 26
  • 28. 3GPP LTE Channel Mappings PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH Logical CCCH DCCH DTCH channels Transport PCH BCH DL-SCH MCH RACH UL-SCH channels Physical PDSCH PBCH PMCH PDCCH channels PRACH PUSCH PUCCH Downlink Uplink Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 27
  • 29. 3GPP LTE LTE Layer 2 • Layer 2 has three sublayers – MAC (Medium Access Control) – RLC (Radio Link Control) – PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) DL UL ROHC: Robust Header Compression * 3GPP TS 36.300 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 28
  • 30. 3GPP LTE RRC Layer • Terminated in eNB on the network side. • Functions – Broadcast – Paging – RRC connection management – RB (Radio Bearer) management – Mobility functions – UE measurement reporting and control • RRC states – RRC_IDLE – RRC_CONNECTED Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 29
  • 31. 3GPP LTE Resource Scheduling of Shared Channels • Dynamic resource scheduler resides in eNB on MAC layer. • Radio resource assignment based on radio condition, traffic volume, and QoS requirements. • Radio resource assignment consists of: – Physical Resource Block (PRB) – Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 30
  • 32. 3GPP LTE Radio Resource Management • Radio bearer control (RBC) • Radio admission control (RAC) • Connection mobility control (CMC) • Dynamic resource allocation (DRA) or packet scheduling (PS) • Inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) • Load balancing (LB) Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 31
  • 33. 3GPP LTE Other Features • ARQ (RLC) and H-ARQ (MAC) • Mobility • Rate control • DRX (Discontinuous Reception) • MBMS • QoS • Security Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 32
  • 34. 3GPP LTE DL Overview • DL physical channels – Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) – Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) – Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) – Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) – Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) – Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) • DL physical signals – Reference signal (RS) – Synchronization signal • Available modulation for data channel – QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 33
  • 35. 3GPP LTE DL Physical Channel Processing Scrambling Modulation mapping Mapping onto one or more Layer mapping transmission layers MIMO-related processing Generation of signals for each Precoding antenna port Resource element mapping OFDM signal generation IDFT operation Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 34
  • 36. 3GPP LTE DL Reference Signal • Cell-specific 2D RS sequence is generated as the symbol-by- symbol product of a 2D orthogonal sequence (OS) and a 2D pseudo-random sequence (PRS). – 3 different 2D OS and ~170 different PRS. – Each cell (sector) ID corresponds to a unique combination of one OS and one PRS ⇒ ~510 unique cell IDs. • CDM of RS for cells (sectors)of the same eNodeB (BS) – Use complex orthogonal spreading codes. • FDM of RS for each antenna in case of MIMO Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 35
  • 37. 3GPP LTE DL Reference Signal - cont. R0 R0 *With normal CP *3GPP TS 36.211 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 l =0 l =6 l =0 l=6 R0 R0 R1 R0 R0 R1 R1 R0 R0 R1 R1 R0 R0 R1 R1 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l=6 l =0 l =6 R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3 R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 R3 R3 R0 R0 R1 R1 R2 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l =6 l =0 l=6 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 36
  • 38. 3GPP LTE DL MIMO • Supported up to 4x4 configuration. • Support for both spatial multiplexing (SM) and Tx diversity (TxD) – SM • Unitary precoding based scheme with codebook based feedback from user. • Multiple codewords – TxD: SFBC/STBC, switched TxD, CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity) considered. • MU-MIMO supported. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 37
  • 39. 3GPP LTE UL Overview • UL physical channels – Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) – Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) – Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) • UL physical signals – Reference signal (RS) • Available modulation for data channel – QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM • Single user MIMO not supported in current release. – But it will be addressed in the future release. – Multi-user collaborative MIMO supported. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 38
  • 40. 3GPP LTE UL Resource Block *PUSCH with normal CP Resource Reference block (RB) symbols (RS) Frequency Subcarrier 1 slot (0.5 ms) One SC-FDMA symbol Time Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 39
  • 41. 3GPP LTE UL Physical Channel Processing Scrambling Modulation mapping Transform precoding DFT-precoding SC-FDMA Resource element mapping modulation SC-FDMA signal generation IDFT operation Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 40
  • 42. 3GPP LTE SC- SC-FDMA Modulation in LTE UL Localized mapping Subcarrier with an option of Mapping adaptive scheduling or random hopping. M-1 Zeros subcarrier Serial- Parallel { x0 , x1 … , xN −1} to- N- M- -to- { x0 , x1 … , xM −1} ɶ ɶ ɶ DFT IDFT Parallel Serial One SC-FDMA symbol Zeros 0 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 41
  • 43. 3GPP LTE UL Reference Signal • Two types of UL RS – Demodulation (DM) RS ⇒ Narrowband. – Sounding RS: Used for UL resource scheduling ⇒ Broadband. • RS based on Zadoff-Chu CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) polyphase sequence – CAZAC sequence: Constant amplitude, zero circular auto- correlation, flat frequency response, and low circular cross- correlation between two different sequences.  − j 2π r  k 2 +qk  ,   k =0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L even * r is any integer relatively prime L 2   e   with L and q is any integer. ak =  r  k ( k +1)   − j 2π  + qk  , k = 0,1,2,⋯, L −1; for L odd e L 2  B. M. Popovic, “Generalized Chirp-like Polyphase Sequences with Optimal Correlation Properties,” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, vol. 38, Jul. 1992, pp. 1406-1409. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 42
  • 44. 3GPP LTE UL RS Multiplexing User 1 User 2 User 3 subcarriers subcarriers FDM Pilots CDM Pilots Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 43
  • 45. 3GPP LTE UL RS Multiplexing - cont. • DM RS – For SIMO: FDM between different users. – For SU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna – For MU-MIMO: CDM between RS from each antenna • Sounding RS – CDM when there is only one sounding bandwidth. – CDM/FDM when there are multiple sounding bandwidths. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 44
  • 46. 3GPP LTE Cell Search • Cell search: Mobile terminal or user equipment (UE) acquires time and frequency synchronization with a cell and detects the cell ID of that cell. – Based on BCH (Broadcast Channel) signal and hierarchical SCH (Synchronization Channel) signals. • P-SCH (Primary-SCH) and S-SCH (Secondary-SCH) are transmitted twice per radio frame (10 ms) for FDD. • Cell search procedure 1. 5 ms timing identified using P-SCH. 2. Radio timing and group ID found from S-SCH. 3. Full cell ID found from DL RS. 4. Decode BCH. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 45
  • 47. 3GPP LTE Random Access • Non-synchronized random access. • Open loop power controlled with power ramping similar to WCDMA. • RACH signal bandwidth: 1.08 MHz (6 RBs) • Preamble based on CAZAC sequence. RA slot = 1 ms TCP TGP CP Preamble * TCP = 0.1 ms, TGP = 0.1 ms *3GPP TR 25.814 Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 46
  • 48. 3GPP LTE Other Procedures • Synchronization procedures – Radio link monitoring – Inter-Cell synchronization for MBMS – Transmission timing adjustments • Power control for DL and UL • UE procedure for CQI (Channel Quality Indication) reporting • UE procedure for MIMO feedback reporting • UE sounding procedure Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 47
  • 49. Summary and References Summary • Key technologies of LTE system – Multicarrier-based radio air interface • OFDMA and SC-FDMA – IP-based flat network architecture – Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) – Active interference avoidance and coordination • Fractional frequency re-use (FFR) – Fast frequency-selective resource scheduling Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 48
  • 50. Summary and References Summary - cont. 3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB Mobile WiMAX Channel bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 MHz 5, 7, 8.75, and 10 MHz DL multiple access OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA UL multiple access SC-FDMA OFDMA and CDMA OFDMA Duplexing FDD and TDD FDD and TDD TDD Subcarrier mapping Localized Localized and distributed Localized and distributed Subcarrier hopping Yes Yes Yes Data modulation QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz 9.6 kHz 10.94 kHz FFT size (5 MHz) 512 512 512 Channel coding Convolutional coding and turbo Convolutional coding, turbo coding, Convolutional coding and coding. and LDPC coding convolutional turbo coding. Block turbo coding and LDPC coding optional. MIMO Multi-layer precoded spatial Multi-layer precoded spatial Beamforming, Space-time coding, multiplexing space-time/frequency multiplexing, space-time transmit and spatial multiplexing block coding, switched transmit diversity, spatial division multiple diversity, and cyclic delay diversity access, and beamforming. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 49
  • 51. Summary and References References and Resources • LTE enabling technologies – OFDM/OFDMA • R. van Nee and R. Prasad, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House, 2000. – SC-FDMA • H. G. Myung et al., “Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Mag., vol. 1, no. 3, Sep. 2006. • http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/scfdma – MIMO • A. Paulraj et al., Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications, Cambridge University Press, May 2003. • G. L. Stüber et al., “Broadband MIMO-OFDM Wireless Communications,” Proceedings of the IEEE, Feb. 2004, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 271-294. – Multicarrier scheduling • G. Song and Y. Li, “Utility-based Resource Allocation and Scheduling in OFDM-based Wireless Broadband Networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 43, no. 12, Dec. 2005, pp. 127-134. Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 50
  • 52. Summary and References References and Resources - cont. • 3GPP LTE – Spec • http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36-series.htm • http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/25814.htm (old) – E. Dahlman et al., 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2007 – H. Ekström et al., “Technical Solutions for the 3G Long-Term Evolution,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 3, March 2006, pp. 38-45 – 3G Americas, “Mobile Broadband: The Global Evolution of UMTS/HSPA - 3GPP Release 7 and Beyond" available at http://www.3gamericas.org/pdfs/UMTS_Rel7_Beyond_Dec2006.p df – http://www.LTEwatch.com Technical Overview of 3GPP LTE | Hyung G. Myung 51
  • 53. Thank you! May 18, 2008 Hyung G. Myung (hgmyung@ieee.org)