This document summarizes Peter Eisenberger's presentation on closing the carbon cycle for sustainability. It discusses using CO2 captured from the air along with hydrogen from water to provide carbon-negative energy and sequester carbon. This approach could meet energy and economic needs sustainably while protecting the climate. It outlines Global Thermostat's technology to capture CO2 using solid sorbents on monolith contactors, which can then be used to produce fuels or sequestered underground. The technology aims to make closing the carbon cycle economically viable.

1. Closing the Carbon Cycle for Sustainability
A Key Strategy for Energy Security, Economic Development
and Climate Protection
Peter Eisenberger
Columbia University & Global Thermostat
i-SUP2014
Brussels, Belgium
September 1, 2014

2. Table of Contents
• Closing the Carbon Cycle
• Energy from Atmospheric CO2
• Global Thermostat CO2 CaptureTechnology
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 2

3. THE CHALLENGES WE FACE
• MEETING BASIC NEEDS+ OF 9 BILLION PEOPLE
– ENERGY SECURITY
• LOCALLY PRODUCED GLOBALLY AVAILABLE
• 5-10X SUPPLY
• SUSTAINABLE
– ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• OVERCOME DEVELOPED/DEVELOPING COUNTRY DIVIDE
• ELIMINATE POVERTY
– CLIMATE CHANGE PROTECTION
• AVOID RAPID INCREASE OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION
• FLEXIBILITY TO ADJUST ATMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATION
Solution
CLOSE THE CARBON CYCLE FOR CLIMATE PROTECTION
CAPTURE CO2 FROM AIR AND USE IT AS FEEDSTOCK TO
PROVIDE ENERGY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TO
SEQUESTER CARBON

5. OBSERVATIONS
• CARBON CYCLE NOT CLOSED
– EARTH SEQUESTERING CO2- ABOUT 1%
– CHANGES SIGN WITH TIME
• ESSENTIAL TO HAVE LONG TERM STABILITY
• HUMAN CONTRIBUTION
– ONLY 3% OF CO2 FLUX
– UNIDIRECTIONAL
• RAPID INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION/NO LONG TERM STABILITY
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1-3 % EFFICIENT SOLAR ENERGY
– FITNESS - RESILIENCE NOT EFFICIENCY
• HUMAN DESIGNED SOLAR
– MORE EFFICIENT AND MORE RESILIENT
– COST IS THE ISSUE FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

6. Current Approaches to Manage Our Carbon
“Wedges” approach a good start…
– Sensible, diversified strategy based on existing pathways
– Portfolio of renewable energy and efficiency technologies
– Includes carbon capture and sequestration from flue gas
– Potential to keep CO2 near 500ppm
(still over 2x pre-indust. Level in short time)
But may not be enough to avoid climate change…
– Depends on continued net natural absorption rate
– Does not address 2000’s already elevated emissions
– Underestimates projected growth rate by factor of two
– No solution past 2055 –not sustainable
Climate will change destructively on its own
– Earth history has many climate disasters
– New York City under a 1 mile high ice sheet
A safe, effective, and affordable solution to climate change is still urgently needed

7. Emissions Scenarios…

8. Future Atmospheric Concentrations…

9. What Carbon Negative Can Achieve…

10. The Cost of Atmospheric CO2…

11. New Insight in 2013 IPCC
Report
 Takes Much Longer for Increased Concentration to Disapate due to natural
processes
o From under 100 years to a significant portion lasting for 1000’s of years
 CO2 Problem is different than SOX acid rain problem
o Cures via natural processes in tens of years
 Carbon Negative more important than from 2006 analysis
o IPCC Identified Negative Carbon is needed to address climate change threat
o More needed than in 2006 analysis
o Delay in implementation increases time above 450ppm and increases cost to get back to 450 ppm

12. 2013 IPCC Results
700
680
660
640
620
600
580
560
540
520
500
480
460
440
420
400
380
CO2 Concentration without
removal
CO2 Concentration with
removal starting 2030 490ppm
after peak
CO2 Concentration with
removal starting 2030 500ppm
after peak
CO2 Concentration with
removal starting 2010
CO2 Concentration with
removal starting 2020
2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 2055 2065 2075 2085 2095
ppm of CO2 in Atmosphere
Year
• The incremental parts per million (ppm) increase in the atmosphere CO2
based on the emissions of CO2 in A1B, five scenarios are presented, the
base case with no removal and four cases with removal starting in 2010,
2020, and 2030 with two different rates of recovery to 450ppm

13. 35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
2005 2015 2025 2035 2045 2055 2065 2075 2085 2095
GtC/yr Removal Capacity
Year
GtC/yr Capacity Growth 2010 Start
GtC/y Capacity Growth 2020 Start
GtC/y Capacity Growth 2030 Start
490ppm after peak
GtC/yr Capacity Growth 2030 Start
500ppm after peak
GtC Removal Capacity/Year for four cases where the start years of
capacity of 1 Million Tonnes removal are 2010, 2020, 2030 and the
concentration level in the atmosphere after the peak is reduced to
450ppm at two different rates for the 'A1B.‘ emissions scenarios

14. The Need for Going Carbon Negative…
Avoided Carbon and being Carbon
Neutral is not enough
– Neutralizing new and existing
emissions does not prevent
atmospheric concentration of CO2
from further increasing
– It doesn’t solve the climate risk
problem (reducing atmospheric
concentrations below 500 ppm)
Carbon-Negative Required
– To reduce atmospheric
concentrations faster than the
natural absorption rate
– To achieve a safe level of CO2
concentration
Air Capture Can Make Going
Carbon Negative Possible
Business as usual
7 Wedges (aggressive
renewable energy use,
efficiency, point-source
sequestration)
Negative Carbon
Technology (such
as Global
Thermostat) with
aggressive
renewable energy
Pacala and Socolow, Science, Vol 305, 8/13/2004, Pg 969.
Note: 7 Wedges refers to the seven stabilization wedges,
created by Wigley, Richels & Edmonds, necessary to achieve
an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 500 ppm by 2125.

15. WE CAN CLOSE THE CARBON CYCLE
• A BI-DIRECTIONAL CARBON BASED ENERGY PROCESS
– ENERGY SOURCE
• INPUT CO2 FROM THE AIR AND HYDROGEN FROM WATER
• PRODUCED USING RENEWABLE ENERGY
• RELEASING CO2 AND WATER WHEN COMBUSTED
• TWO HYDROGEN PROCESSES(+CO2 FROM AIR)
– BIOMEMETIC/ ALGAE
– INDUSTRIAL/ ELECTROLYSIS/CHEMICAL

16. Renewable 95: Closing the Carbon Cycle
CONVERTING CO2 FROM AIR &
HYDROGEN FROM WATER
TO
95 OCTANE GASOLINE
Water Vapor and CO2
DROP IN TECHNOLOGY
CO2 Capture
&
Hydrogen Conversion
95
Octane

17. GT Project with Algae Partners
GT is developing a fully-integrated biorefinery
through a partnership with Algae Systems
• Produces carbon negative transportation fuels (diesel, jet, etc)
• Treats municipal wastewater and produces drinking water
• Sequesters carbon in biochar fertilizers
Desalination
CO2
Waste
water
Algae
Production
Dewatering
Fuel
Production
Fuels,
Electricity &
Biochar
Treated
Wastewater
Drinking
Water
This unique combination of technologies provides critical municipal
services while producing energy in an embodiment that is
As Green As It Gets
Solar
Energy

18. CO2 FROM AIR
ELECTROLYSIS :HYDROGEN FROM WATER
The Production of Methanol
Carbon Recycling International-Iceland
•
• CO2+3H2 TO CH3OH +H20
– The above reaction is exothermic, DH298=-49.47 kJ/mol
– This reaction is faster than conventional methanol
processes that use synthesis gas (CO + H2)

19. MAKE GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY FROM CO2 FROM AIR
• Extracts heat 50% faster than with water-based
geothermal
• Does not require pumps or pumping
• Can generate power with conventional
technology (e.g., turbines)
• Can store energy
– Ideal for energy storage (e.g., less than 2-
minute response time)
– No separate storage technology required
• Provides grid management capability
– Baseload, firming or peaking power
– “Firms up” wind or solar power
• Produces carbon-negative power

20. Geothermal Electricity + CO2
Collaboration with Green Fire Energy
– Uses CO2 instead of water
– 20-50% of circulating CO2 sequestered
Using CO2 captured by Global Thermostat
– Location flexibility of air capture
– Economic advantage of locating near use
– Increased geothermal locations accessible
Produces Carbon Negative Electricity

21. ENERGY PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERISTICS
• POWERED BY RENEWABLE ENERGY
– ESSENTIALLY UNLIMITED SOURCE S
• LOCALLY PRODUCED GLOBALLY
– ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL
• DROP IN TECHNOLOGY
– MINIMIZES INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS
• ENERGY EFFCIENT AND RESILIENT
– “COST” IS THE ISSUE

22. “COST” OF ENERGY
• “COST” = PRIVATE COST+ EXTERNAL COST=SOCIAL COST
– PRIVATE COST=WHAT YOU PAY AT THE PUMP OR FOR ELECTRICITY
– EXTERNAL COST ARE THOSE NOT REFLECTED IN MARKET
• SUBSIDIES
• HEALTH LIABILITIES
• ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES/CLIMATE CHANGE
• ENERGY/ OIL-RELATED DEFENSE EXPENDITURE
• NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT
• “COST”FOR CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE=SOCIAL COST
– NEEDS TO BE FULL LIFE CYCLE COSTS
– NEEDS TO ACOUNT FOR EXTERNALITIES
– NEEDS TO BE FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
– NEEDS TO BE EQUITABLE DISRIBUTED

23. THE SOCIAL COST IS MUCH GREATER
THAN THE PRIVATE COSTS
• MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy
Research
“The true social cost is almost three times the
amount that appears on our utility bills.”
• International Centre for Technology Assessment.
” Such external costs push the true price of
gasoline as high as $15.14 a gallon”

24. COST OF CARBON NEGATIVE
FUEL TECHNOLOGY
• WHAT WE PAY FOR GASOLINE at the PUMP TODAY IS ABOUT 30% OF THE TRUE ECONOMIC COST
• COST OF CO2 FROM THE AIR/GALLON(10KG)
– .01X COST/TONNE ( UNCOMPRESSED)
• $1.00. FOR $100/TONNE CO2
• $.50 FOR $50/TONNE
• COST OF HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS/GALLON(1KG)
– CE/KWHR X50KWHR/KG +CAPEX
• $4.00 FOR 7CTS/KWHR
• $1.50 FOR 2CTS/KWHR
• CONVERSION TO FUEL AND DELIVERY VIA EXISITING PROCESSES
– $1.50 /GALLON
• TOTAL COST TODAY!!
– $3.50 – $6.50/GALLON
• HYDROGEN AND FUEL VIA ALGAE-CAN BE LOWER COST
– SUN SEPARATES HYDROGEN AND COMBINES IT WITH CO2 TO PRODUCE HYDROCARBONS
– MONETIZE CLEAN WATER AND BIOCHAR
• ELECTROYLSIS ECONOMICALLY VIABLE AT 2CTS KWHR OF ENERGY WITH TODAYS SYSTEM
– STRANDED ELECTRICITY TODAY
– NO NEED FOR NEW INFRASTRUCTURE-LOW BARRIER TO ENTRY

25. A SOLUTION EXISTS TODAY
• WE KNOW HOW TO GET HYDROGEN FROM WATER
• WE KNOW HOW TO GET CO2 FROM THE AIR
• WE HAVE AN ACCEPTABLE SOLAR OR GEOTHERMAL EFFCIENCY
• THE CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE “COST”
– “COST” =COST OF TECHNOLGY – AVOIDED EXTERNAL COSTS OF TODAYS APPOACH + NEW
EXTERNAL COSTS
– NEW EXTERNAL COSTS VERY LOW
• NO POLLUTION –FUEL IS CLEAN
• NO COSTS FROM POOR DISTRIBUTION OF INPUTS
• NO COSTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
• CAN COST $6.50/GAL AND STILL BE ECONOMIC
– $3.00/GAL REBATE TO CONSUMERS TO REFLECT REDUCED SOCIAL COSTS
– LESS “COST” THEN FOSSIL ENERGY “SOCIAL COSTS” OF 10.00/GAL

26. CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE
FOR ENERGY, ECONOMIC, AND CLIMATE SUSTAINABILITY 26

27. How GT Technology Works
“GT CARBON SPONGE”
Pipes to algae, etc.
Patented Carbon Sponge: porous block
coated with proprietary amine sorbents
Ambient air and/or flue gas goes through
and binds to sorbent
Carbon Sponge lowers into sealed
chamber
Low temperature process heat releases
pure CO2 gas for collection
And the cycle restarts…
27

28. Technology Operation
Adsorption
Phase
Regeneration
Phase
Ambient air
OR
Air-flue gas blend
Monolith
Contactors +
Sorbent
GT Module “Cartridge”
Step 1
Air Input
• GT uses Corning
monolith contactors
similar to those in your
cars tailpipe
• Contactors provide
high surface contact
areas at low
pressure drop
• Enables movement of
large volumes of air
with effective contact
of CO2 at low cost
• 40 minute cycle
28

29. Technology Operation
29
Step 2
CO2 Capture
Adsorption
Phase
Regeneration
Phase
Monolith
Contactors +
Sorbent
“Cartridge”
GT Module
• GT sorbents proven
highly effective by
Georgia Tech -
confirmed by SRI,
BASF, and NETL
• BASF process to
deposit immobilized
amines in pores of the
contactor walls at high
loading
• Dramatically reduces
heat required
compared to liquid
based CCS
Ambient air
OR
Air-flue gas blend

30. Technology Operation
30
105C Steam
Step 3
Regeneration
CO2 Collection
Adsorption
Phase
Regeneration
Phase
Monolith
Contactors +
Sorbent
“Cartridge”
GT Module
• CO2-rich sorbent is
heated with low-temperature
process
heat (90-105C) steam
• CO2 is collected and
sorbent is regenerated
• CO2 can be stored or
used in multiple
commercial
applications
• 4 - 10 minute cycle

31. Technology Operation
Step 3
Regeneration
Evaporated water
l 31
Adsorption
Phase
Regeneration
Phase
Monolith Contactors
+ Sorbent
“Cartridge”
GT Module
Step 4
Heat Recovery
Regeneration
• Hot monolith with CO2
removed is connected to
neighboring cold CO2 full
monolith module
• Condensed water
evaporates cooling hot
monolith deposits on cold
monolith heating it
• Reduces heat required by a
factor of two
• Cooled monolith raised to
capture position
• Partially heated monolith is
exposed to steam

32. CO2 Adsorption Breakthrough Curves
Effect of loading & production validation

33. Monolith Durability Test
• Stability Run – 400, 30
minute adsorptions
followed by four minutes
of CO2 removal by
steam stripping
• Equation in the upper
right fits the CO2
working capacity data:
CO2 removed each
cycle-x is the number of
the run
• The small and positive
coefficient means the
results are essentially
unchanged, e.g., stable
performance
y = 0.0001x + 26.457
R2 = 0.0002
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Cycle #
CO2 Captured (g/cycle)
0
ppm CO2 in Air, Temperature (K)
CO2 Captured
CO2 in Air
Temperature

34. Technology Partners
34
Partner Activity Relationship Terms
SRI International Pilot plant operation and R&D; lab testing Contract R&D
BASF Sorbent development/supply; lab testing Strategic Supplier
Corning Monolith development/supply Strategic Supplier
Linde Carburetor Pilot/EPC Contractor EPC Contractor
Georgia Tech Sorbent R&D; contactor testing Contract R&D
Virgin Atlantic Renewable jet fuel Commercialization partner, customer
Carmagen
Engineering
System design, engineering, optimization Contract consulting
Summit Power Project engineering Project development fee

35. Third Party Reports
Detailed Third party reports completed by:
• Den Norsk Veritas (Global risk and technology assessment firm)
• Leading world supplier of industrial gases and engineering services
Reports validate technology and potential aggressive cost curve advancements.
Third-party reports confirm technology and cost trajectory
Under $50/tonne -ECONOMIC VIABILE

36. The Global Thermostat
Carbon dioxide
concentration
decreasing
ENERGY
Atmosphere
800

37. CLIMATE STABILITY-CHAOS CONTROL
• CLIMATE IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM
– LORENZ BUTTERFLY EFFECT-CHAOTIC DYNAMICS
– NOT POSSIBLE TO PREDICT LONG TERM CLIMATE
– SMALL CHANGE CAN PRODUCE BIG IMPACT
– CAN USE EFFECT IN REVERSE TO PROVIDE CONTOL
– CHAOS CONTROL DEMONSTRATED
• CONTROL CARBON CYCLE –CONTROL CO2 CONCENTRATION
– LIMIT FUTURE CLIMATE EXTREMES
– TURN A THREAT INTO AN OPPORTUNITY
CAN PROVIDE GLOBAL CLIMATE CONTROL FOR
LESS ENERGY THAN NEEDED TO CONTROL CLIMATE
IN OUR BUILDNGS

38. A Sustainable Solution
Close the carbon cycle –Capture of CO2 from air to
make the energy we need and to stabilize the climate
ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL
̶ CO2 FROM AIR AND HYDROGEN FROM WATER
̶ PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION TO FUEL POWERED BY RENEWABLES
̶ INPUTS MORE EQUABLY DISTRIBUTED-CLIMATE
STABILIZATION
̶ ADVOID GOING ABOVE “TIPPING POINT
̶ LONG TERM CAN VARY STORAGE AND RECYCLE TO STABILIZE CO2
GREEN ENERGY FUND STIMULATES ECONOMIC GROWTH
̶ STIMULATES TRANSITION TO CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE
̶ MONETIZE THE CO2 SO IT IS A VALUABLE AND NOT A POLLUTANT