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Design for Polluted and Toxic Environments

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Green Initiatives 绿色倡议
Green Initiatives 绿色倡议

Gensler, a leading design firm globally, spent three years researching and conducting several experiments related to smog and altitude, indoor pollution and living walls, and outdoor green spaces. The study aims to come up with ideas and methods for how architecture and engineering can improve the way we design buildings to address air quality both indoors and outdoors. Fortunately, their results were very insightful. We believe that buildings themselves can become the filters; not just for the users, but also for the whole population. In this presentation, Kyle presents us the results from three years of research that he and his team conducted to discover how to address air quality both indoors and outdoors through the way we design buildings. Their studies included the efficiency of Living Walls, the effectivity of particulates at various altitudes, and conceptualization of a prototype lung to passively clean air. Kyle is the Founder and Research Director for Gensler’s “Design for Polluted and Toxic Environments”. His research seeks to use design as a way to problem solve issues related to indoor and outdoor air quality. He has received awards for his work as a designer from AIA, IIDA, US Green Building Council, ID Best of the Year Award, FX International Interior Design Award, Blue Print Design Award, Surface Design Award, and A2asia Award. Additionally, Kyle is a Lecturer at Tongji University’s Design Innovation School & FabO Maker Space, and recently joined forces with the Climate Reality Project, led by former US Vice President Al Gore as a “Global Climate Leader” and Mentor.

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DESIGN FOR POLLUTED AND TOXIC ENVIRONMENTS Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Gensler - Research
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 2 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? BUILDINGS CAN BECOME THE FILTER FOR THE AIR WE BREATHE. DESIGNFORPOLLUTEDANDTOXICENVIRONMENTS A RESEARCH INITIATIVE UNMISTAKABLE TRUTH.... POLLUTION EFFECTS Food We Eat, Water We Drink Air We Breath & ULTIMATELY... OUR HEALTH The FUTURE is dependent on our ability to use design to solve these challenges. HYPOTHESIS 1:
72%of people surveyed said: 72% POLLUTED AIR DRINKING WATER SEWAGE DISPOSAL FOOD SAFETY CLIMATE CHANGE 9% 1% 17% .7% Air Pollution is the environmental issue they feel themostaffectedbyonadailybasisinShanghai.
American Journal of Medicine (Garibaldi and Dixon, 1985) 81% of people surveyed listed Respiratory Illness as the primary symptom experienced in relation to poor air quality. 81% Respiratory Illness FluSinus Congestion Hay Fever, Allergies SneezingChest Tightness Dry/Flaking Skin Fatigue/ Drowsiness NauseaContact Lens Irritation Eye Irritation I don’t know OtherHeadache Skin Irritation Dizziness Heartburn 19% 44% 36%38%40% 29% 27% 14% 21% 01% 12% 08% 11% 26% 02% 02% RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ANNUALLY ACCOUNT FOR $15 BILLION IN US MEDICAL COSTS
Smog Depression Professor Tian Chenghua, a professor at the Institute for Psychiatric Research at Peking University’s No 6 Hospital, said “it is scientifically proved that some types of depression are closely associated with conditions such as seasonal change and lack of sunlight.” “On days of continuous smog, I feel despair. It’s as if my life is shrouded in the cloying haze,” said the 24-year-old, who was admitted to a hospital after attempting suicide. “I haven’t see the sun in four days!” CNN Reporter Jaime FlorCruz Pollution can lead to: - Decline in brain function, - Learning disability, - Depression Serotonin levels. A drop in serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that affects mood, might play a role in SAD. Reduced sunlight can cause a drop in serotonin that may trigger depression. Melatonin levels. Thechangeinseasoncandisrupt the balance of the body's level of melatonin, which plays a role in sleep patterns and mood.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 6 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 81%of people surveyed said: NO! They don’t have the ability to help improve outdoor air quality? Actual survey responses. • By Answering this survey, raising awareness around me. • Cleaner car emissions, less coal plants. • Do not shop often. • Designing green buildings. • Don’t drive a car. • Don’t drive, don’t smoke. • More planting integrated into design. Reduced energy use and PM production from coal plants. • Recycle more • Ride a bike, use less heating/cooling at home • Use less utilities; shower, heater, etc. • Attend a eco organization • Being efficient with resources NO YES IFYES-HOW? 81% 19% •High performance/low energy buildings/ environments • By educating myself and others. • Do not drive • limit fossil fuel-based transportation use • no driving • public transportation • stop smoking • Stop smoking and walk as much as possible • Walking instead of cars • Only in that we all have a tiny part to play creating pollution so personal choice matters, even if individually you can’t do much • More Public Transport • Green travel , reduce the environmental pollution caused by individual
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 7 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? ONCE A WEEK ONCE A MONTH ONCE A DAY ONCE A YEAR 53% 30% 16% 01% 53%ONCE A WEEK How often is air quality a topic in your conversations?
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 8 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 9 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 10 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 11 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 12 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1980 1990 CHINA UNITED STATES RUSSIA EUROPE JAPAN Carbon Emissions from energy consumption Billions of metric tons 8 6 4 2 0 INDIA 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Mr. Obama’s pledge to China would cut US emissions by 26% to 28% from 2005 levels by 2025 Targets pledged by Mr. Obama in 2009 U.N. accord. China’s pledge: Plan to have carbon dioxide emissions peak “around 2030” APEC 2014 - CHINA ANNOUNCES 2030 CARBON CAP ?
THE CITY THAT’S NOT FORBIDDEN, JUST AVOIDED -03%decline in foreign visits to China. CNTA 2014. A report published by The China National Tourism Administration shows that in the first quarter of the year, 5.8 million foreign tourists visited China, compared with 6.04 million in the same period in 2013. However, only 800,000 visited Beijing, a fall of 10 percent from the first quarter of last year, which resulted in the city’s total foreign exchange earnings falling to $23 billion, a year-on-year decline of 1.7 percent. Some travel services provide a list of the top 10 tourist destinations predicated on the cleanliness of the air. 13.5 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 13.2 NUMBER OF FOREIGN VISITORS TO CHINA - China National Tourism Administration 12.9 12.8 13.3
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 14 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? then sometimes BEIJING
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 15 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? LOSANGELES 1940s 1950s 1990s TODAY TODAY TODAY then now LONDONMEXICOCITY Historic Data - Particulate Matter PartsperMillion 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1975 2015 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Historic Data - Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration(ppb) 1975 2015 Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City London London London Concentration(ppb) Historic Data - Ozone History 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1975 2015
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 16 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 17 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 18 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 19 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe?
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 20 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? EarthVenusMercury 167° C +464° C 15° C 0.38 AU 0.38 AU 0.725 AU 1 AU
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 21 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? MillionMetricTonsofCarbon 0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2013 Global Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuels
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 22 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Global Surface Temperature - Departure from Average January – October 1880 – 2015 -0.5° 0.0° 0.5° 1.0° 1.5° 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (ylamonAF) 2015 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 23 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1951 – 1980 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summer Temperature Have Shifted
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 24 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1983 – 1993 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 25 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1994 – 2004 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 26 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2005 – 2015 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 27 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2015 2014two hottest years since the 2001
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 28 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2016the hottest month on record ever January
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 29 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? February 2016 was the 372 consecutive month with a global temperature above the 20th century average
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 30 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? How does this relate to energy & design?
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 31 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Coal supplies 70%of China’s Energy…. Coal combustion accounts for 80% of the chemical compounds found in PM2.5 particulates. 60% 70% Of energy is for commercial buildings Energy is from coals Commercial buildings account for 60%of average annuel energy demand globally. 7% energy increase is added to buildings using additional mechanical filtration.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 32 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Commercial buildings account for 60%of average annuel energy demand globally. Coal supplies 70%of China’s Energy…. Coal combustion accounts for 80% of the chemical compounds found in PM2.5 particulates. 7% energy increase is added to buildings using additional mechanical filtration. 60% 70% Of energy is for commercial buildings Energy is from coals REPLACE REDU CE REMOVE
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 33 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1. GROUND-LEVEL OZONE 2. CARBON MONOXIDE 3. SULFUR DIOXIDE 4. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 5. PARTICLE POLLUTION The EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: Ground-level ozone and airborne particles are the two pollutants that pose the greatest threat to human health.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 34 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICLE POLLUTION CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS AND LIQUID. PM2.5 PARTICULATES (found in China air pollution) FINE SAND PARTICLE (Saharan particle in the States) HUMAN HAIR 70 microns FINE SAND - 90 microns PM-2.5microns PM-10 microns You don’t just breath PM2.5 sized particulates.... YOUR BODY ABSORBS THESE!
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 35 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION Source: Nature 514, 218–222 PM Cloud Pollution is a combined mixture of particles both chemical and organic.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 36 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION Source: Nature 514, 218–222 PM Cloud Organic Material Dust consists mainly of oxides of aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, iron, and other metal oxides. Sulfate (SO2) Conversion of SO2 gas to sulfate-containing particles Nitrate (NOx) Reversible gas/particle equilibrium for ammonia, nitric acid, and particulate ammonium nitrate. Ammonium (NH3) Ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. The ammonium ion is vto the heavier alkali metals. NaCl (Chloride) Salt is found in PM near sea coasts, and after deicing materials are applied. Chloride ions can be replaced by nitrate, a reaction during long-range transport. Trace Elements (MTE) Chemicals in nature at concentrations < 0.1 Trace elements occur naturally, with variations in concentration,stemmingfromanthropogenicsources. Elemental Carbon (EC) Composed of carbon without hydrocarbon/ oxygen. EC is black, called soot.Pollution is a combined mixture of particles both chemical and organic.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 37 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION XI’ANGUANGZHOU BEIJING SHANGHAI Composition (%) Organic Matter Nitrate Sulphate Ammonium Chloride Trace Elements Elemental Carbon Unidentified Sources/ Factors (%) Vehicular Traffic Coal Burning Biomass Burning Cooking Dust Related Secondary Organic Secondary Inorganic 广州 西安 北京 上海 成分 (%) 有机材料 氮氧化物 硫酸盐 氨气 氯化钠 微量元素 元素但 其它 来源/因素(%) 汽车排放 煤的燃烧 生物质能燃 烧 做饭 灰尘 二级有机物 Composition
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 38 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION XI’ANGUANGZHOU BEIJING SHANGHAI Composition (%) Organic Matter Nitrate Sulphate Ammonium Chloride Trace Elements Elemental Carbon Unidentified Sources/ Factors (%) Vehicular Traffic Coal Burning Biomass Burning Cooking Dust Related Secondary Organic Secondary Inorganic 广州 西安 北京 上海 成分 (%) 有机材料 氮氧化物 硫酸盐 氨气 氯化钠 微量元素 元素但 其它 来源/因素(%) 汽车排放 煤的燃烧 生物质能燃 烧 做饭 灰尘 二级有机物 Sources
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 39 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution Coagulation New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUME HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 40 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Emission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 41 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Particulate AccumulationEmission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) DROPLET MODE AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 42 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Particulate Accumulation Wet Deposition Dry Deposition Emission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) Mechanical/physical generation (sea salt, soil dust, plant debris) DROPLET MODE COURSE MODE AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Settling MinutestoDays DaystoWeeks Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS - Inversions are layers of warm air above a layer of cooler air. Inversions block the vertical mixing and disruption of pollutants, this allows larger concentrations of pollutants to become trapped. Schematic showing diurnal cycle of mixing, vertical temperature profiles, and boundary layer height (a) on a day with a weak temperature inversion and (b) on a day with a strong temperature inversion. In (a) the pollutants mix into a large volume resulting in low pollution levels and in (b) pollutants mix into a smaller volume resulting in high pollution levels. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Residual Layer Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Convective Boundary Layer Convective Boundary Layer Residual LayerResidual Layer Residual Layer SUNRISE SUNSET MIDNIGHT 21 22 231 Weak Inversions can be broken by Aloft Pressures and day time heating at the surface. Under these conditions pollutants can mix more freely and disperse. When there is a strong inversion as indicated, the daytime heating at the surface may not be strong enough to break this inversion. Under such circumstances, vertical mixing of pollutants is weak and pollutants remain trapped at the surface for entire days.Inversion photographed from the top of shanghai tower.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 44 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M Questions: - What height does the pollution get better or worse? - Can building heights impact the quality of air? - Can we open our windows as we go higher? - Potential to reduce filtration and energy load in upper levels. - Potential for increased filtration in lower levels WE ARE TAKING MEASUREMENTS FROM DIFFERENT HEIGHT INTERVALS INDOOR AND OUTDOOR STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE STUDY
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 45 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 050100150200250 PM0.5 (μg/m3) PM2.5 (μg/m3) PM10 (μg/m3) BuildingHeight(m) LOW POLLUTION DAY -15% -44% -37% outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE - OUTDOOR READINGS
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 46 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? -15% -31% -33% -27% -40% -38% 050100150200250 PM0.5 (μg/m3) PM2.5 (μg/m3) PM10 (μg/m3) BuildingHeight(m) outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M LOW POLLUTION DAY HIGH POLLUTION DAY STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE - OUTDOOR READINGS
0 50 100 150 250 300 400 350 450 500 200 Canada Mexico China - Shanghai PM 2.5 Index US UK UK Air - DEFRAUS State Department & epaOntario MED Mexico IMEC Shanghai Environmental Bureau Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 47 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 0-15 Very Good 16-30 Good 1-50 - Good 0 -35 - Good 36-75 - Moderate 76-115 - Lightly Polluted 151-250 - Heavy Polluted 251-350 - Severely Polluted 30-50 Moderate 50-90 Poor 51-100 - Regular 90-more Very Poor 101-150 - Poor 151-200 - Very Poor >200 - Extremely Poor 12-23 - Low 00-11 - Low0-12 - Good 12.1 - 35.4 - Moderate 35.5-55.4 - Unhealthy to sensitive groups 55.5-150.5 - Unhealthy 150.5-250.4 - Very Unhealthy 250.5-500.4 - Hazardous +500.4 - Beyond Index Beyond IndexBeyond IndexBeyond IndexBeyond Index 24-35 - Low 36-41 - Moderate 42-47 - Moderate 48-53 - Moderate 54-58 - High 59-64 - High 65-70 - High >71 - Very High 116-150 - Medially Polluted
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, PM2.5 levels above 500 AQI are equivalent to a Forest Fire
On Jan. 12, 2013 air particulates rose to 1000-AQI in Beijing, 100 times the World Health Organization’s allowable level of 10. PM2.5 10 μg/m3 Annual mean 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean PM10 20 μg/m3 Annual mean 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean World Health Organization: Annual Maximum Exposure
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 50 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? VERY IMPORTANT SOMEWHAT IMPORTANT NOT IMPORTANT 75% 24% 02% 75% of people surveyed agree: Is it very important to track and be aware of current Air Quality Index? What is the annual AQI of Shanghai and is that unhealthy? UNHEALTHY FOR SENSITIVE GROUPS UNHEALTHY VERY UNHEALTHY MODERATE HAZARDOUS 47% 29% 13% 10% 01% 47%Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Shanghai’s annual AQI reading in 2015 was 53.9, listed as Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 51 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 5 Air Monitoring Sites TSP, SO2, NOx 14 Air Monitoring Sites PM10, SO2, NO2 200,000 Readings 40,00,000 Readings + DATA QUANTITY 24 Air Monitoring Sites PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO Air Quality Daily Notification and Forecasting 1980s 1990s 2000-2005 2010 Now Ozone Daily Notification 24/48 hr Forecasting AIRNow-I system - AQI Apps - Real-Time 52 Air Sites & 2 Super Stations - PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO, VOC - Haze, Viability - Traffic Monitoring BAM Units DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING - Shanghai
SHANGHAI We Are Here 1 PM2.5 DATA COLLECTION LOCATIONS US Consulate - Hourly Data Collection for PM2.5 1. SHANGHAI 2. BEIJING 3. CHENGDU 4. SHENYANG 5. GUANGZHOU 3 CHENGDU 2 BEIJING 4 SHENYANG 5 GUANGZHOU
8761 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series2Series1 Se ries 3 Series4 Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 53 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 200 200 200 200 200 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 1000 ShanghaiBeijingGuangzhouChengduShengyang 2008200920102011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 TREND COMPARISON - YEAR LONG PM2.5 DATA
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 54 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER SHANGHAI - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Hottest Month Coldest Month WHO’s Recommended 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Forest Fire Equivalent PM 2.5 Precipitation Temp. Wind Rose Series3 200 0 400 600 800 2012 48 2013 60 2014 50 Years : Average :
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 55 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ 2012 90 2009 102 2008 85 2013 100 2010 104 2014 94 2011 99 Years : Average : 200 0 400 600 800 1000 BEIJING - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Hottest MonthColdest Month WHO’s Recommended JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WHO’s Recommended Forest Fire Equivalent 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 PM 2.5 Precipitation Temp. Wind Rose
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 56 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ World Health Organization: Annual Mean for Max Exposure HOURS PM2.5 0 1 42 53 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 2012 16 2113 17 2214 1918 23 24 10 20 30 40 50 60 2012 2013 2014 48 60 50 SHANGHAI - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Yearly 24hr Averages
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 57 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ World Health Organization: Annual Mean for Max Exposure HOURS PM2.5 0 1 42 53 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 2012 16 2113 17 2214 1918 23 24 20 40 60 80 100 120 BEIJING - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection 2012 90 2009 102 2013 100 2010 104 2014 94 2011 99 Yearly 24hr Averages
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 58 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Refinement Standards: China’s allowable sulfur level in fuel is 500% that of the US and 1,500% more than that of Europe. Many believe coal is the primary contributer to ambient air pollution, Vehicle Emissions have surpassed coal in Beijing. SulfurContent EU <10ppm <30ppm <150ppm USA CN 58%Nitrogen Oxides Vehicle Emissions in China Account for: 40%Volatile Organic Matter 22%Fine Particulate Matter
2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Total Vehicle Sales in the Millions of Units 2003 20102006 20132001 2004 20112007 20142002 20092005 20122008 2015 Over the past decade, sales accelerated from less than 5 million vehicles in 2002 to nearly 20 million in 2012. About 114 million automobiles are now registered to Chinese residents, with ownership exceeding 1 million across 17 Chinese cities. Source: ISI Group, NBS China, CAAM
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 60 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? China has 128 car owners per 1000 capita compared to - United States 809 cars owners per 1000 capita This means there is much more room to grow for China’s car industry and new drives.... this also means increased emissions....
SulfuricDioxideOzoneBlackCarbonCarbonDioxide Beijing and broad swaths of six northern provinces have spent the past week blanketed in a dense pea-soup smog that is not expected to abate until Thursday. theguardian.com, Tuesday 25 February 2014 COMING TO A WEST COAST Black carbon is a particular problem: Rain doesn’t easilywashitoutoftheatmosphere,soitpersistsacross long distances. Like other air pollutants, it’s been linked to a litany of health problems, from increased asthma to cancer, emphysema, and heart and lung disease. BEIJING
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 62 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 24%of pollution on the U.S. West Coast has been linked to Chinese Manufacturing. Revealed by a UC Irvine & Peking University Maximum Daily Percent of US sulfate pollution related to Chinese export.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 63 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada) TRADING EMBODIED EMISSIONS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 64 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? EUROPEAN UNION 382,000 tons (22%) 38,000 tons (2%) 55,000 tons (3%) 86,000 tons (5%) 358,000 tons (21%) 509,000 TONS 285,000 tons (17%) 509,000 tons (29%) GLOBAL ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION SOUTH ASIA EAST ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC TRADING EMBODIED EMISSIONS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS. Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada)
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 65 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? The transport of manufactured goods across the Pacific Ocean will take at least 10-14 days from coast to coast. Ships traveling at 12 knots or less will reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 30%. Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada)
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 66 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? The transport of particulates across the Pacific Ocean will take at least 04-05 days, riding west to east winds at heights of 2,000m to 6,600m. Yellow Dust is a major contributor to pollution found in the Asia region. Pollution Migration effects the entire Asia Region
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 67 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? May 2014, CNN released the World Health Organization’s list of the world’s 20 most polluted cities, all of which are in Asia & Middle East, regions where Gensler has a large stake in shaping the future of design. China’s Pollution is a regional issue. Migrating particulate pollution know as Yellow Dust from Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and India is a major contributor to the pollution particulate found in Japan, Korea, and the US. China is surrounded by the world’s largest polluters. 1 3 2 4 5
NASA SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWS THE AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE ASIA . The image below from NASA shows a reading of aerosol concentrations in the air above Asia on April 15th 2013. Satellites are now able to track and monitor major pollution, dust, and smoke events across the world and the information is free and available online. The smoke (aerosol concentration) will block solar radiation and make the earch dead. 0.0 AEROSOL INDEX 3.0
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 69 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? As a consequence of polluted skies and global dimming, Agriculture struggles to grow in both rual and urban centers. “Now almost every farm is caught in a smog panic,”
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 70 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FOOD SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS
Chinesescientistshavewarnedthatthecountry’stoxicairpollutionisnow so bad that it resembles a nuclear winter, slowing photosynthesis in plants – and potentially wreaking havoc on the country’s food supply. China’s worsening air pollution has exacted asignificanteconomictoll, grounding flights, closing highways and deterring tourists. Jonathan Kaiman, The Guardian - Beijing 25, February 2014 “NUCLEAR WINTER” CHINA’S ECONOMIC IMPACT
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 72 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 82%of people surveyed said: It is very important for them to have purified/filtered air in the workplace. VERY IMPORTANT SOMEWHAT IMPORTANT NEUTRAL NOT IMPORTANT 82% 12% 04% 02% Taobao reported sales for air purifiers has risen by 293.7 percent year-on-year. Louie Cheng, president of PureLiving China said “the company has done more proj- ects at schools in the past three months than it had in the previous three years combined”. WSJ
62 GRAMS Grams of particulates one air purifier will create per 1 hour (based on 215 watts): PARTICULATES
3440 GRAMS Grams of particulates one air purifier will create per 1 hour (based on 215 watts): PARTICULATES 16 GRAMS Grams of particulates from the creation of one watt of coal burning energy Air filters remove pollutants from the air by consuming energy. However, energy in China is mostly produced by burning coal, which in turn produces more pollutants. The question is, do air filters remove more than they produce?
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 75 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? WE ARE POLLUTING MORE By trying to reduce the effects of pollution COB MECH Filtration = 7% energy increase. 1 Watt of Coal Energy = 16 Grams of particulate PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO2 Coal Emissions = 16% SHG Total Pollution Society Pays for unclean energy Users Clean Air & Circulation Coal Power Plant= 70% of China’s Energy COB infrastructure = 60% of energy demand 1 air purifier will clean 62 GRAMS of pollutant per hour 1 air purifier will generate 3440 GRAMS @ the energy source per hour (based on 215 watts) CURRENT COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING MODEL
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 76 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? WE ARE POLLUTING MORE By trying to reduce the effects of pollution PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO2 Coal Emissions = 16% SHG Total Pollution UsersCoal Power Plant= 70% of China’s Energy Photosynthesis will generate NO energy source . Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide Water Sugar Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2 O + SUNLIGHT = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 Clean Air & Circulation COB infrastructure = reduced energy demand ALTERNATIVE ZERO ENERGY MODEL FOR FILTRATION - PLANTS DON’T USE ENERGY No energy increase. NO energy demand
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 77 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? What describes your views of nature during the workday? How many hours a day do you spend in your workplace? 08-12 HRs PER DAY SPEND THEIR WORK DAY WITHOUT SEEING NATURE OR A VIEW TO THE OUTSIDE. IHAVEINDOORPLANTSINMYWORKSPACE, WHICH I SEE REGULARLY. 77% 54% 39%
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 78 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 83%of people surveyed said: It’s very important to access natural outside air (non-mechanical ventilation). 78%of people surveyed said: It’s is very important to open their window or at least have the option.
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 79 The instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems. Forest Bathing: a short leisurely visit to a forest. It is regarded as being similar to natural aromatherapy. Studies show that patients in hospitals with fresh air and outdoor views heal faster than those without. BIOPHILIA
70% increase in people’s alertness 30% reduction in fatigue 12% increase in productivity Source: Fast Company Plants: Asking Why: Can plants do more for our environments other than fulfill our biphilic desires? Are these increased percentages solely because of the biofilic effect? Could it be the air is more clean and not because the room is more green?
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 81 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Prior to 1980s - Office Illness Without blame to building or materials, symptoms were reported by tenants in newly constructed homes, offices, and nurseries. 2013 - Gensler - Shanghai Employee wears a face mask when the AQI goes 500 over index infiltrating indoor. Filter sales rise 300%. The office places air filters in all conference rooms. 1986 -Sick Building Syndrome Sick building syndrome moved quickly from media to courtrooms where professional engineers and architects became defendants. 2014 - LENDLEASE - Shanghai Lendlease & Gensler incorporates green walls using planting which specifically targets chemicals and pollutants in the air & break new lows in IAQ.
Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Lendlease Offices, Shanghai
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 83 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? While Lendlease has seen record lows for CO2 and VOCs, planting is assisted by a mechanical filtration system. Plants do clean the air, but the extent of their effectiveness in a real world working environment has yet to be quantified.
Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House Additional Contributors: - Matthew Shields - Alex Przybyla Partnerships: Research Leaders Greenwall Providers Indoor Air Consulatants Cloud Base Data Providers
Asparagus fern Rubber Plant Lemon Balm Weeping Fig Golden Pothos Heart Leaf Philodendron Spider Plant (Chlorophytum Comosum) Split Leaf Philodendron Purple Waffle Plant LEMON BALM Lemon balm contains chemicals that appear to have a calming effect. According to research from Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry, the lemon scent the plant produces is described as activating and mood enhancing, reliably raising levels of norepinephrine in study participants. Source: Fast Compant ARECA PALM (CHRYSALIDOCARPUS LUTESCENS) Good air humidifier (a 6 foot plam can release 1L of water a day) Good at removing ammonia and formaldehyde MOTHER-IN-LAW’S TONGUE (SANSEVIERIA TRIFASCIATA) Very effective at removing formaldehyde and benzene converts CO2 to O2 at night GREEN SPIDER PLANT (CHLOROPHYTUM COMOSUM) MONEY PLANT (EPIPREMNUM AUREUM) Removes formaldehyde and other VOCs Easy to care for and fast growing ENGLISH IVY (HEDERA HELIX) Good for allergies Removes Airborne Mold and feces (After 12 hours in a room, it can remove up to 78 percent of airborne mold and 94 percent of airborne feces) GERBERA DAISY (GERBERA JAMESONII) CHRYSANTHEMUMS (CHRYSANTHEIUM) PEACE LILY (SPATHIPHYLLUM) Beautiful flowering plants Good at removing Acetone Good at removing Trichloroethylene benzene Bamboo Palm (Chamaedorea Seifritzii) Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum) Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema Modestum) Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera Jamesonii)English Ivy (Hedera Helix) Mother-in-Law’s Tongue (Sansevieria Laurentii)Mass cane (Dracaena Massangeana) Pot Mum (Chrysantheium morifolium) Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum) Warneckii – Dracaena “Warneckii”)Dracaena (Dracaena) Best Plants to Clean the Air:
RHIZOSPHERE 根圈 Metabolizes VOCs 挥发性有机化合物的代谢 Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House
Pogostemon cablin Cyathea australis TRICHOMES 腺毛 Attracts dust, including PM Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 光合作用 Replaces CO2 with O2 6CO2 + 6H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 SUNLIGHT ENERGY Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House
Syracuse University SURFACE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations College of Engineering and Computer Science 12-2011 Dynamic Botanical Filtration System for Indoor Air Purification Zhiqiang Wang Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: http://surface.syr.edu/mae_etd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Engineering and Computer Science at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact surface@syr.edu. Recommended Citation Wang, Zhiqiang, "Dynamic Botanical Filtration System for Indoor Air Purification" (2011). Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations. Paper 63. 18 the American Gardener COURTESYOFNASA(2) MARYYEE ed for a single plant to clean a large space such as a home or office.” To expand upon these initial experi- ments, NASA built a “closed ecological life support system” called the BioHome at the Stennis Space Center. At 45 feet long by 16 feet wide, it looked a lot like a space-age doublewide trailer. Inside, a kitchen, sleeping area, and bathroom were flanked by a large plant room to test the ability of various species to clean recycled air and raw sewage in a closed loop. The BioHome allowed Wolverton and his colleagues to conduct “real-world tests, as opposed to a single plant in a small test chamber.” They found that human occu- pantsoftheBioHome,whoinitiallyreport- ed symptoms of exposure to air pollution, could comfortably live in the unit once the plant filtration system was in place. After NASA reported its intriguing findings, other labs began their own exper- iments. Most of these studies were similar to Wolverton’s initial Plexiglas chamber experiments—a rotating roster of house- plant species placed in small test chambers andexposedtooneortwocommonindoor air pollutants. A glut of research published betweenthelate1980sandearly2000scon- firmedNASA’sfindings:theconcentration of pollutants significantly decreased over time in the presence of plants (and their associated soil microbes, which, as it turns out, may actually be doing the heavy lift- ing—for more on this see box, page 21). It wasn’t long before those now-ubiquitous lists of best plants for improving indoor air quality started popping up. FIELD TESTING Whilelaboratorytests wereaninformative first step, they were never meant to model the complexity of real homes and offic- es. “In science there is always a need for complementary studies in the real world and in laboratory chambers,” says Mar- garet Burchett, an adjunct professor at the University of Technology in Sydney, Australia, and a coauthor of one of the few experimental field studies testing the effect of indoor plants on air quality in office buildings, published in 2007. “Field observations and sampling give us infor- mation on correlations between air/soil/ water factors and plant behavior.” To test plants in the “real world,” the Australian researchers conducted a series of trials in three separate office buildings over anine-weekperiod.Similartothelab-based chamberstudies,theresearchersfoundthat spaces with plants had significantly lower concentrations of air pollutants. “We found that three plants per office were enough always to reduce total [air pollution] below health risk levels,” says Burchett. CHA Bu spa any dir ter me Ind coa ind Pu Bu To in Ca Lev Bu for sm the isti me Bu the in v for and tra the fiv sam ind rev tes the 18 the American Gardener C HANCES ARE, you have at least a few houseplants, and you’ve probably heard that they can clean your air. If not, a quick online search will yield doz- ens of articles on the subject, and many lists comparing specific plants on their abil- ity to filter airborne toxins. Before you breathe easy though, notice that these lists don’t always agree on which species to grow and are vague at best about the science behind their claims. What do we really know about the air-cleaning abilities of indoor plants, and how can this inform your selections? As it turns out, the situation is much more complex than growing a few houseplants and expecting them to make a big difference. IN THE BEGINNING One of the first investigations into the notion that indoor plants can clean the air was conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration (NASA) in the 1980s. At the time, NASA was tasked with building an international space station and long-term air quality inside the com- pletely sealed environment was a concern. Bill Wolverton, who was a research scientist in the Science and Technology Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mis- sissippi, proposed using plants as a natural air filtration system in imitation of their role on Earth. “Since man’s existence on Earth depends upon a life support system involving an intricate relationship with plants and their associated microorgan- isms,” Wolverton wrote in the final 1989 report, “it should be obvious that when he attempts to isolate himself in tightly sealed buildings, away from this ecological system, problems will arise.” And indeed, problems did arise:manycommonbuilding materials, such as plastics and particle board, were known to release pollutants into the air. Some of these chemicals had been linked to health problems including chronic headaches, asthma, and skin irritation. NASA scientists began studying various plants to see if they could reduce or eliminate these toxins in con- ditions simulating those in a space station. FAVORABLE RESULTS Intheearlieststudies,avariety of indoor plant species were sealed, one at a time, in Plexi- glas® chambersmeasuringbe- tween15and32cubicfeet.For a sense of scale, a 2013 Toy- ota Prius has about 22 cubic feet of trunk space. So, these chambers were fairly com- pact. After NASA scientists injected high concentrations ofbenzene,trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde—com- mon indoor air pollutants— intothechambers,theyfound that if a potted plant was present, the air was significantly cleaner after 24 hours. That sounds very promising, but as Wolverton, who is now an environmen- tal consultant, points out, these results should not be taken out of context. “The small Plexiglas chamber studies gave us the ability to control all test parameters and to introduce a single chemical at a time,” he explains. NASA “never intend- clearing the air about Indoor Plants A number of common houseplants are widely touted as natural air purifiers, but does research bear this out? Bui Spa Bio a sc ear pla and BY AMY GEORGIANNA MCDERMOTT From Indoor Air BULLETIN, Vol. 2, No. 2, February 1992 Can House Plants Solve IAQ Problems? by Hal Levin, Editor, BuildingEcology.com The idea of common plants solving IAQ problems is attractive. Most people like having plants in their homes and offices and in the hotels, stores, and public buildings they visit. However, important questions exist as to whether plants can actually affect indoor air sufficiently to warrant their use as air cleaners. Nearly everyone has read or heard a press story about how common house plants can affect IAQ. Many stories say spider plants or Boston ferns remove formaldehdye. The Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) and their promotional organization Plants for Clean Air Council aggressively promote the idea through press releases, media briefings, and other efforts. Some scientists and interiorscapers (people who design and provide plant environments in buildings) say that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research demonstrates the efficacy of plants as indoor air cleaners. Critics and skeptics include high- ranking officials of the EPA's Indoor Air Division. They say the research, if valid, indicates the need for huge numbers of plants to remove indoor air contaminants as effectively as normal air exchange in an energy-efficient house or in a typical office building. In this article we discuss the research promoting the use of plants, the limitations of the studies, and our own thoughts on the subject. Advocates' Views Scientists funded by NASA say their research shows that plants clean indoor air. These scientists and other vigorous advocates say that plants have been cleaning the earth's atmosphere for millions of years. They say that eventually their critics at EPA and elsewhere will realize that using plants is the most reasonable method for indoor air pollution control. NASA research tested plants' ability to clean indoor air for possible use in space stations. Even before awareness of indoor air pollution increased in the early 1980s, NASA had funded research on using plants to biologically treat waste water. Biological waste water treatment technology proved effective and is used at small- to medium-scale municipal sewage treatment plants and to reclaim water for irrigation. NASA is concerned about poor indoor air depositing gaseous contaminants on critical electronic components inside spacecraft. NASA contractors test for excessive emissions from both building materials and items taken aboard spacecraft. They even test astronauts' space suits for emissions. Chemicals depositing on spacecraft electronics can cause short-circuiting, arcing, or bridging. The sensitivity of the electronic components and the value of the space program missions have justified carefully cataloguing thousands of materials and products from ball-point pens, cameras and space suits to paints and gaskets. The testing has been so extensive that NASA's emission data may prove applicable to evaluating mundane indoor air pollution sources. Plant Studies Dr. Bill C. Wolverton, since retired from NASA's Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, carried out much of NASA's research. He had previously studied the use of plants for waste water treatment. He researched the effectiveness of plants in removing the common indoor air pollutants benzene, trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde. Since leaving NASA, Wolverton has continued to conduct research with funding from ALCA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Note to readers with disabilities: EHP will provide a 508-conformant version of this article upon final publication. If you require a 508-conformant version before then, please contact ehp508@niehs.nih.gov. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days. http://www.ehponline.org ehp Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments Joseph G. Allen, Piers MacNaughton, Usha Satish, Suresh Santanam, Jose Vallarino, and John D. Spengler http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037 Received: 4 April 2015 Accepted: 12 October 2015 Advance Publication: 26 October 2015 © NIAA 2001 — The Nursery Papers — Issue nº 2001/2 — Page 1 Pot-plants really do clean indoor air The aesthetic value of indoor pot plants is easily seen. However, the unseen ability of indoor plants to improve indoor air quality has never been conclusively shown or,until now,quantified. This Nursery Paper explains what the latest research,funded by HRDC, HSNA and associated industry bodies, has shown regarding indoor pot plants.ISSUE NUMBER: 2001/2 B R O U G H T T O Y O U B Y T H E N U R S E R Y I N D U S T R Y L E V Y EDITED BY RICHARD STEPHENS. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT MANAGER. ISSN:1326-1495 By Ronald Wood, Ralph Orwell, Jane Tarran, MAIH and Margaret Burchett, FAIH Plants and Environmental Quality Group, University ofTechnology, SydneyWestborne Street, Gore Hill, NSW 2065 Why worry about indoor air quality? Most Australians live in cities, where vehicle- polluted outdoor air enters buildings and is further polluted, mostly by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from furnishings, fittings and occupants. Trace amounts of over 300 VOCs have been identified in indoor air. A 1994 CSIRO review found that air inside homes could be 5 to 7 times more polluted than outside. City- dwellers spend 90% of their time indoors, so indoor air quality becomes a major health consideration. Plants as decontaminators ‘Outdoor’ plants are known to absorb air and soil pollutants and detoxify them. Plants and soil micro-organisms are used in the remediation of contaminated soils. Previous screening studies have shown that some ‘indoor’ plants can reduce concentrations of air-borne VOCs and suggested that the micro-organisms of the soil might also be involved. The VOC removal performance of three top- selling species, Howea forsteriana(Kentia palm), Spathiphyllum wallisii var. Petite (Peace Lily), and Dracaena deremensis var. Janet Craig was compared. Benzene (a carcinogen) and n-hexane (a neurotoxin) were chosen as the test VOCs because they are common in indoor air. Research at the University ofTechnology, Sydney, has shown that indoor pot plants do improve air quality and demonstrated how this occurs. As a result, clear claims can now be made as to how indoor plants improve air quality, and development of varieties with an even better capacity for cleaning indoor air can begin . Pot Plants, such as Kentia Palms, have now been proven to improve the quality of indoor air. PhotocourtesyofTropicalPlantRentals PLANT-BASED AIR FILTERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE REMEDIATION IN FEMA TRAILERS By: B. C. “Bill” Wolverton, Ph.D. Wolverton Environmental Services, Inc. 514 Pine Grove Road Picayune, Mississippi 39466-9042 Tel. 601.798.5875 Email: bcwolverton@wolvertonenvironmental.com Website: www.wolvertonenvironmental.com September 2010 PLANT-BASED AIR FILTERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE REMEDIATION IN FEMA TRAILERS By: B. C. “Bill” Wolverton, Ph.D. Wolverton Environmental Services, Inc. 514 Pine Grove Road Picayune, Mississippi 39466-9042 Tel. 601.798.5875 Email: bcwolverton@wolvertonenvironmental.com Website: www.wolvertonenvironmental.com September 2010 20151989 1992 2001 20102009 2012 NASA studies plants affectivety to clean air using small dynamic testing chambers and discovers the importance of microbi- als in the plant soil for removing VOCs Hal Levin’s critique questions plants ability to clean the air when scaled up from small chambers to larger spaces. Filter method relies on charcoal based soil and fan driven air circulation. This method will weaken & kill plant roots over time. While Kamal Meattle’s studies are “real world” Meattle’s air filering strategy still uses some mechanical assistance and can not truly be called a passive air filter. While the DBFS is proven to work in this instance for at least 300 days... the study does not compare its effect on pollutants outside of LAB conditions nor to a control. This study directly compares effects of CO2 and VOCs in various controlled work environments, but does not account for the impact of planting. Lab tests revealed that microbials in soil which had been potted could re- move VOCs without the plant present in the soil, but could not over time. Gilman believes to scale the NASA project up to real life condition for home or office one needs 5 plants per meter squared. “More research is needed to determine how much of a difference indoor plants make to air quality, but growing a diverse array like in this living wall most likely has some positive effects.” Previous Research
1 This study uses no other filtration method other than planting. 2 This study also uses a control room as a baseline for a 1:1 comparison. 3 This study occurs in a active real world work environment... not a lab. Why is this study different?
400 400 NUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER B&WP500w600d B&WPLOTTER 1400X1000 B&W P 500w 600d COLOR COPY/SCAN 1500mmW B&W P 500w 600d COLORPRINT B&WCOPY SERVER COLORPLOTTER SCANNER CONTROL SCREENAND KEYBOARD FAX PS PAPER CUTTING SCANNER 1750 1400 27 SQM �1100 �900 2250 46" TV 600 785 4236 46" TV 4095 600 2000 750 400 900 DETAIL WORK IN PROGRESS TEACHER 650 3440 3600 7600 3551 1314 1141 LT-4 LT-3 LT-2 LT-8 LT-7 LT-6 LT-5 HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR LT-1 LT-13 (E)VENT 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 03 04 04 03 Research Site: ROOM - 1 ROOM - 2 GREEN ROOM CONTROL ROOM
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 92 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? NUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER B&W P 500w 600d COLOR COPY/SCAN 1500mmW PAPER CUTTING 650 3440 LT-3 LT-2 LT-7 LT-6 LT-5 HR -1 LT-13 02 01 03 04 400 400 27 SQM �1100 46" TV 4236 46" TV 4095 600 2000 750 400 900 3600 7600 3551 1314 1141 HR 02 02 01 Conference Room Comparisons: Green Room = 20.8 M2 Control Room = 20.6 M2 Description TVOC (with living wall) TVOC (without living wall) Unitis mg/m3 mg/m3 Ambient 0.016 0.096 Marker 2.74 2.93 Carpet 0.004 0.08 Cabinet - 0.1 Plastic Bag - 0.18 Living Wall Fabric 0.18 - Living Wall Soil 0.12 -
Room 1: GREEN ROOM
Room 2: CONTROL ROOM
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 95 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? At the time monitoring installation Ambient TVOC, PM2.5, and CO2 reading of both rooms were takenMonitors for TVOC, PM2.5, and CO2 reading in both rooms INSTALLATION & AMBIENT READINGS:
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 96 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Measurement Limit Baseline: CO2 1000ppm (ASHRAE) TVOC 0.5 mg/m3 (LEED) PM2.5 35μg/m3 (EPA) TEMPERATURE 20o C - 24o C (OSHA) HUMIDITY 20%-60% (OSHA)
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 97 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TEMPERATURE 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 CO2 Series1 Series2 4 4/ 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 DATA SUMMURIZING (MARCH - MAY) Week Selected: May 8th - May 14th
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 98 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? HUMIDITY 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PM2.5 Series1 Series2 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10/111 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 99 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 TVOC Series1 Series2 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10111 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 18/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 100 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 TEMPERATURE Series1 Series2 Series1 Series2 4/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/19 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 4 4/2 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 101 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 HUMIDITY Series1 Series2 Series1 Series2 4/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/19 4 4/2 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10111 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 102 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? DATA ANALYSIS - CO2 Design For Polluted And Toxic E Firmwide Research Project 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 0:00 1:00 2:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Chart Title Series1 Series2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Chart Title Series1 Series2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Series1 Series2 HOURLY CO2 READINGS SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 CO2 Series1 Series2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 PM2.5 Series1 Series2 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 TVOC Series1 Series2 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 TEMPERATURE Series1 Series2 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 HUMIDITY Series1 Series2 GREEN ROOM GRAY ROOM WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 103 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Qlear Dashboard: The Qlear Dashboard allows us to monitor and track both study location in real time and down load the data for further analysis. Holiday Work Week
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 104 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FEB MAR 0 100 200 300 400 673 471 202 820 607 213 825 589 236 795 542 253 16.1% 23.3% 5.4% 500 600 700 800 APR MAY FEB MAR APR MAY MONTHLY CO2 AVERAGES & GREENWALL REFLECTIVITY MonthlyAverages Greenwall Efficiency
Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 109 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TWO HOUR CONTROLLED MEETING STUDY The same three participants spent two hours working in each study environment, the data above shows two hours before the participants entered the room & the amount of time following the study that it took for each room to off-gas the CO2 occurred from the three participants. 2 Hours Before 2 Hours During 2 Hours After 4 Hours After 6 Hours After ASHRAE - Acceptable Limit Impaired Decision Making Green Room Gray Room 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Design for Polluted and Toxic Environments
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Design for Polluted and Toxic Environments

  • 1. DESIGN FOR POLLUTED AND TOXIC ENVIRONMENTS Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Gensler - Research
  • 2. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 2 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? BUILDINGS CAN BECOME THE FILTER FOR THE AIR WE BREATHE. DESIGNFORPOLLUTEDANDTOXICENVIRONMENTS A RESEARCH INITIATIVE UNMISTAKABLE TRUTH.... POLLUTION EFFECTS Food We Eat, Water We Drink Air We Breath & ULTIMATELY... OUR HEALTH The FUTURE is dependent on our ability to use design to solve these challenges. HYPOTHESIS 1:
  • 3. 72%of people surveyed said: 72% POLLUTED AIR DRINKING WATER SEWAGE DISPOSAL FOOD SAFETY CLIMATE CHANGE 9% 1% 17% .7% Air Pollution is the environmental issue they feel themostaffectedbyonadailybasisinShanghai.
  • 4. American Journal of Medicine (Garibaldi and Dixon, 1985) 81% of people surveyed listed Respiratory Illness as the primary symptom experienced in relation to poor air quality. 81% Respiratory Illness FluSinus Congestion Hay Fever, Allergies SneezingChest Tightness Dry/Flaking Skin Fatigue/ Drowsiness NauseaContact Lens Irritation Eye Irritation I don’t know OtherHeadache Skin Irritation Dizziness Heartburn 19% 44% 36%38%40% 29% 27% 14% 21% 01% 12% 08% 11% 26% 02% 02% RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS ANNUALLY ACCOUNT FOR $15 BILLION IN US MEDICAL COSTS
  • 5. Smog Depression Professor Tian Chenghua, a professor at the Institute for Psychiatric Research at Peking University’s No 6 Hospital, said “it is scientifically proved that some types of depression are closely associated with conditions such as seasonal change and lack of sunlight.” “On days of continuous smog, I feel despair. It’s as if my life is shrouded in the cloying haze,” said the 24-year-old, who was admitted to a hospital after attempting suicide. “I haven’t see the sun in four days!” CNN Reporter Jaime FlorCruz Pollution can lead to: - Decline in brain function, - Learning disability, - Depression Serotonin levels. A drop in serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that affects mood, might play a role in SAD. Reduced sunlight can cause a drop in serotonin that may trigger depression. Melatonin levels. Thechangeinseasoncandisrupt the balance of the body's level of melatonin, which plays a role in sleep patterns and mood.
  • 6. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 6 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 81%of people surveyed said: NO! They don’t have the ability to help improve outdoor air quality? Actual survey responses. • By Answering this survey, raising awareness around me. • Cleaner car emissions, less coal plants. • Do not shop often. • Designing green buildings. • Don’t drive a car. • Don’t drive, don’t smoke. • More planting integrated into design. Reduced energy use and PM production from coal plants. • Recycle more • Ride a bike, use less heating/cooling at home • Use less utilities; shower, heater, etc. • Attend a eco organization • Being efficient with resources NO YES IFYES-HOW? 81% 19% •High performance/low energy buildings/ environments • By educating myself and others. • Do not drive • limit fossil fuel-based transportation use • no driving • public transportation • stop smoking • Stop smoking and walk as much as possible • Walking instead of cars • Only in that we all have a tiny part to play creating pollution so personal choice matters, even if individually you can’t do much • More Public Transport • Green travel , reduce the environmental pollution caused by individual
  • 7. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 7 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? ONCE A WEEK ONCE A MONTH ONCE A DAY ONCE A YEAR 53% 30% 16% 01% 53%ONCE A WEEK How often is air quality a topic in your conversations?
  • 8. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 8 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
  • 9. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 9 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
  • 10. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 10 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
  • 11. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 11 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1930’s 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s 2010’spre-1900’s Late 13th Century Late 18th to 19th Century 1936 1948 1952 1962 1970 1984 1990 2002 2013 2013 2014 2014 2005 2007 1990 1987 1989 1970 1975 1963 1969 1955 1948 King Edward I of England bans the burning of sea- coal in London because it causes air pollution; the ban is unsuccessful. The Industrial Revolu- tion brings about large- scale use of coal and intensified air and water pollution. Milwaukee becomes the first American city to ban smoking on all pub- lic transportation. In Donora, Pennsylvania, 7,000 people become ill and 20 die after severe air pollution from local manufacturing plants produces a deadly smog. In London, at least 4,000 people die over the course of several days after pollutants from factories and fireplaces mix with air condensa- tion. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, a book that highlights the dan- gers of insecticides and other chemicals and helps influence the bur- geoning environmental movement in the U.S. The first Earth Day is celebrated across the U.S. in an effort to raise awareness of the need to protect the nation’s natural resources. In Bhopal, India, 20,000 people die and 120,000 more are injured follow- ing a deadly methyl isocy- anate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant. In an effort to protect people from secondhand cigarette smoke, a ban against smoking aboard flights in the U.S. of six hours or less, is enacted. In 2000, federal regu- lation requires that all flights to and from the U.S. are smoke-free. California passes a land- mark law requiring auto- makers to reduce green- house gas emissions from motor vehicles by 30 percent by 2016. ‘Airpocalypse’ hits Chi- na’s capital. A long bout of off-the-charts air pollution blankets the city for several days. An eight-year-old girl in Jiangsu province became China’s youngest lung cancer patient; doctors attribute her illness to air pollution. At APEC in Beijing, US and China make a joint statement on climate change in which China pledges to curb CO2 emissions by 2030. Jan. 1, the central gov- ernment requires 15,000 factories (including SOEs) to publicly report air & water emissions discharge in real time. The Kyoto Protocol, which calls for partici- pating nations to reduce greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change, comes into effect. To date, President George Bush has reject- ed Kyoto, stating that it would hurt the U.S. economy because the protocol exempts China. China surpasses the US as the world leader in annual CO2 emissions. San Luis Obispo, Califor- nia, becomes the world’s first city to prohibit smoking in public build- ings, including bars and restaurants. The Indoor Air Quality Act, which focuses on indoor air pollution, is introduced to Congress. In one of the world’s largest environmental disasters, oil tanker Exxon Valdez spills ap- proximately 11 million gallons of crude oil into the sea off Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The event, which caused a 3,000-square-mile oil slick, killed hundreds of thousands of birds, fish and other wildlife. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is established by Pres- ident Richard Nixon to protect human health and safeguard the natu- ral environment: air, wa- ter, and land. Today, the EPA has approximately 18,000 employees. The catalytic convert- er, a device used to significantly cut auto emissions and reduce air pollution, is invented. Congress passes the Clean Air Act of 1963, the first federal legisla- tion to focus on air-pol- lution control. Chemical waste released into Ohio’s Cuyahoga River causes it to burst into flames. The Cuyahoga becomes a symbol of how industrial pollution is destroying America’s natural re- sources. Congress passes the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the first federal legislation dealing with air pollution. The act cre- ates funding for air-pol- lution research. The U.S. Congress pass- es the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, the first major legisla- tion to focus on water pollution. TIMELINE OF POLLUTION INTO THE 20TH CENTURY
  • 12. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 12 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1980 1990 CHINA UNITED STATES RUSSIA EUROPE JAPAN Carbon Emissions from energy consumption Billions of metric tons 8 6 4 2 0 INDIA 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Mr. Obama’s pledge to China would cut US emissions by 26% to 28% from 2005 levels by 2025 Targets pledged by Mr. Obama in 2009 U.N. accord. China’s pledge: Plan to have carbon dioxide emissions peak “around 2030” APEC 2014 - CHINA ANNOUNCES 2030 CARBON CAP ?
  • 13. THE CITY THAT’S NOT FORBIDDEN, JUST AVOIDED -03%decline in foreign visits to China. CNTA 2014. A report published by The China National Tourism Administration shows that in the first quarter of the year, 5.8 million foreign tourists visited China, compared with 6.04 million in the same period in 2013. However, only 800,000 visited Beijing, a fall of 10 percent from the first quarter of last year, which resulted in the city’s total foreign exchange earnings falling to $23 billion, a year-on-year decline of 1.7 percent. Some travel services provide a list of the top 10 tourist destinations predicated on the cleanliness of the air. 13.5 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 13.2 NUMBER OF FOREIGN VISITORS TO CHINA - China National Tourism Administration 12.9 12.8 13.3
  • 14. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 14 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? then sometimes BEIJING
  • 15. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 15 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? LOSANGELES 1940s 1950s 1990s TODAY TODAY TODAY then now LONDONMEXICOCITY Historic Data - Particulate Matter PartsperMillion 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1975 2015 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Historic Data - Nitrogen Dioxide Concentration(ppb) 1975 2015 Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Mexico City Mexico City Mexico City London London London Concentration(ppb) Historic Data - Ozone History 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1975 2015
  • 16. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 16 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
  • 17. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 17 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
  • 18. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 18 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TREND RELATIONSHIP - GDP & CO2 EMISSIONS Percent of Change 1970 1980 1975 1990 1985 2000 1995 2010 2005 2015 -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% Change in Global GDP (Market Exchange Rate) Change in Global CO2 emissions Change in China CO2 emissions
  • 19. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 19 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe?
  • 20. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 20 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? EarthVenusMercury 167° C +464° C 15° C 0.38 AU 0.38 AU 0.725 AU 1 AU
  • 21. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 21 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? MillionMetricTonsofCarbon 0 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2013 Global Carbon Emissions from Fossil Fuels
  • 22. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 22 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Global Surface Temperature - Departure from Average January – October 1880 – 2015 -0.5° 0.0° 0.5° 1.0° 1.5° 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 (ylamonAF) 2015 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 -0.5 -1.0
  • 23. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 23 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1951 – 1980 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Summer Temperature Have Shifted
  • 24. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 24 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1983 – 1993 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
  • 25. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 25 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1994 – 2004 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
  • 26. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 26 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2005 – 2015 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ecnerruccOfoycneuqerF Deviation from Mean -3-4-5 Cooler than average Average Warmer than average Baseline (1951 -1980) mean -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Extremely hot
  • 27. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 27 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2015 2014two hottest years since the 2001
  • 28. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 28 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 2016the hottest month on record ever January
  • 29. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 29 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? February 2016 was the 372 consecutive month with a global temperature above the 20th century average
  • 30. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 30 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? How does this relate to energy & design?
  • 31. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 31 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Coal supplies 70%of China’s Energy…. Coal combustion accounts for 80% of the chemical compounds found in PM2.5 particulates. 60% 70% Of energy is for commercial buildings Energy is from coals Commercial buildings account for 60%of average annuel energy demand globally. 7% energy increase is added to buildings using additional mechanical filtration.
  • 32. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 32 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Commercial buildings account for 60%of average annuel energy demand globally. Coal supplies 70%of China’s Energy…. Coal combustion accounts for 80% of the chemical compounds found in PM2.5 particulates. 7% energy increase is added to buildings using additional mechanical filtration. 60% 70% Of energy is for commercial buildings Energy is from coals REPLACE REDU CE REMOVE
  • 33. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 33 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 1. GROUND-LEVEL OZONE 2. CARBON MONOXIDE 3. SULFUR DIOXIDE 4. NITROGEN DIOXIDE 5. PARTICLE POLLUTION The EPA calculates the AQI for five major air pollutants regulated by the Clean Air Act: Ground-level ozone and airborne particles are the two pollutants that pose the greatest threat to human health.
  • 34. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 34 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICLE POLLUTION CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE OF SOLIDS AND LIQUID. PM2.5 PARTICULATES (found in China air pollution) FINE SAND PARTICLE (Saharan particle in the States) HUMAN HAIR 70 microns FINE SAND - 90 microns PM-2.5microns PM-10 microns You don’t just breath PM2.5 sized particulates.... YOUR BODY ABSORBS THESE!
  • 35. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 35 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION Source: Nature 514, 218–222 PM Cloud Pollution is a combined mixture of particles both chemical and organic.
  • 36. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 36 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION Source: Nature 514, 218–222 PM Cloud Organic Material Dust consists mainly of oxides of aluminum, silicon, calcium, titanium, iron, and other metal oxides. Sulfate (SO2) Conversion of SO2 gas to sulfate-containing particles Nitrate (NOx) Reversible gas/particle equilibrium for ammonia, nitric acid, and particulate ammonium nitrate. Ammonium (NH3) Ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula NH4+. The ammonium ion is vto the heavier alkali metals. NaCl (Chloride) Salt is found in PM near sea coasts, and after deicing materials are applied. Chloride ions can be replaced by nitrate, a reaction during long-range transport. Trace Elements (MTE) Chemicals in nature at concentrations < 0.1 Trace elements occur naturally, with variations in concentration,stemmingfromanthropogenicsources. Elemental Carbon (EC) Composed of carbon without hydrocarbon/ oxygen. EC is black, called soot.Pollution is a combined mixture of particles both chemical and organic.
  • 37. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 37 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION XI’ANGUANGZHOU BEIJING SHANGHAI Composition (%) Organic Matter Nitrate Sulphate Ammonium Chloride Trace Elements Elemental Carbon Unidentified Sources/ Factors (%) Vehicular Traffic Coal Burning Biomass Burning Cooking Dust Related Secondary Organic Secondary Inorganic 广州 西安 北京 上海 成分 (%) 有机材料 氮氧化物 硫酸盐 氨气 氯化钠 微量元素 元素但 其它 来源/因素(%) 汽车排放 煤的燃烧 生物质能燃 烧 做饭 灰尘 二级有机物 Composition
  • 38. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 38 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? PARTICULATE MATTER CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOUND IN MATTER COMPOSITION XI’ANGUANGZHOU BEIJING SHANGHAI Composition (%) Organic Matter Nitrate Sulphate Ammonium Chloride Trace Elements Elemental Carbon Unidentified Sources/ Factors (%) Vehicular Traffic Coal Burning Biomass Burning Cooking Dust Related Secondary Organic Secondary Inorganic 广州 西安 北京 上海 成分 (%) 有机材料 氮氧化物 硫酸盐 氨气 氯化钠 微量元素 元素但 其它 来源/因素(%) 汽车排放 煤的燃烧 生物质能燃 烧 做饭 灰尘 二级有机物 Sources
  • 39. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 39 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution Coagulation New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUME HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY
  • 40. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 40 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Emission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
  • 41. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 41 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Particulate AccumulationEmission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) DROPLET MODE AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
  • 42. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 42 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Condensational Growth Coagulation Particulate Accumulation Wet Deposition Dry Deposition Emission of Combustion Particles (Organics, elemental/black carbon) New Particles from WVapor Phase (NH3, H2, SO4, Organics) Mechanical/physical generation (sea salt, soil dust, plant debris) DROPLET MODE COURSE MODE AITKEN MODE NUCLEATION MODE COARSE PARTICULATES PARTICULATE DIAMETER in microns FINE PARTICULATES ULTRA-FINE PARTICULATES 0.002 0.01 0.1 1 PM2.5 10 100 MASS VOLUMESURFACE AREA HEALTH IMPACT LOCATION PARTICLE COUNT Settling MinutestoDays DaystoWeeks Crustal, Silicon, Iron, Aluminum, Ocean Spray Sea Salt, Plant Particles, Road Dust, Fly AshSulfates, Organics, Aluminum, Nitrates, Carbon, Lead Tire Wear, Vehicle, Emissions, Carbon, Nano-Tube ASHRAE Handbook 2013 -Typical Outdoor Aerosol Composition by Particle Size Fraction. (adapted from Wilson and Suh, 1997) EPA - Guidelines for Developing an Air Quality (Ozone and PM2.5) Forecasting Program (Seinfeld and Pandis 1998) (Husar, 1998) Sources: Effects - NASALEffects - TRACHEO-BRONCHIALEffects - BLOOD STREAM Effects - PULMONARY FRANKENSTEIN PARTICULATES - Secondary Particulate Atmospheric Evolution
  • 43. TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS - Inversions are layers of warm air above a layer of cooler air. Inversions block the vertical mixing and disruption of pollutants, this allows larger concentrations of pollutants to become trapped. Schematic showing diurnal cycle of mixing, vertical temperature profiles, and boundary layer height (a) on a day with a weak temperature inversion and (b) on a day with a strong temperature inversion. In (a) the pollutants mix into a large volume resulting in low pollution levels and in (b) pollutants mix into a smaller volume resulting in high pollution levels. 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Residual Layer Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Nocturnal Boundary Convective Boundary Layer Convective Boundary Layer Residual LayerResidual Layer Residual Layer SUNRISE SUNSET MIDNIGHT 21 22 231 Weak Inversions can be broken by Aloft Pressures and day time heating at the surface. Under these conditions pollutants can mix more freely and disperse. When there is a strong inversion as indicated, the daytime heating at the surface may not be strong enough to break this inversion. Under such circumstances, vertical mixing of pollutants is weak and pollutants remain trapped at the surface for entire days.Inversion photographed from the top of shanghai tower.
  • 44. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 44 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M Questions: - What height does the pollution get better or worse? - Can building heights impact the quality of air? - Can we open our windows as we go higher? - Potential to reduce filtration and energy load in upper levels. - Potential for increased filtration in lower levels WE ARE TAKING MEASUREMENTS FROM DIFFERENT HEIGHT INTERVALS INDOOR AND OUTDOOR STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE STUDY
  • 45. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 45 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 050100150200250 PM0.5 (μg/m3) PM2.5 (μg/m3) PM10 (μg/m3) BuildingHeight(m) LOW POLLUTION DAY -15% -44% -37% outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE - OUTDOOR READINGS
  • 46. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 46 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? -15% -31% -33% -27% -40% -38% 050100150200250 PM0.5 (μg/m3) PM2.5 (μg/m3) PM10 (μg/m3) BuildingHeight(m) outside 250M 200M 150M 100M 50M 0M LOW POLLUTION DAY HIGH POLLUTION DAY STUDY: POLLUTANT ALTITUDE - OUTDOOR READINGS
  • 47. 0 50 100 150 250 300 400 350 450 500 200 Canada Mexico China - Shanghai PM 2.5 Index US UK UK Air - DEFRAUS State Department & epaOntario MED Mexico IMEC Shanghai Environmental Bureau Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 47 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 0-15 Very Good 16-30 Good 1-50 - Good 0 -35 - Good 36-75 - Moderate 76-115 - Lightly Polluted 151-250 - Heavy Polluted 251-350 - Severely Polluted 30-50 Moderate 50-90 Poor 51-100 - Regular 90-more Very Poor 101-150 - Poor 151-200 - Very Poor >200 - Extremely Poor 12-23 - Low 00-11 - Low0-12 - Good 12.1 - 35.4 - Moderate 35.5-55.4 - Unhealthy to sensitive groups 55.5-150.5 - Unhealthy 150.5-250.4 - Very Unhealthy 250.5-500.4 - Hazardous +500.4 - Beyond Index Beyond IndexBeyond IndexBeyond IndexBeyond Index 24-35 - Low 36-41 - Moderate 42-47 - Moderate 48-53 - Moderate 54-58 - High 59-64 - High 65-70 - High >71 - Very High 116-150 - Medially Polluted
  • 48. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, PM2.5 levels above 500 AQI are equivalent to a Forest Fire
  • 49. On Jan. 12, 2013 air particulates rose to 1000-AQI in Beijing, 100 times the World Health Organization’s allowable level of 10. PM2.5 10 μg/m3 Annual mean 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean PM10 20 μg/m3 Annual mean 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean World Health Organization: Annual Maximum Exposure
  • 50. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 50 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? VERY IMPORTANT SOMEWHAT IMPORTANT NOT IMPORTANT 75% 24% 02% 75% of people surveyed agree: Is it very important to track and be aware of current Air Quality Index? What is the annual AQI of Shanghai and is that unhealthy? UNHEALTHY FOR SENSITIVE GROUPS UNHEALTHY VERY UNHEALTHY MODERATE HAZARDOUS 47% 29% 13% 10% 01% 47%Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups Shanghai’s annual AQI reading in 2015 was 53.9, listed as Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups.
  • 51. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 51 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 5 Air Monitoring Sites TSP, SO2, NOx 14 Air Monitoring Sites PM10, SO2, NO2 200,000 Readings 40,00,000 Readings + DATA QUANTITY 24 Air Monitoring Sites PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO Air Quality Daily Notification and Forecasting 1980s 1990s 2000-2005 2010 Now Ozone Daily Notification 24/48 hr Forecasting AIRNow-I system - AQI Apps - Real-Time 52 Air Sites & 2 Super Stations - PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO, VOC - Haze, Viability - Traffic Monitoring BAM Units DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING - Shanghai
  • 52. SHANGHAI We Are Here 1 PM2.5 DATA COLLECTION LOCATIONS US Consulate - Hourly Data Collection for PM2.5 1. SHANGHAI 2. BEIJING 3. CHENGDU 4. SHENYANG 5. GUANGZHOU 3 CHENGDU 2 BEIJING 4 SHENYANG 5 GUANGZHOU
  • 53. 8761 Series1 Series2 Series3 Series2Series1 Se ries 3 Series4 Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 53 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 200 200 200 200 200 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 400 400 400 600 600 600 600 600 800 800 800 1000 ShanghaiBeijingGuangzhouChengduShengyang 2008200920102011 2012 2012 2012 2012 2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 2014 2014 2014 2014 2014 TREND COMPARISON - YEAR LONG PM2.5 DATA
  • 54. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 54 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER SHANGHAI - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Hottest Month Coldest Month WHO’s Recommended 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Forest Fire Equivalent PM 2.5 Precipitation Temp. Wind Rose Series3 200 0 400 600 800 2012 48 2013 60 2014 50 Years : Average :
  • 55. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 55 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 20 In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ 2012 90 2009 102 2008 85 2013 100 2010 104 2014 94 2011 99 Years : Average : 200 0 400 600 800 1000 BEIJING - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Hottest MonthColdest Month WHO’s Recommended JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 WHO’s Recommended Forest Fire Equivalent 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 PM 2.5 Precipitation Temp. Wind Rose
  • 56. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 56 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ World Health Organization: Annual Mean for Max Exposure HOURS PM2.5 0 1 42 53 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 2012 16 2113 17 2214 1918 23 24 10 20 30 40 50 60 2012 2013 2014 48 60 50 SHANGHAI - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection Yearly 24hr Averages
  • 57. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 57 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? In-Progress - Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments In Partnership with: Firmwide Research Projects FY 2015+ World Health Organization: Annual Mean for Max Exposure HOURS PM2.5 0 1 42 53 6 7 8 9 10 11 15 2012 16 2113 17 2214 1918 23 24 20 40 60 80 100 120 BEIJING - PM2.5 DATA US Consulate - PM2.5 Hourly Data Collection 2012 90 2009 102 2013 100 2010 104 2014 94 2011 99 Yearly 24hr Averages
  • 58. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 58 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Refinement Standards: China’s allowable sulfur level in fuel is 500% that of the US and 1,500% more than that of Europe. Many believe coal is the primary contributer to ambient air pollution, Vehicle Emissions have surpassed coal in Beijing. SulfurContent EU <10ppm <30ppm <150ppm USA CN 58%Nitrogen Oxides Vehicle Emissions in China Account for: 40%Volatile Organic Matter 22%Fine Particulate Matter
  • 59. 2000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Total Vehicle Sales in the Millions of Units 2003 20102006 20132001 2004 20112007 20142002 20092005 20122008 2015 Over the past decade, sales accelerated from less than 5 million vehicles in 2002 to nearly 20 million in 2012. About 114 million automobiles are now registered to Chinese residents, with ownership exceeding 1 million across 17 Chinese cities. Source: ISI Group, NBS China, CAAM
  • 60. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 60 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? China has 128 car owners per 1000 capita compared to - United States 809 cars owners per 1000 capita This means there is much more room to grow for China’s car industry and new drives.... this also means increased emissions....
  • 61. SulfuricDioxideOzoneBlackCarbonCarbonDioxide Beijing and broad swaths of six northern provinces have spent the past week blanketed in a dense pea-soup smog that is not expected to abate until Thursday. theguardian.com, Tuesday 25 February 2014 COMING TO A WEST COAST Black carbon is a particular problem: Rain doesn’t easilywashitoutoftheatmosphere,soitpersistsacross long distances. Like other air pollutants, it’s been linked to a litany of health problems, from increased asthma to cancer, emphysema, and heart and lung disease. BEIJING
  • 62. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 62 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 24%of pollution on the U.S. West Coast has been linked to Chinese Manufacturing. Revealed by a UC Irvine & Peking University Maximum Daily Percent of US sulfate pollution related to Chinese export.
  • 63. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 63 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada) TRADING EMBODIED EMISSIONS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS.
  • 64. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 64 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? EUROPEAN UNION 382,000 tons (22%) 38,000 tons (2%) 55,000 tons (3%) 86,000 tons (5%) 358,000 tons (21%) 509,000 TONS 285,000 tons (17%) 509,000 tons (29%) GLOBAL ELECTRONICS PRODUCTION SOUTH ASIA EAST ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA PACIFIC TRADING EMBODIED EMISSIONS FOR MANUFACTURED GOODS. Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada)
  • 65. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 65 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? The transport of manufactured goods across the Pacific Ocean will take at least 10-14 days from coast to coast. Ships traveling at 12 knots or less will reduce fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by 30%. Source: - World Health Organization: Figures based on the average annual particulate count for pm2.5 - The socioeconomic drivers of China’s primary PM2.5 emissions, Dabo Guan et al 2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 024010 This map overlays Embodied PM2.5 Emissions from Chinese exports, compared to Global pm2.5 Readings from WHO Over 60% of the PM2.5 emissions, or over 1 million tonnes, of primary PM2.5 is for export production in OECD countries. In particular, 22% or 382 thousand tonnes of primary PM2.5 emissions in 2010 are embodied in Chinese exports to North America (United States and Canada)
  • 66. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 66 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? The transport of particulates across the Pacific Ocean will take at least 04-05 days, riding west to east winds at heights of 2,000m to 6,600m. Yellow Dust is a major contributor to pollution found in the Asia region. Pollution Migration effects the entire Asia Region
  • 67. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 67 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? May 2014, CNN released the World Health Organization’s list of the world’s 20 most polluted cities, all of which are in Asia & Middle East, regions where Gensler has a large stake in shaping the future of design. China’s Pollution is a regional issue. Migrating particulate pollution know as Yellow Dust from Mongolia, Kazakhstan, and India is a major contributor to the pollution particulate found in Japan, Korea, and the US. China is surrounded by the world’s largest polluters. 1 3 2 4 5
  • 68. NASA SATELLITE IMAGERY SHOWS THE AEROSOL CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE ASIA . The image below from NASA shows a reading of aerosol concentrations in the air above Asia on April 15th 2013. Satellites are now able to track and monitor major pollution, dust, and smoke events across the world and the information is free and available online. The smoke (aerosol concentration) will block solar radiation and make the earch dead. 0.0 AEROSOL INDEX 3.0
  • 69. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 69 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? As a consequence of polluted skies and global dimming, Agriculture struggles to grow in both rual and urban centers. “Now almost every farm is caught in a smog panic,”
  • 70. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 70 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FOOD SURPLUSES AND DEFICITS
  • 71. Chinesescientistshavewarnedthatthecountry’stoxicairpollutionisnow so bad that it resembles a nuclear winter, slowing photosynthesis in plants – and potentially wreaking havoc on the country’s food supply. China’s worsening air pollution has exacted asignificanteconomictoll, grounding flights, closing highways and deterring tourists. Jonathan Kaiman, The Guardian - Beijing 25, February 2014 “NUCLEAR WINTER” CHINA’S ECONOMIC IMPACT
  • 72. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 72 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 82%of people surveyed said: It is very important for them to have purified/filtered air in the workplace. VERY IMPORTANT SOMEWHAT IMPORTANT NEUTRAL NOT IMPORTANT 82% 12% 04% 02% Taobao reported sales for air purifiers has risen by 293.7 percent year-on-year. Louie Cheng, president of PureLiving China said “the company has done more proj- ects at schools in the past three months than it had in the previous three years combined”. WSJ
  • 73. 62 GRAMS Grams of particulates one air purifier will create per 1 hour (based on 215 watts): PARTICULATES
  • 74. 3440 GRAMS Grams of particulates one air purifier will create per 1 hour (based on 215 watts): PARTICULATES 16 GRAMS Grams of particulates from the creation of one watt of coal burning energy Air filters remove pollutants from the air by consuming energy. However, energy in China is mostly produced by burning coal, which in turn produces more pollutants. The question is, do air filters remove more than they produce?
  • 75. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 75 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? WE ARE POLLUTING MORE By trying to reduce the effects of pollution COB MECH Filtration = 7% energy increase. 1 Watt of Coal Energy = 16 Grams of particulate PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO2 Coal Emissions = 16% SHG Total Pollution Society Pays for unclean energy Users Clean Air & Circulation Coal Power Plant= 70% of China’s Energy COB infrastructure = 60% of energy demand 1 air purifier will clean 62 GRAMS of pollutant per hour 1 air purifier will generate 3440 GRAMS @ the energy source per hour (based on 215 watts) CURRENT COMMERCIAL OFFICE BUILDING MODEL
  • 76. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 76 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? WE ARE POLLUTING MORE By trying to reduce the effects of pollution PM2.5 NOx SO2 CO2 Coal Emissions = 16% SHG Total Pollution UsersCoal Power Plant= 70% of China’s Energy Photosynthesis will generate NO energy source . Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide Water Sugar Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2 O + SUNLIGHT = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 Clean Air & Circulation COB infrastructure = reduced energy demand ALTERNATIVE ZERO ENERGY MODEL FOR FILTRATION - PLANTS DON’T USE ENERGY No energy increase. NO energy demand
  • 77. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 77 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? What describes your views of nature during the workday? How many hours a day do you spend in your workplace? 08-12 HRs PER DAY SPEND THEIR WORK DAY WITHOUT SEEING NATURE OR A VIEW TO THE OUTSIDE. IHAVEINDOORPLANTSINMYWORKSPACE, WHICH I SEE REGULARLY. 77% 54% 39%
  • 78. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 78 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 83%of people surveyed said: It’s very important to access natural outside air (non-mechanical ventilation). 78%of people surveyed said: It’s is very important to open their window or at least have the option.
  • 79. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 79 The instinctive bond between human beings and other living systems. Forest Bathing: a short leisurely visit to a forest. It is regarded as being similar to natural aromatherapy. Studies show that patients in hospitals with fresh air and outdoor views heal faster than those without. BIOPHILIA
  • 80. 70% increase in people’s alertness 30% reduction in fatigue 12% increase in productivity Source: Fast Company Plants: Asking Why: Can plants do more for our environments other than fulfill our biphilic desires? Are these increased percentages solely because of the biofilic effect? Could it be the air is more clean and not because the room is more green?
  • 81. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 81 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Prior to 1980s - Office Illness Without blame to building or materials, symptoms were reported by tenants in newly constructed homes, offices, and nurseries. 2013 - Gensler - Shanghai Employee wears a face mask when the AQI goes 500 over index infiltrating indoor. Filter sales rise 300%. The office places air filters in all conference rooms. 1986 -Sick Building Syndrome Sick building syndrome moved quickly from media to courtrooms where professional engineers and architects became defendants. 2014 - LENDLEASE - Shanghai Lendlease & Gensler incorporates green walls using planting which specifically targets chemicals and pollutants in the air & break new lows in IAQ.
  • 82. Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Lendlease Offices, Shanghai
  • 83. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 83 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? While Lendlease has seen record lows for CO2 and VOCs, planting is assisted by a mechanical filtration system. Plants do clean the air, but the extent of their effectiveness in a real world working environment has yet to be quantified.
  • 84. Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House Additional Contributors: - Matthew Shields - Alex Przybyla Partnerships: Research Leaders Greenwall Providers Indoor Air Consulatants Cloud Base Data Providers
  • 85. Asparagus fern Rubber Plant Lemon Balm Weeping Fig Golden Pothos Heart Leaf Philodendron Spider Plant (Chlorophytum Comosum) Split Leaf Philodendron Purple Waffle Plant LEMON BALM Lemon balm contains chemicals that appear to have a calming effect. According to research from Ohio State University Department of Psychiatry, the lemon scent the plant produces is described as activating and mood enhancing, reliably raising levels of norepinephrine in study participants. Source: Fast Compant ARECA PALM (CHRYSALIDOCARPUS LUTESCENS) Good air humidifier (a 6 foot plam can release 1L of water a day) Good at removing ammonia and formaldehyde MOTHER-IN-LAW’S TONGUE (SANSEVIERIA TRIFASCIATA) Very effective at removing formaldehyde and benzene converts CO2 to O2 at night GREEN SPIDER PLANT (CHLOROPHYTUM COMOSUM) MONEY PLANT (EPIPREMNUM AUREUM) Removes formaldehyde and other VOCs Easy to care for and fast growing ENGLISH IVY (HEDERA HELIX) Good for allergies Removes Airborne Mold and feces (After 12 hours in a room, it can remove up to 78 percent of airborne mold and 94 percent of airborne feces) GERBERA DAISY (GERBERA JAMESONII) CHRYSANTHEMUMS (CHRYSANTHEIUM) PEACE LILY (SPATHIPHYLLUM) Beautiful flowering plants Good at removing Acetone Good at removing Trichloroethylene benzene Bamboo Palm (Chamaedorea Seifritzii) Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum) Chinese Evergreen (Aglaonema Modestum) Gerbera Daisy (Gerbera Jamesonii)English Ivy (Hedera Helix) Mother-in-Law’s Tongue (Sansevieria Laurentii)Mass cane (Dracaena Massangeana) Pot Mum (Chrysantheium morifolium) Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum) Warneckii – Dracaena “Warneckii”)Dracaena (Dracaena) Best Plants to Clean the Air:
  • 87. Pogostemon cablin Cyathea australis TRICHOMES 腺毛 Attracts dust, including PM Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House
  • 88. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 光合作用 Replaces CO2 with O2 6CO2 + 6H2O -------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 SUNLIGHT ENERGY Photo Courtesy Greenfortune - Shanghai Green House
  • 89. Syracuse University SURFACE Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations College of Engineering and Computer Science 12-2011 Dynamic Botanical Filtration System for Indoor Air Purification Zhiqiang Wang Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: http://surface.syr.edu/mae_etd Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Engineering and Computer Science at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact surface@syr.edu. Recommended Citation Wang, Zhiqiang, "Dynamic Botanical Filtration System for Indoor Air Purification" (2011). Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering - Dissertations. Paper 63. 18 the American Gardener COURTESYOFNASA(2) MARYYEE ed for a single plant to clean a large space such as a home or office.” To expand upon these initial experi- ments, NASA built a “closed ecological life support system” called the BioHome at the Stennis Space Center. At 45 feet long by 16 feet wide, it looked a lot like a space-age doublewide trailer. Inside, a kitchen, sleeping area, and bathroom were flanked by a large plant room to test the ability of various species to clean recycled air and raw sewage in a closed loop. The BioHome allowed Wolverton and his colleagues to conduct “real-world tests, as opposed to a single plant in a small test chamber.” They found that human occu- pantsoftheBioHome,whoinitiallyreport- ed symptoms of exposure to air pollution, could comfortably live in the unit once the plant filtration system was in place. After NASA reported its intriguing findings, other labs began their own exper- iments. Most of these studies were similar to Wolverton’s initial Plexiglas chamber experiments—a rotating roster of house- plant species placed in small test chambers andexposedtooneortwocommonindoor air pollutants. A glut of research published betweenthelate1980sandearly2000scon- firmedNASA’sfindings:theconcentration of pollutants significantly decreased over time in the presence of plants (and their associated soil microbes, which, as it turns out, may actually be doing the heavy lift- ing—for more on this see box, page 21). It wasn’t long before those now-ubiquitous lists of best plants for improving indoor air quality started popping up. FIELD TESTING Whilelaboratorytests wereaninformative first step, they were never meant to model the complexity of real homes and offic- es. “In science there is always a need for complementary studies in the real world and in laboratory chambers,” says Mar- garet Burchett, an adjunct professor at the University of Technology in Sydney, Australia, and a coauthor of one of the few experimental field studies testing the effect of indoor plants on air quality in office buildings, published in 2007. “Field observations and sampling give us infor- mation on correlations between air/soil/ water factors and plant behavior.” To test plants in the “real world,” the Australian researchers conducted a series of trials in three separate office buildings over anine-weekperiod.Similartothelab-based chamberstudies,theresearchersfoundthat spaces with plants had significantly lower concentrations of air pollutants. “We found that three plants per office were enough always to reduce total [air pollution] below health risk levels,” says Burchett. CHA Bu spa any dir ter me Ind coa ind Pu Bu To in Ca Lev Bu for sm the isti me Bu the in v for and tra the fiv sam ind rev tes the 18 the American Gardener C HANCES ARE, you have at least a few houseplants, and you’ve probably heard that they can clean your air. If not, a quick online search will yield doz- ens of articles on the subject, and many lists comparing specific plants on their abil- ity to filter airborne toxins. Before you breathe easy though, notice that these lists don’t always agree on which species to grow and are vague at best about the science behind their claims. What do we really know about the air-cleaning abilities of indoor plants, and how can this inform your selections? As it turns out, the situation is much more complex than growing a few houseplants and expecting them to make a big difference. IN THE BEGINNING One of the first investigations into the notion that indoor plants can clean the air was conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Ad- ministration (NASA) in the 1980s. At the time, NASA was tasked with building an international space station and long-term air quality inside the com- pletely sealed environment was a concern. Bill Wolverton, who was a research scientist in the Science and Technology Laboratory at Stennis Space Center, Mis- sissippi, proposed using plants as a natural air filtration system in imitation of their role on Earth. “Since man’s existence on Earth depends upon a life support system involving an intricate relationship with plants and their associated microorgan- isms,” Wolverton wrote in the final 1989 report, “it should be obvious that when he attempts to isolate himself in tightly sealed buildings, away from this ecological system, problems will arise.” And indeed, problems did arise:manycommonbuilding materials, such as plastics and particle board, were known to release pollutants into the air. Some of these chemicals had been linked to health problems including chronic headaches, asthma, and skin irritation. NASA scientists began studying various plants to see if they could reduce or eliminate these toxins in con- ditions simulating those in a space station. FAVORABLE RESULTS Intheearlieststudies,avariety of indoor plant species were sealed, one at a time, in Plexi- glas® chambersmeasuringbe- tween15and32cubicfeet.For a sense of scale, a 2013 Toy- ota Prius has about 22 cubic feet of trunk space. So, these chambers were fairly com- pact. After NASA scientists injected high concentrations ofbenzene,trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde—com- mon indoor air pollutants— intothechambers,theyfound that if a potted plant was present, the air was significantly cleaner after 24 hours. That sounds very promising, but as Wolverton, who is now an environmen- tal consultant, points out, these results should not be taken out of context. “The small Plexiglas chamber studies gave us the ability to control all test parameters and to introduce a single chemical at a time,” he explains. NASA “never intend- clearing the air about Indoor Plants A number of common houseplants are widely touted as natural air purifiers, but does research bear this out? Bui Spa Bio a sc ear pla and BY AMY GEORGIANNA MCDERMOTT From Indoor Air BULLETIN, Vol. 2, No. 2, February 1992 Can House Plants Solve IAQ Problems? by Hal Levin, Editor, BuildingEcology.com The idea of common plants solving IAQ problems is attractive. Most people like having plants in their homes and offices and in the hotels, stores, and public buildings they visit. However, important questions exist as to whether plants can actually affect indoor air sufficiently to warrant their use as air cleaners. Nearly everyone has read or heard a press story about how common house plants can affect IAQ. Many stories say spider plants or Boston ferns remove formaldehdye. The Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) and their promotional organization Plants for Clean Air Council aggressively promote the idea through press releases, media briefings, and other efforts. Some scientists and interiorscapers (people who design and provide plant environments in buildings) say that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research demonstrates the efficacy of plants as indoor air cleaners. Critics and skeptics include high- ranking officials of the EPA's Indoor Air Division. They say the research, if valid, indicates the need for huge numbers of plants to remove indoor air contaminants as effectively as normal air exchange in an energy-efficient house or in a typical office building. In this article we discuss the research promoting the use of plants, the limitations of the studies, and our own thoughts on the subject. Advocates' Views Scientists funded by NASA say their research shows that plants clean indoor air. These scientists and other vigorous advocates say that plants have been cleaning the earth's atmosphere for millions of years. They say that eventually their critics at EPA and elsewhere will realize that using plants is the most reasonable method for indoor air pollution control. NASA research tested plants' ability to clean indoor air for possible use in space stations. Even before awareness of indoor air pollution increased in the early 1980s, NASA had funded research on using plants to biologically treat waste water. Biological waste water treatment technology proved effective and is used at small- to medium-scale municipal sewage treatment plants and to reclaim water for irrigation. NASA is concerned about poor indoor air depositing gaseous contaminants on critical electronic components inside spacecraft. NASA contractors test for excessive emissions from both building materials and items taken aboard spacecraft. They even test astronauts' space suits for emissions. Chemicals depositing on spacecraft electronics can cause short-circuiting, arcing, or bridging. The sensitivity of the electronic components and the value of the space program missions have justified carefully cataloguing thousands of materials and products from ball-point pens, cameras and space suits to paints and gaskets. The testing has been so extensive that NASA's emission data may prove applicable to evaluating mundane indoor air pollution sources. Plant Studies Dr. Bill C. Wolverton, since retired from NASA's Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, carried out much of NASA's research. He had previously studied the use of plants for waste water treatment. He researched the effectiveness of plants in removing the common indoor air pollutants benzene, trichloroethylene, and formaldehyde. Since leaving NASA, Wolverton has continued to conduct research with funding from ALCA. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES Note to readers with disabilities: EHP will provide a 508-conformant version of this article upon final publication. If you require a 508-conformant version before then, please contact ehp508@niehs.nih.gov. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days. http://www.ehponline.org ehp Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments Joseph G. Allen, Piers MacNaughton, Usha Satish, Suresh Santanam, Jose Vallarino, and John D. Spengler http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037 Received: 4 April 2015 Accepted: 12 October 2015 Advance Publication: 26 October 2015 © NIAA 2001 — The Nursery Papers — Issue nº 2001/2 — Page 1 Pot-plants really do clean indoor air The aesthetic value of indoor pot plants is easily seen. However, the unseen ability of indoor plants to improve indoor air quality has never been conclusively shown or,until now,quantified. This Nursery Paper explains what the latest research,funded by HRDC, HSNA and associated industry bodies, has shown regarding indoor pot plants.ISSUE NUMBER: 2001/2 B R O U G H T T O Y O U B Y T H E N U R S E R Y I N D U S T R Y L E V Y EDITED BY RICHARD STEPHENS. INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT MANAGER. ISSN:1326-1495 By Ronald Wood, Ralph Orwell, Jane Tarran, MAIH and Margaret Burchett, FAIH Plants and Environmental Quality Group, University ofTechnology, SydneyWestborne Street, Gore Hill, NSW 2065 Why worry about indoor air quality? Most Australians live in cities, where vehicle- polluted outdoor air enters buildings and is further polluted, mostly by Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from furnishings, fittings and occupants. Trace amounts of over 300 VOCs have been identified in indoor air. A 1994 CSIRO review found that air inside homes could be 5 to 7 times more polluted than outside. City- dwellers spend 90% of their time indoors, so indoor air quality becomes a major health consideration. Plants as decontaminators ‘Outdoor’ plants are known to absorb air and soil pollutants and detoxify them. Plants and soil micro-organisms are used in the remediation of contaminated soils. Previous screening studies have shown that some ‘indoor’ plants can reduce concentrations of air-borne VOCs and suggested that the micro-organisms of the soil might also be involved. The VOC removal performance of three top- selling species, Howea forsteriana(Kentia palm), Spathiphyllum wallisii var. Petite (Peace Lily), and Dracaena deremensis var. Janet Craig was compared. Benzene (a carcinogen) and n-hexane (a neurotoxin) were chosen as the test VOCs because they are common in indoor air. Research at the University ofTechnology, Sydney, has shown that indoor pot plants do improve air quality and demonstrated how this occurs. As a result, clear claims can now be made as to how indoor plants improve air quality, and development of varieties with an even better capacity for cleaning indoor air can begin . Pot Plants, such as Kentia Palms, have now been proven to improve the quality of indoor air. PhotocourtesyofTropicalPlantRentals PLANT-BASED AIR FILTERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE REMEDIATION IN FEMA TRAILERS By: B. C. “Bill” Wolverton, Ph.D. Wolverton Environmental Services, Inc. 514 Pine Grove Road Picayune, Mississippi 39466-9042 Tel. 601.798.5875 Email: bcwolverton@wolvertonenvironmental.com Website: www.wolvertonenvironmental.com September 2010 PLANT-BASED AIR FILTERS FOR FORMALDEHYDE REMEDIATION IN FEMA TRAILERS By: B. C. “Bill” Wolverton, Ph.D. Wolverton Environmental Services, Inc. 514 Pine Grove Road Picayune, Mississippi 39466-9042 Tel. 601.798.5875 Email: bcwolverton@wolvertonenvironmental.com Website: www.wolvertonenvironmental.com September 2010 20151989 1992 2001 20102009 2012 NASA studies plants affectivety to clean air using small dynamic testing chambers and discovers the importance of microbi- als in the plant soil for removing VOCs Hal Levin’s critique questions plants ability to clean the air when scaled up from small chambers to larger spaces. Filter method relies on charcoal based soil and fan driven air circulation. This method will weaken & kill plant roots over time. While Kamal Meattle’s studies are “real world” Meattle’s air filering strategy still uses some mechanical assistance and can not truly be called a passive air filter. While the DBFS is proven to work in this instance for at least 300 days... the study does not compare its effect on pollutants outside of LAB conditions nor to a control. This study directly compares effects of CO2 and VOCs in various controlled work environments, but does not account for the impact of planting. Lab tests revealed that microbials in soil which had been potted could re- move VOCs without the plant present in the soil, but could not over time. Gilman believes to scale the NASA project up to real life condition for home or office one needs 5 plants per meter squared. “More research is needed to determine how much of a difference indoor plants make to air quality, but growing a diverse array like in this living wall most likely has some positive effects.” Previous Research
  • 90. 1 This study uses no other filtration method other than planting. 2 This study also uses a control room as a baseline for a 1:1 comparison. 3 This study occurs in a active real world work environment... not a lab. Why is this study different?
  • 91. 400 400 NUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER B&WP500w600d B&WPLOTTER 1400X1000 B&W P 500w 600d COLOR COPY/SCAN 1500mmW B&W P 500w 600d COLORPRINT B&WCOPY SERVER COLORPLOTTER SCANNER CONTROL SCREENAND KEYBOARD FAX PS PAPER CUTTING SCANNER 1750 1400 27 SQM �1100 �900 2250 46" TV 600 785 4236 46" TV 4095 600 2000 750 400 900 DETAIL WORK IN PROGRESS TEACHER 650 3440 3600 7600 3551 1314 1141 LT-4 LT-3 LT-2 LT-8 LT-7 LT-6 LT-5 HR HR HR HR HR HR HR HR LT-1 LT-13 (E)VENT 02 02 02 02 02 01 01 01 03 04 04 03 Research Site: ROOM - 1 ROOM - 2 GREEN ROOM CONTROL ROOM
  • 92. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 92 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? NUMBERNUMBERNUMBERNUMBER B&W P 500w 600d COLOR COPY/SCAN 1500mmW PAPER CUTTING 650 3440 LT-3 LT-2 LT-7 LT-6 LT-5 HR -1 LT-13 02 01 03 04 400 400 27 SQM �1100 46" TV 4236 46" TV 4095 600 2000 750 400 900 3600 7600 3551 1314 1141 HR 02 02 01 Conference Room Comparisons: Green Room = 20.8 M2 Control Room = 20.6 M2 Description TVOC (with living wall) TVOC (without living wall) Unitis mg/m3 mg/m3 Ambient 0.016 0.096 Marker 2.74 2.93 Carpet 0.004 0.08 Cabinet - 0.1 Plastic Bag - 0.18 Living Wall Fabric 0.18 - Living Wall Soil 0.12 -
  • 95. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 95 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? At the time monitoring installation Ambient TVOC, PM2.5, and CO2 reading of both rooms were takenMonitors for TVOC, PM2.5, and CO2 reading in both rooms INSTALLATION & AMBIENT READINGS:
  • 96. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 96 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Measurement Limit Baseline: CO2 1000ppm (ASHRAE) TVOC 0.5 mg/m3 (LEED) PM2.5 35μg/m3 (EPA) TEMPERATURE 20o C - 24o C (OSHA) HUMIDITY 20%-60% (OSHA)
  • 97. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 97 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TEMPERATURE 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 CO2 Series1 Series2 4 4/ 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 DATA SUMMURIZING (MARCH - MAY) Week Selected: May 8th - May 14th
  • 98. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 98 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? HUMIDITY 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 PM2.5 Series1 Series2 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10/111 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5
  • 99. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 99 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 TVOC Series1 Series2 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10111 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 18/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2
  • 100. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 100 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 TEMPERATURE Series1 Series2 Series1 Series2 4/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/19 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21 4 4/2 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/1 5
  • 101. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 101 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 HUMIDITY Series1 Series2 Series1 Series2 4/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/19 4 4/2 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/10111 3/133/143/153/153/163/173/173/183/19 3/20 3/20 3/21 3/22 3/22 3/23 3/24 3/25 3/25 3/26 3/27 3/27 3/28 3/29 3/30 3/30 3/31 4/1 4/1 4/2 4/3 4/3 4/4 4/5 4/6 4/6 4/7 4/8 4/8 4/9 4/104/114/114/124/134/134/144/154/164/164/174/184/184/194/204/204/214/224/23 4/23 4/24 4/25 4/25 4/26 4/27 4/28 4/28 4/29 4/30 4/30 5/1 5/2 5/3 5/3 5/4 5/5 5/5 5/6 5/7 5/7 5/8 5/9 5/10 5/10 5/11 5/12 5/12 5/13 5/14 5/15 5/155/165/175/175/185/195/205/205/21
  • 102. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 102 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? DATA ANALYSIS - CO2 Design For Polluted And Toxic E Firmwide Research Project 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 0:00 1:00 2:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Chart Title Series1 Series2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Chart Title Series1 Series2 0 200 400 600 800 1000 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Series1 Series2 HOURLY CO2 READINGS SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 CO2 Series1 Series2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 PM2.5 Series1 Series2 0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 19:00 4:00 13:00 22:00 7:00 16:00 1:00 10:00 TVOC Series1 Series2 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 TEMPERATURE Series1 Series2 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 3:00 12:00 21:00 6:00 15:00 0:00 9:00 18:00 HUMIDITY Series1 Series2 GREEN ROOM GRAY ROOM WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10
  • 103. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 103 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? Qlear Dashboard: The Qlear Dashboard allows us to monitor and track both study location in real time and down load the data for further analysis. Holiday Work Week
  • 104. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 104 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? FEB MAR 0 100 200 300 400 673 471 202 820 607 213 825 589 236 795 542 253 16.1% 23.3% 5.4% 500 600 700 800 APR MAY FEB MAR APR MAY MONTHLY CO2 AVERAGES & GREENWALL REFLECTIVITY MonthlyAverages Greenwall Efficiency
  • 105.
  • 106.
  • 107.
  • 108. Design For Polluted And Toxic Environments Firmwide Research Projects FY 2016 109 Can our buildings become the filters for the air we breathe? TWO HOUR CONTROLLED MEETING STUDY The same three participants spent two hours working in each study environment, the data above shows two hours before the participants entered the room & the amount of time following the study that it took for each room to off-gas the CO2 occurred from the three participants. 2 Hours Before 2 Hours During 2 Hours After 4 Hours After 6 Hours After ASHRAE - Acceptable Limit Impaired Decision Making Green Room Gray Room 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800