The 117th Green Drinks Monthly Sustainability forum An exploration of AI technology (Giga-byte world), through the lens of philosophy (Gita), and the abstract world of physical environment we live in (Green).

1. Gita, Green & Giga-byte
SRINIVAS YANAMANDRA
JANUARY 10, 2019

2. Beginning with basics….

3. Artificial Intelligence
Powerful Search Engines Digital Assistants Artificial News Readers Autonomous Driving Vehicles
The field of Artificial Intelligence is developing so fast that it is difficult to define what constitutes Artificial
Intelligence precisely.
Before it can be agreed as to what constitutes Artificial Intelligence, Technology would have progressed
nullifying our previous understanding of ArtificialIntelligence.

4. MachineLearning

5. Why AI Now?
A convergence of algorithmic advances, data proliferation, and
tremendous increases in computing power and storage has propelled AI
from hype to reality……
…and poised for scaling new
heights in near future

6. What happens if AI full potential is unleashed?

7. A quick survey – but no happy answer

8. While pessimists project a negative future….
The Paperclip Maximizer AI as a
thought experiment
Imagine the goal of the machine is
only to maximize the production
of paperclips and we lose control
over the machine code
In more technical terms, what if
algorithm creates algorithms?
What if the new algorithm starts
works with self-preservation goal
(don’t let them pull the plug on
you!), and acquire all resources
That would then lead to the point
of Singularity
A hypothesis that AI inventions
will abruptly trigger runaway
technological growth, resulting in
unfathomable changes to humans.

9. Optimists argue otherwise….
Myth: A self-modifying AI will
make it super-intelligent
AI Reality: Challenge begets
intelligence. AI will only be as
intelligent as we encourage (or
force) it to be, under duress.
Myth: Enough resources will make
AI more intelligent than humans
AI Reality: Resources are not
enough. New algorithms and
structures still needed for every
new challenge that the AI faces.
Myth: Super AI can be built with
increasing brute calculating speed
AI Reality: Testing time required
for increased intelligence places
practical limits to achievable /
trustable AI
Source: Bentley (2018) “The Three Laws of Artificial Intelligence: Dispelling Common Myths”

10. Opening up the big AI debate….
Will AI pose existential threat to
Human beings?

11. Opening up the big AI debate….
Will AI pose existential threat to
Human beings?
Leading us to the next question –
what constitutes “being human”?

12. An unconventional way to look for an answer?

13. Human being as per Gita

14. Humans: Perception & Intelligence
Perception Intelligence
Sense Organs Cognitive capabilities

15. Machines: Perception & Intelligence
Perception Intelligence
This is RED (Algorithm) This is CAT (Feature/Pattern)
Neuromorphic chips have been designed on the way the human
brain works, modelling the massively parallel neurological
processes using artificial neural networks. This will enable
computers to process sensory information like vision and audition
much more like animals do.
Technology has already proven that the core functions of Eye (Image
focusing and Light Adjustment) can be replicated with the help of a lens
(cornea), aperture (iris and pupil), imaging sensor chip (retina). To
produce color images, multiple sensors are required to detect and
discriminate the different color regions of the spectrum like our eyes do.

16. And then there are…Emotions !!!
Perception Intelligence
Emotion
Sense Organs Cognitive capabilities

17. Machines Vs. Humans: Emotions
Is there any difference??

18. Machines Vs. Humans: Emotions
Is there any difference??
In theory, any neural process can be reproduced digitally in a computer,
even though the brain is mostly analog. This is hardly a concern !!!
- Ray Kurzweil
However, experts argue otherwise

19. Thought Experiments in Emotions (1)
Can You Match these emotions to the faces?
Angry, Disgusted, Neutral, Sad, Fearful, Happy

20. Thought Experiments in Emotions (2)
Can You Spot Who is Happy?
Can You Match these emotions to the faces?
Angry, Disgusted, Neutral, Sad, Fearful, Happy

21. Thought Experiments in Emotions (3)
Can You Spot Who is Happy?
Can You Name the Emotion?
Can You Match these emotions to the faces?
Angry, Disgusted, Neutral, Sad, Fearful, Happy

22. Role of Culture / Beliefs in Emotions
Can You Spot Who is Happy?
Can You Name the Emotion?
Can You Match these emotions to the faces?
Angry, Disgusted, Neutral, Sad, Fearful, Happy

23. Emotions are not natural but can be Nurtured in humans
Perception Intelligence
Emotion
Sense Organs
Vital Body Elements
Nurture
(Conscious)
Cognitive capabilities
Culture / Beliefs

24. ….encounters certain limitations in Machines…
• Joy, satisfaction, contentment
• Disappointment, sadness
• Surprise
• Fear, anger, resentment
• Friendship
• Appreciation for beauty, art, values
• Hunger, thirst, drunkenness, gastronomical enjoyment
• Various feelings of sickness, such as nausea,
indigestion, motion sickness, sea sickness, etc.
• Sexual love, attachment, jealousy
• Maternal/paternal instincts towards one's own
offspring
• Fatigue, sleepiness, irritability
• Dreams and associated creativity
What emotions and feelings would machines not be able
to experience ?
What emotions and feelings would
machines be able to experience ?
What really distinguishes intelligent machines from humans and animals is that the former do
not have a biological body. This is essentially why they could not experience the same range of
feelings / emotions as we do, since many of them inform us about the state of our biological
body.

25. ….encounters certain limitations in Machines…
• Joy, satisfaction, contentment
• Disappointment, sadness
• Surprise
• Fear, anger, resentment
• Friendship
• Appreciation for beauty, art, values
• Hunger, thirst, drunkenness, gastronomical enjoyment
• Various feelings of sickness, such as nausea,
indigestion, motion sickness, sea sickness, etc.
• Sexual love, attachment, jealousy
• Maternal/paternal instincts towards one's own
offspring
• Fatigue, sleepiness, irritability
• Dreams and associated creativity
What emotions and feelings would machines not be able
to experience ?
What emotions and feelings would
machines be able to experience ?
What really distinguishes intelligent machines from humans and animals is that the former do
not have a biological body. This is essentially why they could not experience the same range of
feelings / emotions as we do, since many of them inform us about the state of our biological
body.
But innovation is overcoming
limitation, right?
So, meet these emotional
robots in making
Nadine Sophia
Harmony

26. What about instinct / intuition?
Perception Intelligence
Emotion
Instinct
Intuition
Sense Organs
Vital Body Elements
Nurture
(Conscious)
Cognitive capabilities
Culture / Beliefs

27. Intuition as distinct from emotion
• Where we get confused is we call both Emotion and Intuition as
‘feelings’ because they all go through the same mechanism,
which is your body (Vagus Nerve).
• Emotions are shorter lived, but intuition is this deep inner
knowingness that actually doesn’t have a specific feeling.
• It’s just that you can’t put your finger on it.
• You can’t say it’s sadness or it’s anger or it’s fear or it’s whatever.
• It’s kind of like ‘I think I know something here but I can’t explain
why I know’.
Emotion Vs. Intuition

28. And have to overcome the problems of data availability, explainability and generalisability if to
be replicated to business domains of robo-advisory and robotic surgery
The problem slowly can be addressed if intuition is decomposed as prediction cum judgment
through Deep reinforcement learning techniques (for complex tasks such as music composition,
story writing and artistic painting) that deploy neural networks
Machine Intuition possible in predictable domains

29. The Transfer-Learning Challenge
Human Intuition operates in Bizarre / absurd domains that
does not require logic / reasoning
The Hope
Apparent complexity vs. design complexity
Encounters problems in Bizarre and absurd domains

30. Roadmap to Artificial General Intelligence
Moravec’s Paradox
It is comparatively easy to make
computers exhibit adult level
performance on intelligence tests
or playing checkers, and difficult
or impossible to give them the
skills of a one-year-old when it
comes to perception and
mobility
Darwinian Natural Selection NouvelleArtificialIntelligence
Encoded in the large, highly evolved
sensory and motor portions of the
human brain is a billion years of
experience about the nature of the
world and how to survive in it. Abstract
thought, though, is a new trick, perhaps
less than 100 thousand years old. We
have not yet mastered it.
An approach of AI aiming to build
emergent organic intelligence
similar to that of insects
interacting with the "real world,"
instead of using the constructed
worlds which symbolic AIs
typically needed to have
programmed into them

31. The Missing Link: Consciousness
Perception Intelligence
Emotion
Instinct
Intuition
Nature
(Sub-Conscious)
Sense Organs
Vital Body Elements
Nurture
(Conscious)
Consciousness
Cognitive capabilities
Culture / Beliefs

32. We may dismiss the God, but not the unknown !!!
y = Human Being
a = Physical Body as a constant
b(x) = Intellect as a variable
c(z) = Emotion as a variable
e = epsilon (instinct, intuition, self)
y = a + b(x) + c(z) + e
The Sciences each straining in its own direction have hitherto harmed us little but someday the piecing
together of dissociated knowledge will open up such terrifying vistas of reality and of our frightful
position therein that we shall either go mad from the revelation or flee from the deadly light into peach
and safety of a new dark age…. (H.P. Lovecraft 1926)

33. Thank God, Machines cant be Humans in near future
– so no worries?
Btw, where does Green come in between?

34. Think about problems of climate change…
The Paris Agreement effective
from 2015
Pledge to keep a global temperature
rise this century well below 2 degrees
Celsius above pre-industrial levels and
to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase even further to
1.5 degrees Celsius
Preceded by inactions over a long
period of time
Nearly everything we understand
about global warming was understood
in 1979. By that year, data collected
since 1957 confirmed what had been
known since before the turn of the
20th century.
To address one problem of Third
Industrial Revolution
Human beings have altered Earth’s
atmosphere since the beginning of the
Third Industrial Revolution by burning
coal, oil and gas, and by belching
increasingly obscene quantities of
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

35. …and the approaches to solve them…
Environmental Concern
Earlier approach: We are concerned
that the things we do, harm the
environment but nonetheless we do
them since the immediate impact is
not on our generation
Environmental Consciousness
Emerging approach: Treat environment
through a more green conscious lens
by placing self in the context of
environment and bring about life-style
changes to protect environment
Environmental Crime
Suggested approach: To raise
awareness of the growing threat that
environmental crime poses to peace
and security, sustainable development
and environmental rule of law.

36. …as they give apt clues to deal with AI challenges
“Until maybe a couple of years ago had I been asked what is the most pressing and important
conversation we should be having about our future, I might have said climate change or one of
the other big challenges facing humanity, such as terrorism, antimicrobial resistance, the threat
of pandemics or world poverty.
But today I am certain the most important conversation we should be having is about the future
of AI. It will dominate what happens with all of these other issues for better or for worse.
Our government has a responsibility to protect society from potential threats and risks.”
- Jim A Khalili, President,
British Science Association Amara’s LawAdam’s Law Moore’s Law

37. Thinking of the way ahead for AI for humanity

38. Some may question - Why do Machines Need Consciousness?
Recruitment Racial Profiling
Predictive policing
Parol Eligibility
Fake News
Autonomous Accidents
Autonomous Weapons

39. Some may question - Why do Machines Need Consciousness?
Recruitment Racial Profiling
Predictive policing
Parol Eligibility
Fake News
Autonomous Accidents
Autonomous Weapons
But critics have their
answer….

40. So, should we still need to be concerned about AI?
May be, WE SHOULD start
Not necessarily because AI Machines can become
humans and pose an existential threat…..
But because they may not become conscious
beings and disturb the human fabric Research Ethics Institutional Commitments Better Designs+ =

41. A Final Thought Experiment
He had not a minute more to lose. He pulled the axe quite out, swung it with both arms, scarcely conscious of himself,
and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the blunt side down on her head. He seemed not to use his
own strength in this. But as soon as he had once brought the axe down, his strength returned to him….
Then he dealt her another and another blow with the blunt side and on the same spot. The blood gushed as from an
overturned glass, the body fell back. He stepped back, let it fall, and at once bent over her face; she was dead.
- Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment

42. A Final Thought Experiment
He had not a minute more to lose. He pulled the axe quite out, swung it with both arms, scarcely conscious of himself,
and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the blunt side down on her head. He seemed not to use his
own strength in this. But as soon as he had once brought the axe down, his strength returned to him….
Then he dealt her another and another blow with the blunt side and on the same spot. The blood gushed as from an
overturned glass, the body fell back. He stepped back, let it fall, and at once bent over her face; she was dead.
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
We know what to do? We can extrapolate this too…. But how about this????

43. Conclusion
Giga-byte world is scaling up to
newer heights with multi-
disciplinary research
Gita and similar spiritualtexts
indicate the enormity of task at
hand
Green economy acts as guiding post
for addressing challenges early on
with relevant approaches

44. That is in short:
Gita, Harita & Siri
a/k/a
Gita & Green for Giga-byte World
Thank You Very Much