Introduc)on
in
PM2.5
measurements
in
Urban
China
(中国城市空气颗粒物PM2.5监测简介)
Roeland
Jansen
PhD
Student,
Fudan
University
Green
Drinks
China,
Shanghai,
August
9,
2012

My
presenta)on
• Introduc)on
in
PM2.5
• Why
people
talk
about
it?
– (为什么人们开始讨论？)
• How
to
characterize
PM2.5?
– (PM2.5的特征是什么？)
• Where
PM2.5
comes
from
and
where
it
goes?
– (PM2.5的来源和转化？)
• Why
some
days
are
nice
and
most
days
are
not
so
nice?
– (为什么空气质量时好时坏？)
• What
can
we
do
with
our
measurements?
– (我们如何进行监测？)

Why
people
talk
about
PM2.5
and
what
are
they
talking
about?
(为什么人们开始讨论研究PM2.5
关于它的关键问题是什么？)

Effect
on
humans
(对人类的影响)
• Most
harmful
for:
• Elderly,
• Children
(0-­‐7
years)
and
• People
with
Asthma
• People
with
heart
disease
• Most
harmful
are
the
human
body
unknown
species
such
as
trace
elements
(=heavy
metals)
and
elemental
carbon
which
are
inside
PM2.5
• Don t
do
any
physical
ac)vi)es
with
high
PM,
don t
go
running.
Instead
go
aXer
a
rain
period
or
period
with
strong
wind.

Effect
on
the
Environment
(对环境的影响)
• Dry
deposi)on:
gravity,
wind,
buildings,
trees
• Wet
deposi)on:
rain,
snow,
etc.

Global
warming
effect.

What
does
PM
look
like?
(PM的结构?)
Aerodynamic
diameter
dp
PM10
dp
≤
10
μm
(about
1/6
of
a
human
hair)
PM2.5
dp
≤
2.5
μm
(about
1/24
of
a
human
hair)
Expressed
in
μg/m3
d
=
1
cm
I
=
1
cm3
Inside
are
up
to
10000
par)cles
This
means
that
every
breath
you
take
contains
about
5000000
par)cles

What
does
PM
look
like?
Reprinted
from
Fu
et
al.,
2012

Names
and
standards(命名和标准)
• PM
=
par)culate
maber
• PM
=
Aerosols
=
Par)cles
=
solid/liquid
dispersed
in
the
atmosphere
• Standard
comes
from
Ministry
of
Environmental
Protec)on
(MEP)
and
is
• Annual
Average
=
35
μg/m3
(2010
BJ:
75
and
SH:
50)1
• Compare
Annual
Average
set
by
USA
MEP
is
15
μg/m3
1
Ministry
of
Environmental
Protec)on
and
Shanghai
Environmental
Monitoring
Center

Where
does
PM2.5
come
from?
The
“Natural”
sources
(来源)
Sea:
NaCl
Desert:
SiO2
(=sand)
Vulcano:
Sulfate
Calcium
Aluminium

Where
does
PM2.5
come
from?
The
human
or
“Anthropogenic”
sources
(=harmful)
NOx
SO2
VOC
OH
NH3

Local
sources
and
transport
from
point
sources
Beijing
Xiamen

Nice
day!
(晴空万里)
That s
why
some
days
are
nice
and
most
are
not
so
nice!
Not
so
nice
day!（天气阴霾）
Reprinted
from
Jacob

Where
does
PM2.5
go?
(沉降过程)
• Dry
deposi)on:
gravity,
wind,
buildings,
trees
• Wet
deposi)on:
rain,
snow,
etc.
• Chemical
conversion
by
oxida)on
• Transport
in
the
Environment

Transport
in
the
Environment
在
环
境
中
的
迁
移
Picture
taken
at
278
km
height
Reprinted
from
NASA
(Science
vol.
300:
1103-­‐1104,
1996)

Situa)on
in
China

Energy
use
(1.000
TWh)
1990
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
China
US
EU
Data
from
OECD,
IEA

Energy
use
(1.000
TWh)
1990-­‐2008
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990
2008
1990
2008
1990
2008
China
US
EU
Data
from
OECD,
IEA

Energy
use
(1.000
TWh)
1990-­‐2008
30
160
140
25
146
120
20
100
15
80
60
10
40
5
20
0
20
7
0
1990
2008
1990
2008
1990
2008
China
US
EU
Data
from
OECD,
IEA

PopulaGon
Growth
from
1990-­‐2008
(million)
and
in
%
100
1400
90
1200
80
70
1000
60
800
50
600
40
30
400
20
200
17
22
10
0
5
0
1990
2008
1990
2008
1990
2008
China
US
EU
Data
from
OECD/World
Bank

Energy
use
(kWh)
per
capita
1990-­‐2008
in
%
90000
130
80000
Effect
with
Increasing
wealth
110
70000
111
90
60000
70
50000
40000
50
30000
30
20000
10
10000
-­‐2
1
0
-­‐10
1990
2008
1990
2008
1990
2008
China
US
EU
Data
from
OECD,
IEA
and
World
Bank

Economics
and
rela)on
with
the
Environment
• Increase
in
Energy
needs
is
supplied
by
Coal
factories(煤矿厂供应了不断增加的能量需求):
• Burning
Coal
is
a
major
contribu)on
to
Air
Pollu)on
• 70%
of
the
Energy
in
China
is
from
Coal
• Every
7
to
10
days
a
new
Coal
factory
opens
• 30%
of
the
world
(2003)
• Increase
in
traffic
• Increase
in
Agriculture
• All
have
a
big
impact
on
the
environment

Why
China
is/was
so
bad?
(为什么中国污染这么严重？)
• Lack
of
Environmental
awareness
for
decades;
– (数十年来缺少环保意识)
• Low
efficiency
of
Coal
factories;
– (煤矿工厂能效利用率低下)
• High-­‐pollu)ng
vehicles;
– (车辆尾气污染严重)
• Economic
growth
more
important
than
the
Environment?
– (经济发展利益高于环境利益)
• But
things
are
changing…
– (然而情况正在改变…….)

Sample
and
analyze
PM2.5
(PM2.5的采样和分析)

Filter
measurements
(过滤器监测)
PM2.5 Inlet
MassConc=
Mass
before-­‐
Mass
aXer
(Mass
24hr-­‐Mass
t0)
/
airflow
Eg:
3020
ug
–
1100
ug
/
1
m3/hr
=
80
ug/m3
Collected
aerosol
mass
M
on
filter
(eg
24
hrs)
Flow
control
Air Pump

What’s
inside
a
PM2.5?
(PM2.5的组成)

Filter
PM2.5 Inlet
Collected
aerosol
mass
M
on
filter
(eg
24
hrs)
Flow
control
Air Pump

Filter
PM2.5 Inlet
Very
Harmful!!
Collected
aerosol
mass
M
on
filter
(eg
24
hrs)
General
composi)on
Flow
control
Air Pump

Measurements
in
Shanghai
(PM2.5在上海的监测情况)
• 24
sta)ons
to
monitor
PM2.5
– (有24所监测站)
• Scien)sts
es)mate
that
~50%
of
PM2.5
comes
from
vehicle
exhaust.
– (据科学家估计有约50%的PM2.5来自于汽车尾气)
• Each
sta)on
costs
about
80.000
–
380.000
RMB
– (每所监测站的平均费用在80.000
–
380.000
元)
• Hourly
data
(available
for
public)
– (实时数据（对公众开放）)

Towards
a
solu)on?
What
does
the
government
do
(政府有何措施？):
• liminate
150.000
high-­‐pollu)ng
cars
by
2014;
E
(
– 到2014年淘汰150000辆重污染型汽车)
• mprove
fuel
oil,
gasoline
and
diesel
quality;
I
(
– 提升燃油，汽油，柴油的质量)
• ower
the
amount
of
sulfur
in
gasoline;
L
(
– 减少汽油中的含硫量)
• ontrol
of
dust
in
construc)on
sites;
C
(
– 有效控制建筑工地的扬尘)
• oal-­‐fired
boilers
replaced
with
cleaner
energy
hea)ng;
C
(
– 用清洁能源代替燃烧煤矿资源)

Fudan:
4th
Teaching
building

Our
current
research:
Visibility

Reprinted
from
Malm,
1999.

Hangzhou
site
in
ZheJiang
Uni

App
• hbp://air.fresh-­‐ideas.cc/en/

SCIENCE:
Thank
you!
And
special
thanks
to
Annie
(刘佳)