The document discusses the relationship between physics, metaphysics, and theology according to Aristotle and Aquinas. Aristotle defines metaphysics as the study of non-material and immutable beings, which he calls "theology." Aquinas divides speculative science into three parts - physics, mathematics, and divine science or theology. Physics deals with movable material things, mathematics considers immutable forms without matter, and theology studies objects that are abstracted from matter and motion.

1. On constant moving of frontiers
between Physics, Metaphysics
and Theology
Grzegorz Karwasz
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń
Didactics of Physics Division
& Universita’ di Trento, Italy
Atomic Physics Division
dydaktyka.fizyka.umk.pl

4. Outline
1. The triad: Physics, Methaphysics, Theology
2. Physics: Big Bang, Evolution, Babele Tower
3. Metaphysics: Time and space, Matter, outside-
matter
4. Thinkers: Aristotle, St. Thomas, Copernicus,
Galileo, Newton, Einstein
5. „Science” „Nature” PNAS etc.

5. Rationale
„In general, a conclusion can be drawn, that the history of
Christianity in recent 400 years [from Galileo] is a
continous defensive battle, in which step by step we
observe a step-by-step retracting of successive
statements on faith and theology.
And it is difficult to avoid and impression that we retreat into
a void, in which the whole space of the Scripture will be
occupied by the reason, not allowing them [i.e. the faith
and theology] to exist anymore. Kard. J. Ratzinger,
J. Ratzinger In the beginning God created… Four sermons on creation
and fall. Consequences of faith in creation. (1979)

6. Rationale (2)
„In the hypothesis of the evolution (that in theology
corresponds to certain „theilhardism) there is no space at
all to the original sin. At most, it is a symbolic, mythic
expression, indicating some imperfection tha man is, who
from the beginning walks into perfection.
But accepting this vision means inverting the structure of
Christianity. Christ is being brought from the past into
future, the salvations means, simply, walking towards
future events, like the evolution towards a better world.
Man is nothing other that a product, which is still not
perfected in time; there was no salvation yet, as there was
no a sin, which is to be repaired, but only a certain
omission, which, I repeat, would be natural.
Vittorio Messori a colloquio con Joseph Ratzinger, Rapporto sulla fede (Raport
o wierze), Edizioni San Paolo, Torino, 1985, pp. 80-81, translation GK

7. “Salvatore” o un riformatore?
Volterra, Foto Maria Karwasz

8. 1. The three sciences
• Physics
• Metaphysics
• First Philosophy (or Theology)

9. „Physics”
GK, Physics and Toys, 2004
dydaktyka.fizyka.umk.pl/zabawki1

10. Aristotle: Particular sciences
• Book E (6) 1. [Division of sciences and absolute priority of
petaphysics, understood as theology]
• […] „in general every science which is ratiocinative or at all
involves reasoning deals with causes and principles, more or less
precise, all these sciences mark off some particular being-some
genus, and inquire into this, but not into being simply nor qua
being, nor do they offer any discussion of the essence of the
things of which they treat […]”. Metafisica, 1025b, 6-9
• Following Aristotle, particular sciences, being also rational deal
more with features of objects than their existence in itself.
• „but starting from the essence-some making it plain to the
senses, others assuming it as a hypothesis-they then
demonstrate, more or less cogently, the essential attributes of the
genus with which they deal. It is obvious, therefore, that such an
induction yields no demonstration of substance or of the essence,
but some other way of exhibiting it .” ibidem, 10-12
Aristotle, Metaphysics
http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/metaphysics.6.vi.html

11. Aristotle: Sciences based on induction
• ”It is obvious, therefore, that such an induction yields no
demonstration of substance or of the essence, but some other
way of exhibiting it ” 13-15.
„Horse, what is, everybody sees.” [XVIIIth cent. Polish
encyclopedia] But „Equs” exists independently from the
observed, so must be a being a priori.
• And similarly the sciences omit the question whether the genus
with which they deal exists or does not exist, because it belongs
to the same kind of thinking to show what it is and that it is. .
Ibidem, 16-18
• „Does the boson o Higgs exist really? – There exists its
Lagrangian (i.e. a kind of mathematical function describing it),
so higgs for sure exists.” [A theoretical physicist]
• „Ratchets describe solitons in liquids, collective scattering of
phonons in solids, vortices in neutron stars – and therefore,
maybe they even exist.” [PhD thesis]

12. Aristotle: Physics
• „And since natural science, like other sciences, is in fact about
one class of being, i.e. to that sort of substance which has the
principle of its movement and rest present in itself, evidently it is
neither practical nor productive. [that floow laws, called now of
Newton] Ibidem, 19-22
• „Therefore, if all thought is either practical or productive or
theoretical, physics must be a theoretical science, but it will
theorize about such being as admits of being moved, and about
substance-as-defined for the most part only as not separable
from matter. .” Ibidem 25-29
• Of things defined, i.e. of 'whats', some are like 'snub', and some
like 'concave'. And these differ because 'snub' is bound up with
matter (for what is snub is a concave nose), while concavity is
independent of perceptible matter.
• „That physics, then, is a theoretical science, is plain from these
considerations. ” 1026a, 1-5

13. Aristotle: Mathematics
• „Mathematics also, however, is theoretical; but whether its objects
are immovable and separable from matter, is not at present clear;
still, it is clear that some mathematical theorems consider them qua
immovable and qua separable from matter.
• But if there is something which is eternal and immovable and
separable, clearly the knowledge of it belongs to a
theoretical science,-not, however, to physics (for physics deals with
certain movable things) nor to mathematics, but to a science prior to
both. For physics deals with things which exist separately but are not
immovable, and some parts of mathematics deal with things which
are immovable but presumably do not exist separately, but as
embodied in matter; while the first science deals with things which
both exist separately and are immovable .
• Now all causes must be eternal, but especially these; for they are
the causes that operate on so much of the divine as appears to us
Ibidem, 1026a, 8-23

14. Aristotle: The three sciences
• „ There must, then, be three theoretical philosophies,
mathematics, physics, and what we may call theology,
since it is obvious that if the divine is present anywhere,
it is present in things of this sort. [tj. w rzeczywistości
niematerialnej]
• And the highest science must deal with the highest
genus. Thus, while the theoretical sciences are more to
be desired than the other sciences, this is more to be
desired than the other theoretical sciences .” Metafisica,
1026a, 18-26

15. Aristotle: „first philosophy”
• „For one might raise the question whether first
philosophy is universal, or deals with one genus, i.e.
some one kind of being; for not even the mathematical
sciences are all alike in this respect,-geometry and
astronomy deal with a certain particular kind of thing,
while universal mathematics applies alike to all. .
• We answer that if there is no substance other than those
which are formed by nature, natural science will be
the first science; but if there is an immovable substance,
the science of thismust be prior and must be first
philosophy, and universal in this way, because it is first.
[…]” 25-29

16. In other words, according to Aristotle
• Particular (detailed) sciences are based on observations
(Kant: analytical judgments a posteriori)
• Both particular sciences as general sciences (i.e.
theoretical ones) use common procedures of reasoning.
• Particular sciences define objects (onta) by their features.
• Theoretical sciences deduce on existence of categories
(onta) or by induction (per es. „energy”) of assuming their
existence (like „parallel lines”)
• Aristotle defines the subject of metaphysics as onta non-
local, calling it „theology”.
• But makes a distinction between metaphysics and
theology – objects non-material (=metaphysics) and
invariable, i.e. non-belonging to the domain of space and
time (=theology)

17. A similar division comes from Thomas Aquinas
• „The three divisions of speculative science indicated are physics or natural
science, mathematics, and divine science or theology.”
• Nam cum tres sint partes speculativae, scilicet philosophiae - hoc dicit ad differentiam
Ethicae, quae est activa sive practica - in omnibus requiritur modus competens materiae.
Sunt autem tres partes praedictae: physica sive naturalis, mathematica, divina sive
theologia.
• . While, I say, there are three divisions, natural philosophy, which is one of
the, three, "deals with motion and is not abstract," that is, it is concerned
with things in motion and not abstracted from matter. This he proves by
examples, as is evident in his treatise. When, however, he says: "Form
takes on the movement of the particular thing to which it is annexed," his
words should be understood as follows: that what is composite of matter and
form, inasmuch as it is due the nature of a thing of this kind, has motion; or,
in other words, a form existing in matter is the principle of motion. Therefore
the consideration of things that are material and of things that are in motion
is the same.
• Cum, inquam, sint tres partes, naturalis, quae est una earum, est in motu, inabstracta, id
est versatur eius consideratio circa res mobiles a materia non abstractas, quod probat per
exempla, ut patet in littera. Quod autem dicit: habetque motum forma materiae coniuncta,
sic intelligendum est: ipsum compositum ex materia et forma, in quantum huiusmodi,
habet motum sibi debitum, vel ipsa forma in materia exsistens est principium motus; et
ideo eadem est consideratio de rebus secundum quod sunt materiales et secundum quod
sunt mobiles.
Commento a Boezio De Trinitate, p. 265)
http://www.logicmuseum.com/authors/aquinas/superboethiumq5.htm#pars3q5a1

18. Thomas Aquinas: mathematics
• He then indicates the subject matter of mathematics, saying: "Mathematics
does not deal with motion"; that is, it involves no consideration of motion or
of movable things, and on this point it differs from natural philosophy.
Mathematics, moreover, is said to be "not abstract"; that is, it considers
forms which according to their existence are not abstract from matter, and in
this respect it is in agreement with natural philosophy. He then explains. how
this is: Mathematics considers forms which are without matter and hence
without motion, because wherever there is matter there is motion, as is
proved in X Metaph.
• Deinde exponit de quibus sit mathematica: mathematica est sine motu, id
est sine motus et mobilium consideratione, in quo differt a naturali,
inabstracta, id est considerat formas quae secundum esse suum non sunt a
materia abstractae, in quo convenit cum naturali; quod quomodo sit exponit.
Haec enim, scilicet mathematica, speculatur formas sine materia ac per hoc
sine motu, quia ubicumque est motus, est materia, ut probatur in IX
metaphysicae, eo modo quo est ibi motus, et sic ipsa speculatio
mathematici est sine materia et motu.
(Commento a Boezio De Trinitate, p. 265)
http://www.logicmuseum.com/authors/aquinas/superboethiumq5.htm#pars3q5a1

19. Aquinas: Theology = scilicet divina
• Then he indicates the objects of divine science, calling it,
‘theology," that is, the third division of speculative science, which
is termed divine, or metaphysics, or first philosophy; and it deals
with objects apart from motion, in which it agrees with
mathematics and differs from natural philosophy. It also is
"abstract," namely, from matter, and "inseparable"; and because
of these two facts it differs from mathematics. For the objects of
divine science are of themselves abstract from matter and
motion, but those of mathematics are not thus naturally abstract,
but separable in thought.
• Deinde ostendit de quibus sit tertia, scilicet divina: theologia, id est tertia
pars speculativae, quae dicitur divina vel metaphysica vel philosophia prima,
est sine motu, in quo convenit cum mathematica et differt a naturali,
abstracta, scilicet a materia, atque inseparabilis, per quae duo differt a
mathematica. Res enim divinae sunt secundum esse abstractae a materia
et motu, sed mathematicae inabstractae, sunt autem consideratione
separabiles; sed res divinae inseparabiles, quia nihil est separabile nisi
quod est coniunctum
• In physics, then, we are bound to use scientific concepts, in
mathematics systematic concepts, in theology intellectual concepts."

20. Some crucial concepts
1. God created earth and heaves.
1a. Nonsense: it was Big Bang that started everything
2. God formed (plasmated) Adam from clay
2a. Nonsense: Man evoluted from monkey
3. God mixed languages (Babele tower)
3a. No: Languages evelved independently

21. Creare un mondo?

22. Creare un mondo?
1.Il Sole
2. La Terra
3. Un’albero
4. Una casa
5. L’Uomo
6. Una nuvola

23. In principio Dio creò il cielo e la terra.
Il mondo era vuoto e deserto,
le tenebre coprivano gli abissi
e un vento impetuoso soffiava
su tutte le acque.
Dio disse:
„Vi sia la luce!”
Dio vide che la luce era bella
e separò la luce dalle tenebre.
„Un racconto semplificato”

24. creò il cielo e la terra, (?)
tenebre sugli abissi, (?)
vento impetuoso sulle acque (?)
„Un racconto semplificato” (0)

25. „Un racconto semplificato” (1)
Dio vide
che la luce era bella
e separò la luce
dalle tenebre

26. „Un racconto semplificato” (2)
Dio fece una grande
volta e separò
le acque di sotto
dalle acque di sopra

27. „Un racconto semplificato” (3)
Dio disse:
„Siano raccolte in un
luogo le acque che sono
sotto il cielo e appaia
asciuto. Dio chiamò
Terra e chiamò le acque
mare.
E Dio vide che era bello.

28. „Un racconto semplificato” (4)
Dio disse:
„Via siano luci nella
volta del cielo per
distinguere il giorno
dalla notte. […]
E Dio vide che era bello.

29. This first story-telling, more theological and abstract, is to be compared
with the second, more picturesque and concrete. Frames of „a week of
work” bring an important message about necessity the feast in
Sabbath […] and that man is similar to God.
Pierwsze to opowiadanie, bardziej teologiczne i abstrakcyjne, należy zestawić z
drugim (Rdz 2,4-25), bardziej obrazowym i konkretnym. Ramy "tygodnia
pracy", w jakie jest ono ujęte, mają za zadanie uzasadnić obowiązek
świętowania szabatu (por. Wj 20,8.11). W prostej szacie literackiej tego opisu
otrzymujemy doniosłe pouczenie: odwieczny i niezależny od materii Bóg jest
bezwzględnym początkiem całego stworzenia, które jako pochodzące od
Stwórcy jest dobre, a człowiek - jedyny w świecie widzialnym - nosi na sobie
podobieństwo do Boga.
Simplified tale”
© Wydawnictwo Pallottinum w Poznaniu, 2003

30. „Physics” = Nature (matter)
4. Atoms
3. Nucleosynthesis
2. Background radiation
1. „Elementary” particles

31. „A-tomo, elettrone, nucleo, …
0,000 000 000 000 000 001 m

32. „Exact” story
Discovery of strange quark
Danysz i Pniewski, 1956
Discovery of quark bottom, FermiLab, Chicago

33. Proton, neutron…
Isospin=1/2
Mass m=939.56563 ±0.00028 MeV (a bit more than proton)
Electric momentum D< 12x10-26 ecm
Magnetic momentum m= -1,91304275±0,000000456 μB
Electric charge q=(-0,4±1,1)x10-21 e (read: zero!)
Lifetime t=888,65 ± 3,5 s (= academic quarter!)
Isospin=1/2
Mass m=938.27231 ±0.00028 MeV (=1836 electron masses)
Electric momentum D= (-3,7±6,3)x10-23 e cm
Magnetic momentum m= 2,792847386 ± 0,000000066 μB
Lifetime t=1,6x1025 yr (>>age of the Universe =14,5x109 yr)
Proton & neutron (GK)
Proton i& neutron are not elementary – they consist
of light particles, called quarks

34. „quark”
Kwarki, rys. dr T. Wróblewski, koncepcja GK

35. Components of matter
In the simplest explanataion, the matter consists of:
- electrons (light, negatively charged, elementary particles orbiting
atomic nucleus)
- protons (positevely charged, particles, 1837 times [we do not know
why] heavier than electrons, localised in nucleus
- neutrons (similar to protons, but with zero electric charge, forming
nucleus together with protons [why some of them are more stable –
we do not know]
Atoms have dimensions of 10-10
m and nuclei 10-15
m
We should add also photons (quanta of light) which has zero mass [if
in rest, but then they do not exist]
But this is only in the simplest approach, as possible „elementary” and
highly unstable particles is a whole „zoo” – first, strange quarks
discovers by Danysz and Pniewski.

36. Does it exist any other „substance”?
• „In the beginning God created earth and heaves”
Genesis
• In this sense „earth” means „matter: atoms, light, energy,
and other exotic particles
• So: apart matter there is smth that matter is not (If
remaining parts of the Bible trigger our confidence).
• In the very physics, there is quite a lot of an invisible
matter: billions of neutrinos from Sun flying through Earth
(and our body), pan-present photons from eth Big Bang
wandering though universe as the background radiation,
not saying about dark matter and dark energy, that
constitute 96% of the material world.
→There are two types on non-material substances – the
first belong to metaphysics („good”, „truth”, second to
theology („grace”, „sacrament” etc.)

37. Stars, galaxies, nebulosa…
Stars did not form immediately, but some 380 mln yrs after Big Bang

38. Espansione dell’Universo

39. Radioastronomy
Penzias & Wilson (1964); „strange noise”
= Microwave relict background radiation
(„Big Bang” + 300 tys. lat)
Radioastronomy observatory
in Toruń

40. Sun = recycled star
Universe: 13,78 bln yrs
Solar system: 4,567 bln

41. planets ?
14 Dio disse: 'Vi siano luci nella volta del
cielo per distinguere il giorno dalla notte:
saranno segni per le feste, i giorni e gli
anni. 15 Risplendano nel cielo per far luce
sulla terra. E così avvenne.Monreale, Sicily
NASA

42. „Big Bang”
“If World started form a single atom, the concepts of space
and time had no sense; they acquired sense only when the
primordial atom divided into a sufficient number of quanta. If
this reasoning is correct, the universe started just a moment
before the emergence of space and time.
Georges Lemaître
”This is the most beatiful
explanation of Creation of the
universe that I have ever heard.”
Albert Einstein
il principio

43. Physics: resuming
0. (3 min) formation of matter
Moment „zero”
1. (300,000 yrs) separation of light
-1. concepts of „time” and „space” have no sense
4. (9 bln yrs =4/6) formation of Sun
2. (300 mln yrs) stars

44. So, the sequence of the universe
emerging…
• was quite complicated:
- In first few seconds (some 13,78 bln yrs ago) – the matter
emerged, but in very strange forms (heavy quarks decaying
into lighter in microseconds, and in first three minutes
synthesis of protons and neutrons, an in following helium
nuclei; only later electrons are attached to nuclei, to form
atoms (and ions)
- 380,000 years later the EM radiation separates from the
matter: atoms cooled down enough to stop emitting and
absorbing light: the EM radiation separates form matter and
wanders in coolong universe, down to microwave background
- 380 mln yrs later formation of first stars from hydrogen (and
helium) -we know it from February 2018
- And only 4,567 bln years ago – formation of Sun and Earth

45. Dark matter, dark energy…
The universe is mostly composed of dark energy
and dark matter, both of which are poorly
understood at present. Only ≈4% of the universe is
ordinary matter, a relatively small perturbation.

46. But there are even more problems…
• Universe, in last 13,78 bln light yrs inflated by 1000-times, i.e.
starting from some 13,78 mln light years
- Cosmologist say that it was pumped-up by a factor of 1026
in
10-26
sec. (or less): i.e. from the dimensions of a spill to the
diameter 100 times bigger than our Galaxy.
- Non of existing laws of Physics allow this!
- In other words, or laws of Physics were invalid, or there was no
Physics at all: so, what/ Who governed the space and time in
the universe?
- It is also unknown, where does the whole energy (or mass,
according to E=mc2
comes from)
- Physcis (i.e. laws of conservation of energy, momentum,
angular momentum) do not allow that mass, energy, spin,
number of leptons etc. come from nothing
- And what was before Big Bang (i.e. when there was no space
and no time)? St. Augustine said that in that time, God …
- More questions than answers…

47. Gli soffiò nelle narici un alito vitale e
l’uomo diventò una creatura vivente
Allora Dio, il Signore, fece scendere un sonno profondo sull’uomo…

48. No! Man comes from a monkey!
Not exactly! We come, that’s true, from the common trunk.
But in last 8 mln yrs gorilla did not learn read, nor write , nor
play baseball

49. DNA mitocondrial
Clock for the evolution of Homo sapiens
All people differ in maximum by 11- 12 mutations

50. Eve mitochondrialna

51. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the worldwide phylogeny of human mtDNA.
A Olivieri et al. Science 2006;314:1767-1770
Published by AAAS
Studies of similiarities between mitochondrial DNA are striking::
like we have resulted from the same mother

52. Local populations

53. Fig. 2 Y-chromosome phylogeny inferred from genomic sequencing.This tree recapitulates
the previously known topology of the Y-chromosome phylogeny; however, branch lengths
are now free of ascertainment bias.
G D Poznik et al. Science 2013;341:562-565
Published by AAAS
Also the same „Adam”? Genetics say: YES!

54. Krzywe pokrewieństwa DNA
mitochondrialnego (matczynego)
i z chromosomu Y zachodzą na
siebie – wspólni rodzice jakieś
120-140 tys. lat temu

55. Genetic similarities?
• Homo ↔ chimpanzee: complex cognitive functions, bipedal,
complex language operating on abstractions
• Example: chromosome 22º of chimpanzee: 33,3 milions of
bases nucleic bases vs. human chromosome no. 21
• 1,44% of this chromosome contains 68,000 „paste or cut”: this
number is sufficient to change coding of majority of proteins
• Out of 231 sequences, 83%, including genes of essential
functional importance shows difference in sequences of
aminoacids
• Some families fo retrotransposition shows a differences in
evolution between humans and chimpanzee
• „Changes of genoma after the separation of the two specie are
much greater, and their consequences are more important, than
it was earlier considered.”Watanabe, H. et al. DNA sequence and comparative analysis of chimpanzee
Chromosome 22, Nature 429 (2004) 382-438
Quoted by: Michele. Gazzaniga, Human, p. 50

56. Homo sapiens walked-out from Africa
some 40,000 yrs ago

57. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v514/n7521/fig_tab/nature13422_F3.html
The earliest dated image from Maros, with a minimum age of 39.9 kyr,
is now the oldest known hand stencil in the world.
In addition, a painting of a babirusa (‘pig-deer’) made at least 35.4 kyr ago
is among the earliest dated figurative depictions worldwide, if not the earliest one.

58. Blombos cave: sztuka bardzo daleko,
bardzo, bardzo dawno
• In 2002 the recovery of two finely engraved ochre pieces – both
deriving from the Still Bay units (M1 phase) – was reported in
Science Magazine.[10] The surfaces of both pieces were
intentionally modified by scraping and grinding, and the engraved
pattern formed a distinct cross-hatched design in combination with
parallel incised lines.
• In 2009, six additional pieces of engraved ochre – this time
recovered from entire Middle Stone Age sequence dated to
between 70,000 and 100,000 years old – were announced.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blombos_Cave

59. In other words,
• Homo sapiens sapiens, in spite of his long pre-history and many
kinds of ancestors (who travelled on two legs from some 2 mln
yrs on different continents, from 1 mln yrs uses the fire, from
300,000 yrs hunted with spires) emerges instantanously and in
one place 120,000 yrs ago and in one place – the paradise of the
central-east Africa
• Emerges as a genetic identity, like it were born from a single
mother and a single father.
• Homo emerges instantanously and identical in all parts of the
world, in his whole cultural complexity (faith in aethernal life,
burial ceremonies, painting body etc. )
• From last 120,000 yrs, Homo systematically builds up the culture
(towns, writing, mathematic, astronomy, music, philosophy etc. )
• This would indicate some „breathing”…

60. Babele tower? Invention of theology?
>Forse è una benedizione perché permette di evitare un'altra maledizione cioè l'imperialismo universale e
anche la sovrappopolazione, cioè la volontà di mantenere tutta la popolazione in una sola regione e obbligarla
a partecipare a una “sola impresa”, cioè la costruzione di un solo impero, partecipare a un solo progetto
politico.
>C’è anche il pensiero d’un peccato sociale per incuria nei riguardi della sicurezza del lavoro, per le “morti
bianche”, ossia per decessi di lavoratori nello svolgimento di proprie mansioni.
>Se nell’intento degli scribi imperiali si tratta di propaganda regale e di glorificazione del potere assoluto
del re, nel racconto biblico non potrebbe trattarsi di una dura critica all’imperialismo mesopotamico?

61. Consensus phylogenetic tree of Eurasiatic superfamily (A) superimposed on Eurasia and (B)
rooted tree with estimated dates of origin of families and of superfamily.
Pagel M et al. PNAS 2013;110:8471-8476
©2013 by National Academy of Sciences
A common language, now for the whole Euroasia, 14,000 yrs ago in Mesopotamia

62. „Pauli’s” exclusion „principle”
The whole chemistry (and as a result also the biology) is possible only
thanks to a strange law:
two electrons can not occupy the same quantum state.
We call it „Pauli’s exclusion principle”. [divieto di Pauli]
…
How good is that Pauli: thanks to him wa have life…

63. Physics or metaphysics?
• Three „laws” of dynamics by Newton (where does the mass come from?)
• „Law” of gravitation (what brings the gravity force?)
• General gravity theory (what are the remaining 9994 components of the
space-time?)
• The finite velocity of light (why such a strong epistemic constraint?0
• Quantum mechanic: further limitation on our predictions in microworld.
• Divieto of Pauli in chemistry (why spin determines the statistics?)
• Thermodynamic self-organization? [Ilya Prigogine]
• What first – protein cor DNA?
• Where in brain is the mind?
Stanley Yaki: everywhere and nowhere.
• Who „fixed” physical constraints in a way the world is established to exist?

64. https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/289201/edition/276125/content?ref=desc
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Terrae motor, solis caelique stator
After 1525 a part of Varmia changed into protestantism…

65. De revolutionibus orbium [?] coelestium
p.18http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/302d/Fall_2011/Full%20text%20-%20Nicholas%20Copernicus,%20_
De%20Revolutionibus%20%28On%20the%20Revolutions%29,_%201.pdf

66. Universe „ends” at distance
of 13.8 bln light yrs.
• Copernicus: Earth, independently how big sphere it were, nothing
is if compared to the entire universe, dimensions of which we do
not know, or evene to know we can not.
Flammarion,
c.a 1880
Einstein (1905): velocity of light is maximum possible for sending information

67. Newton: Scholium generale

68. Physics → Metaphysics → Theology
Modern Science brings a lof of detailes knowledge, but we still
need explanations from outside this science
Exampe „Space”
• Aristotle: distance between material objects
• Galileo (& Descartes): a system of reference (the space is
empty)
• Kant: methaphysical cathegories
• Einstein: space-time is modified by the matter G=(8πG/c4
)T
• De Sitter: a non-expanding space is empty
• Lemaitre: the space does not exist without matter
• There was no space before universe?
• Can anything (non-material) exist outside space-time?
• Does anything/ Anybody exist outside space-time?

69. Physics → Metaphysics → Theology
Example: Chemistry
„Ora, la causa della diversità delle cose non deriva dalla materia.
Si è detto infatti che la materia non è presupposta all’azione
divina mediante la quale Dio produce nell’essere le cose. […]
Ora, la causa della diversità delle cose non deriva dalla materia
se non in quanto la materia è presupposta alla produzione
delle cose [self- emergence??]
Le forme dunque non sono diverse perché sono diverse la
materie, ma piuttosto le materie sono costituite diversamente
per essere adeguate alle diverse forme
[= divieto di Pauli].”
Tommaso, S. 1995. Compendio di teologia, art.. 121

70. On continous moving of frontiers between
Physics, Metaphysics and Theology
Zone di ombra (notte) e di luce (giorno) si spostano in continuazione sulla superficie di
Terra; in fatti da tempi di Copernico sappiamo che questa è Terra che ruota.
In un simile modo, le parti del conoscere umano diventano dominio di scienza,
filosofia o teologia – in continuo intercambio.

71. Conclusions
• Aristotle’s and Aquinas’ text are known (and
commented) from centuries: nihil novae
• But the „gap” between Physics and Philosophy
needs to be overcome
• Not only Philosophy should go towards this
meeting (retract?) but also Physics
• For sure, not the whole worlds is material
(poetics is not material)
• What is new in this lecture, that this is a
testimony of a (proved) experimental physicists.
Thank you for your attention!