Theories of Personality

1. Psychoanalysis

2. • Psychoanalysis- the most famous of all personality theories.
• The two cornerstones of psychoanalysis
-Sex and aggression
• Spread beyond its Viennese
• Brilliant command of language
• Based on his experiences with patients, his analysis of his own
dreams and his vast readings in the various science and
humanities.

4. Sigismund (Sigmund) Freud
- Born either March 6 or May 6, 1856 in
Freiberg Moravia.
-Jacob and Amalie Nathanson Freud
-favorite of his indulgent mother
-at his young age his mother gave birth to a
second son Julius.
Sigmund harbored an unconscious
wish for Julius’ death.
-Freud was drawn into medicine, not because
he loved medicine but because he was
Intensely curious about human nature.
-in 1885 he study in Paris with the famous
French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.
- He learned the hypnotic technique for treating
hysteria.

5. • Hysteria- a disorder typically characterized by paralysis or in the
improper functioning of certain parts of the body.
• Josef Breuer- a well-known Viennese physician who taught Freud
catharsis.
• Catharsis- the process of removing hysterical symptoms through
“talking them out.”
• From as early as adolescence, Freud literally dreamed of making
monumental discovery and achieving fame.
• In 1886 he had learned about male hysteria.
• Breuer discussed the case of Anna O to Freud
• He cannot accept Freud’s notion that hysteria came from childhood
sexual experiences.
• During 1890’s Freud suffer personal crisis.
• Neuroses have their etiology in a child’s seduction by a parent.
• 1897 he abandoned the seduction theory.
• Freud sank even more deeply in his midlife crisis.
• Henri Ellenberger said Freud’s life is a time of “creative illness”.

6. • “It is not the scientific differences that are so important; it is
usually some other kind of animosity, jealousy or revenge, that
gives the impulse to enmity. The scientific differences come
later.”
• 1902- Freud invited small group and they are – Alfred Adler,
Wilhelm Stekel, Max Kahane and Rudolf Reitler.
• 1910- Freud founded International Psychoanalytical Association
• Carl Jung of Zurich as a president of association .
• “Crown Prince” and “the man of the future”
•
“My emotional life has always insisted that I should have an
intimate friend and hated enemy. I have always been able to
provide myself afresh with both”

7. • 1895- his youngest child was born , Anna Freud.
• He never won the coveted Nobel prize for science, he was
awarded the Goethe prize for literature.
• He was a master of German tongue and knew several other
languages.
• Why did Freud have such a disdain for Americans?

11. • Mental life is divided into two levels.
-the unconscious and the conscious
• Unconscious has two different levels.
-the unconscious proper and the preconscious

13. • Contains all drives, urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness.
• To him the unconscious is the explanation for he
meaning behind dreams slips of the tongue and
certain kind of forgetting called repression.
• To enter the conscious level of mind, the
unconscious images first must be sufficiently
disguised to slip past the primary censor and then
they must elude a final censor.
• Punishment and suppression often create feelings
of anxiety and the anxiety in turn stimulates
repression.

14. • Phylogenetic endowment- according to Freud this is
the inherited unconscious images from our early
ancestors.
• Unconscious drives may appear in consciousness,
but only after undergoing certain transformations.
• The unconscious mind of one person can
communicate with the unconscious of another
without aware of the process.
• Unconscious does not mean inactive or dormant.

16. • Contains all those elements that are not conscious
but can become conscious either quite readily with
some difficulty.
• The contents of the preconscious comes form two
sources:
-conscious perception
-unconscious

18. • Plays a relatively minor role psychoanalytic theory.
• It is the only level of mental life directly available to us.
• Ideas can reach consciousness from two different directions:
- Perceptual conscious
-from within the mental structure and includes non
threatening ideas.

21. • A term derived from the impersonal pronoun
meaning “the it” or the not yet owned component of
personality.
• Id serves as pleasure principle.
• Primitive, chaotic, inaccessible to
consciousness, unchangeable, amoral, illogical,
unorganized.
• The Id operates through the primary process.

22. • The ego or I.
• The only region of the mind in contact with reality.
• It is governed by the reality principle.
• It uses repression and other defense mechanism to
defend itself against the anxiety.
• The ego becomes differentiated from the Id when infants
learn to distinguished from the outer world.
• Freud used the analogy of a person on a horseback.

23. • The super ego or above-I, represents the moral and
ideal aspects of personality.
• Guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles.
• Like an ego it has no energy on its own.
• The super ego has to subsystems:
- The conscience
-The ego-idea
• It cannot produce repressions by itself, but it can
order the ego to do so.
• The super ego is not concerned in the happiness of
the ego.
• Is like an Id in that it is completely ignorant of and
unconcerned with the practicability of its
requirements.

26. • From a German word Trieb to refer to a drive or a
stimulus within the person.
• Constant motivational force
• The various drives can all be grouped under two major
headings:
- Sex or Eros
- Aggression and distraction or Thanatos.
• This drives originates from the ego.
• Libido- a psychic energy for the sex drive.

27. • Every basic drive is characterized by :
-an impetus
-a source
-an aim
-an object.

28. • The aim of the sexual drive is pleasure.
• Erogenous zones- mouth and anus are especially
capable of producing sexual pleasure.
• Sex can take may forms including:
- narcissism
- love
- sadism
-masochism

29. • Primary narcissism- Infants are primarily self-centered, with
their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego.
• Secondary narcissism- adolescents often redirect their libido
back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal
appearance and other self interest.
• Love- second manifestation of Eros.
- develops when people invest their libido on an
object or person other than themselves.
• Sadism- the need of sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or
humiliation on another person.
- it is a common need and exists to some in all sexual
relationships.
•
• Masochism- like sadism it is a common need but it becomes a
perversion when Eros becomes subservient to the destructive
drive.

30. • The aim of the destructive drive is to return the
organism to an inorganic state.
• Ultimate inorganic condition is death and the final
aim of the aggressive drive is self-destructive.
• Aggression can also take many forms:
-teasing
-gossip
-sarcasm
-humiliation
-humor
-enjoyment of other people’s suffering.

31. • It is a felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by a physical sensation that warns the person
against impending danger.
• Only ego can produce or feel anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the id results neurotic
anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the superego produces
moral anxiety.
• The ego’s dependence on the outer world leads to
realistic anxiety.

32. • Neurotic Anxiety- defined as apprehension about an
unknown danger.
• Moral anxiety- conflict between ego and superego.
• Realistic Anxiety- defined as unpleasant, non
specific feeling involving a possible danger.
• Anxiety serves as an ego- preserving mechanism
because it signals us that some danger is at hand.

34. • We must expend psychic energy to establish and
maintain defense mechanisms, the more defensive
we are, the psychic energy we have left to satisfy id
impulses.
• Ego’s purpose in establishing defense mechanisms-
to avoid dealing directly with sexual and aggressive
implosives and to defend itself against the anxiety
that accompanies them.

35. • The most basic defense mechanism.
• Ego protects itself by repressing those impulses.
• Repressed drives may be disguised as physical
symptoms.
• Repressed drives may also find an outlet in dreams,
slips of the tongues or one of the other defense
mechanisms.

36. • Repressed impulse may become conscious is
through adopting a disguise that is directly
opposite its original form.

37. • People can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a
variety of people or objects so that the original
impulse is disguised or concealed.

38. • Sticking to a certain way of reaction although its
ineffectiveness has been proved repeatedly.

39. • Can be recognized if a person in frustrating
situation acts in an immature and outworn
manner.

40. • Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or
tendencies that actually reside in one’s own
unconscious.

41. • People incorporate positive qualities of another person into
their own ego.

42. • Redirecting unacceptable, instinctual drives into personally and
socially acceptable channels.

44. • Oral phase
-obtain life sustaining nourishment through the oral cavity.
-gain pleasure through the art of sucking
-oral sadistic period
• Anal phase
-anal character
-anal triad
-Penis,baby and feces
• Phallic phase
-genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone.
-”History is destiny” changed into “Anatomy is destiny”

45. • Male Oedipus Complex
-castration anxiety
• Female Oedipus Complex
-penis envy
• Laius and Jocasta – parents of Oedipus, the king and queen of
Thebes
• Polybus and Merope-the King and Queen of Corinth, who don't
have any children.

47. Latency Period
-brought about partly by parents attempts to punish or
discourage sexual activity in their young children.
Genital Period
• Maturity
-psychological maturity

48. • Freud’s Early Therapeutic Technique
• Freud’s Later Therapeutic Technique
-free association
-Transference
-negative transference
-resistance
-psychoses

49. • Manifest content
• Latent content
• Repetition compulsion
• Posttraumatic stress disorder
Freudian Slips
• “faulty functions”
• parapraxes

50. • Did Freud understand women,
gender and sexuality?
• Was Freud a Scientist?