Nutritional problams

1. INTRODUCTION
 Nutrients are essential for the proper growth
and health of the body.
 The substances that contain essential
nutrients for body activities are considered as
food.
 These are six essential nutrients in our food.
 They are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, minerals, and water.

2. Conti…
Balanced diet in the diet, which contains
adequate amount of all the necessary nutrients
required for health growth and activity.
Deficiency of any one of the essential nutrients
in our diet is called nutritional deficiency that
result in nutritional deficiency disease.

3. TERMINOLOGIES
FOOD:- it is any nourishing substance that is eaten
drunk provide energy, promote growth.
NOURISH:- To provide food or other substances
necessary for life and growth.
ENERGY:- The capacity for vigorous activity,
available power.
METABOLISM:- the sum of the physical and
chemical processes in an organism by which its
material substance is produced, maintained, and
destroyed and by which energy is made available.

4. DEFINITION
• NUTRITION:- The process of eating the right kind
of food so you can grow properly and be healthy.
• NUTRIENTS:- A food or other substance that
provides energy or building material for the
survival, normal metabolism and growth of a
living organism.
• NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY:- It is an inadequate
supply of essential nutrients (vitamins and
minerals) in the diet resulting in malnutrition.

5. FUNCTION OF NUTRIENTS
Build and repair tissues.
Regulate body processes
As energy

6. 1. Nutrients deficiency:- these are divided into
two main groups.
I. MACRONUTRIENTS ( proteins, fats,
carbohydrates,)
II. MICRONUTRIENTS ( vitamins and minerals )
PROTEINS
Protein are needed for building the structure in
the cells and in the formation of tissues and
organs.

7. PROTIEN ENERGY MALNUTRITION(PEM):-
It is most commonly found in India
among the children of six months to three years of
age. PEM causes the disease in children.
MASASMUS:- It is characterized by wasting of the
subcutaneous fat and muscles with retardation of
growth and loss of weight. It cause by lack of
protein and energy.
KWASHIORKAR:- it is caused by the lack of protein.

9. PREVENTION:-
Measure directed to pregnant and lactating
women.
Promotion of breast feeding.
Immunization
The child’s diet must contain protein and energy
rich food. Milk, eggs, fresh fruits etc.
Early diagnosis of any lag in growth.
Hospital treatment

10. FAT
Fat are concentrated sources of
food energy. There are many disease caused due
essential fatty acid deficiency:- certain cardio
vascular diseases like coronary heart disease,
cardiac arrest, atherosclerosis etc. certain
chronic inflammatory diseases like COPD,
arthritis etc and certain cancer due to low levels
of omega-3 fatty acid in the blood.

11. CARBOHYDRATES
it is not good to a large intake of
carbohydrates but long term elimination of
carbohydrates can causes serious health issues.
 weakness
 the body becomes thin
Hypoglycemia
Loss of sodium
ketosis

12. 2. MICRONUTRIENTS
VITAMINS
it is a group of organic compound.
VITAMINE-A: disorders are
A. Night blindness( inability to see dim light)
B. Keratomalacia ( softening and necrosis of the cornea)
C. Corneal xerosis ( cornea become dull and dry. In more
severe deficiency their may be ulceration)
D. Reduced hair loss.
E. Xerophthalmia (abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva
and cornea of the eye, with inflammation and ridge
formation)

14. PREVENTION:-
 Intake of adequate foods rich in vita.-A
regularly like; milk, butter, eggs, chicken etc.
 In night blindness and mild cases of conjunctiva
changes.
A capsule of vita.-A containing 30,000 IU should
be given orally daily for a week.

15. VITAMIN-D (antirachitic vitamin)
a) RICKETS:- It occur due to diminished
calcification and development of the bones and
usually found in growing children with the age
of 6 month to 2 years who are not exposed to
sunlight and do not drink milk.
symptoms:-
- poor growth - bend limbs
- delay in walking - pigeon chest
- protruding abdomen
- bending & distortion of the bone

17. b) OSTEOMALACIA( the adult form of rickets):-
it mainly in women especially during
Pregnancy and lactation when requirement for vita.-
A are increased.
symptoms:-
- Weakness with difficulty In walking.
- Pain in lower part & back
- deformity of the thoracic cage and pelvis
- Softening of the bones

18. PREVENTION:-
- Supplement diet with 400 IU of vita.-A
- Educate the parents to expose their children
regularly to sunlight
- Food; specially dried milk

19. VITAMIN-E (Tocopherol)
Hemolysis :- the break down of red blood cells
Neurological problems
Low birth weight babies
PREVENTION:-
-food; rich sources of vita-E like fish liver oil, dark
green leafy veg., sunflower seeds, soya been,
nuts, milk etc.

20. VITAMINE-K (anti-hemorrhagic factor)
Bleeding disorder:- defective blood coagulation.
PREVENTION:-
 during child birth the mother is usually given of
injection 1 mg. of vita.-K
 meat, liver, eggs yolk, cabbage, soybeans etc.

21. VITAMIN-B COMPLEX
VITAMIN-B1 (thiamine hydrochloride)
vita-B1 is not stored in the body to any
appreciable extent, only 25-30mgs of vita-B1 are
found in the body of a normal adult.
Disorder :-
1. beri-beri :- in this disease peripheral
neurologic, cerebral( of central nervous
system) and cardiovascular abnormalities.

22. 2. loss of appetite
3. absence of ankle and jerks
PREVENTION :-
Rich thiamine foods
Stop alcohol
Vita-B1 50-100 mg/day

24. VITAMIN-B2 ( Riboflavin )
Disorder:-
Cheilosis- crakes in the lips
Glossitis – inflammation of tongue
Impairment of growth
Photophobia
PREVENTION :-
- Sources; milk, meat, eggs , kidney , cereals,
fruits etc.
- riboflavin 5mg. Can be given two or three times
a day.

26. VITAMINE-B3( Niacin or nicotinic acid )
Disorders:-
Pellagra:- deficiency of niacin causes pellagra that
is why niacin is called pellagra preventing factor
and pellagra is characterized by three D’S
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
Glossitis :- red, swollen and painful tongue
Stomatitis

27. PREVENTION:-
 Sources; liver, yeast ,pulses, milk, fish, eggs etc.
Niacin or nicotinic acid 200mg/day.
VITAMIN-B12 (Caynocobalamia)
Deficiency of vita-B12 occurs in those who strictly
eat food of vegetables origin and do not take animal
foods like, as milk etc.
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA:-it is a decrease in rad blood
cells that occurs when the intestine can not properly
absorb vita-B12. it usually occurring in after 50 years
of age,.

28. HYPERGLYCEMIA
ANOREXIA
PREVENTION :-
Animal sources:- liver, kidney, eggs, milk, meat
etc.
Administered orally 50-100 meu.g./day

29. MINERALS DEFICIENCY DISORDER
IODINE
iodine is needed by the thyroid gland.
Normal 100-150 mcg/day.
GOITER:- deficiency of iodine leads to the
formation of goiter. Goiter is the enlargement of
the thyroid gland causing swelling in front of the
neck.

30. SYMPTOMS:-
- Swelling of thyroid gland
- Coughing - difficulty in swelling
- Tightness of throat
CRETINISM:- thyroid gland is usually found to be
rudimentary since birth and so there is lack of
function of thyroid gland.

31. SYMPTOMS:-
-retardation of physical development
- Impairment of mental function
- Protrusion of tongue
- puffiness of face
HYPOTHYRODISM
MYXEDMA

33. IRON
DISORDER
- ANEMIA
- PALE SKIN COLOR
- HEADACHE
- FATIGUE
- WEAKNESS
PREVENCTION:-
Iron rich diet: spinach, egg, fish, soybean
Oral admiration of ferrous iron salts.

34. ZINC
it helps in immune system in protein synthesis
cell production and wound healing. It plays a
major role in fertility and conception.
DISORDER:-
-retarded growth
-Rash around eyes, mouth, nose and anus called
acrodermatitis enteropathica
-hyperactivity
-anorexia and diarrhea

35. PREVENTION:-
 Sources; meat, fish, poultry, and vegetables
etc.
 Supplements- zinc sulfate and zinc gluconate
CALCIUM
DISORDERS:-
o Osteoporosis
o Arthritis
o Teeth deformation

36. o Pain In bones
o Hypokalemia
PREVENTION:-
Sources ; milk and milk product, fish legumes
fortified soymilk etc.
Calcium supplements

37. VITAMIN–C (Ascorbic acid or ascorbic
vitamin)
it is essential for wound healing and facilitates
recovery from burn.
Disorders:-
Scurvy- In the swollen and spongy gums with
tendency of bleeding, hemorrhage into the skin,
hemorrhage in bone joints.
Skin: roughness, easy bruising & patchiae gum
disease, loosening of teeth and poor wound
healing
Retardation of growth in infants.
Dry mouth and eyes

38. PREVENTION:-
SOUCES : amla , lemon, lime juice, tomatoes,
gram leafy vegetables etc.
Fruits: orange, mango , apple
- vita-c : 300-1000 mgs/ day orally

40. OVER NUTRITION
It is define as the excessive intake of
food, especially in unbalanced.
DISORDERS:-
OBESITY(OVERWEIGHT):- obesity means excessive
accumulation of fat in the adipose tissues, located
especially in the waist, hips and breasts with increased
body weight by 10% or more above the standard
reference weight for the age, sex and height.
Obesity is most commonly found initially in the 25-50
years of age group and is more common in women.

41. CAUSES:-
Overeating
Irregular timings of taking food
Genetic factors
Endocrine factors ( Cushing syndrome,
pregnancy)
Excess of alcohol intake
Taking of contraceptives pills regularly
Lack of adequate physical labor

42. TYPES OF OBESITY:-
1. Grade first( BMI more than 25 but less than 29.9.)
2. Grade second (BMI between 30-39.9)
3. Grade third (BMI above 40)
MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY
a) Dietary control
b) Exercise
c) Drug therapy(phentermine, fenfluramine
hydrochloride, leptin.)
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
1. Liposuction
2. Gastric plication

43. HYPER-VITAMINOSIS A:-
Excessive amount of vita.
A administered to child from early infancy can in
many complication. Dry itchy skin,
hyperirritability, refusal to stand, thickening of
long bones and enlargement of spleens are
common symptoms. Among adults are causes
lethargy, fatigue, general weakness, insomnia, nail
changes bone and joins pain.

44. HYPER-VITAMINOSIS-D :-
Excessive amount of vita-D are dangerous to
children and adults. Symptoms of
hypervitaminosis D are nausea, vomiting, fatigue,
drowsiness, headache, constipation,
hypertension and renal damage, calcium
deposition in blood vessels, higher concentration
of calcium in spine, facial paralysis and anemia.

45. OVER-LOAD OF IRON:-
Over-intake of iron leads to a condition called
haemosiderosis (large deposits of iron in the
liver). This causes constipation, diarrhea, heart
burn , nausea, epigastric pain, dizziness and
vomiting.

46. EATING DISORDERS
Eating disorder are actually
serious and often fatal illnesses that causes
severe disturbances to a person’s eating
behaviors. Obsessions with food, body weight,
and shape may also signal an eating disorders
include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and
other disorder like pica and rumination disorder
of infancy.

47. ANOREXIA NERVOSA:- It is a persistent lack of
appetite by refusal of food, often accompanied
by amenorrhea , vomiting , sever weight loss
and wasting. They feel fat even when
dangerously thin an develop hatred and disgust
for food.

48. BULIMIA NERVOSA:- bulimia is an eating
disorder involving repeated taking a large
quantity of food and drink in a short time. It is
also known as binge eating disorder. The food
will be consumed by the individual in large
quantities and he/she will induced vomiting for
fear of gaining weight.

49. OTHER DISORDERS:-
PICA:- it is a eating disorder found primarily in
young children and pregnant women which is
marked by a persistent craving for unnatural
non-nutritive substances such as plaster, paints,
hair, starch or dirt or mud.

50. RUMINATION:- It is a rare disorder in which
infant between 3rd to 12th months of age
repeatedly regurgitate all food , with ejection or
re-swallowing but without nausea.