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BIOTECHNOLOGY
Presented by:
Miss Ankita Chaudhari
Definition
• Biotechnology deals with techniques of using
live organisms or enzymes from organisms to
produce products and processes useful to
humans.
• The applications of biotechnology include
therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified
crops for agriculture, processed food,
bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy
production.
• Modern biotechnology using genetically
modified organisms was made possible only
when man learnt to alter the chemistry of
DNA. This key process is called recombinant
DNA technology or genetic engineering.
• This process involves the use of restriction
endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate
plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and ferry
the foreign DNA into host organisms,
expression of the foreign gene, purification of
the gene product, and finally making a suitable
formulation for marketing.
Genes
• A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is
made up of nucleotides and is the molecular
unit of heredity.
• Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence,
leading to different variants, known as alleles,
in the population. These alleles encode slightly
different versions of a protein, which cause
different phenotype traits.
Genetic engineering
Genome
• A genome is the genetic material of an
organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA
viruses). The genome includes both the genes
(the coding regions), the noncoding DNA and
the genetic material of the mitochondria[2] and
chloroplasts.
Phenotype
• A phenotype is the composite of an organism's
observable characteristics or traits, such as its
morphology, development, biochemical or
physiological properties, behavior, and
products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering
DNA RNA
Structural
Name:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid
Function:
Medium of long-term storage
and transmission of genetic
information.
Transfer the genetic code needed
for the creation of proteins from
the nucleus to the ribosome.
Structure:
Typically a double- stranded
molecule with a long chain of
nucleotides.
A single-stranded molecule in
most of its biological roles and
has a shorter chain of
nucleotides.
Bases/Sugar
s:
Long polymer with a
deoxyribose and phosphate
backbone and four different
bases: adenine, guanine,
cytosine and thymine.
Shorter polymer with a ribose
and phosphate backbone and
four different bases: adenine,
guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
Base
Pairing:
A-T (Adenine-Thymine), G-C
(Guanine-Cytosine)
A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-C
(Guanine-Cytosine)
Genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering
• Genetic engineering involves the techniques to
alter the chemistry of genetic material and thus
change the phenotype of the host organism.
• There are three basic steps in genetically
modifying an organism
• identification of DNA with desirable genes;
• introduction of the identified DNA into the
host;
• maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and
transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
Techniques of Genetic Engineering
• Creation of recombinant DNA
• Gene cloning
• Gene transfer
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
• Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
molecules are DNA
molecules formed by
laboratory methods of
genetic recombination to
bring together genetic
material from multiple
sources, creating sequences
that would not otherwise be
found in the genome.
Applications
• Recombinant human insulin,
• Recombinant human growth
hormone,
• Recombinant blood clotting
factor VIII,
• Recombinant hepatitis B
vaccine,
• Insect-resistant crops etc.
Applications in Food Industry
Enzymes
• α-Amylase: The strain designated as B. subtilis
ATCC 39, 705 was genetically derived from an
asporogenic variety of B. subtilis ATCC 39,
701, which lacked α-amylase, by introducing
genetic material from B. stearothermophilus
ATCC 39, 709 for α-amylase production.
Low Calorie Beer
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae or breing yeast was
inserted with gene coding for glucoamylase
from A. niger. The glucoamylase expressed by
the yeast during fermentation breaks down the
soluble starch to glucose; this is metabolized
by the yeast, resulting in a lower calorie beer
without requiring the use of added enzyme
preparations.
Wine Making
• Experimentally investigated, the malolactic
gene of Lactobacillus delbrueckii was
introduced into a laboratory yeast strain. When
this yeast was used to make wine in a trial
fermentation, the malolactic gene was
expressed and limited malate conversion
occurred.
Plant Cell Bioreactors
• In the number of plant species that can be grown
in culture
• In the production of a wide array of secondary
metabolites
• In our understanding of the biochemical pathways
involved and their regulation
• In bioreactor design and culture protocols
• Two commercial applications, and these are very
high-value medicinals and cosmetic ingredients--
shikonin and ginsengoside.

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Genetic engineering

  • 2. Definition • Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans. • The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment, and energy production.
  • 3. • Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learnt to alter the chemistry of DNA. This key process is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. • This process involves the use of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and ferry the foreign DNA into host organisms, expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product, and finally making a suitable formulation for marketing.
  • 4. Genes • A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity. • Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits.
  • 6. Genome • A genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes (the coding regions), the noncoding DNA and the genetic material of the mitochondria[2] and chloroplasts.
  • 7. Phenotype • A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
  • 10. DNA RNA Structural Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ribonucleic Acid Function: Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information. Transfer the genetic code needed for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. Structure: Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides. A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides. Bases/Sugar s: Long polymer with a deoxyribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Shorter polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone and four different bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. Base Pairing: A-T (Adenine-Thymine), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine) A-U (Adenine-Uracil), G-C (Guanine-Cytosine)
  • 12. Genetic Engineering • Genetic engineering involves the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material and thus change the phenotype of the host organism. • There are three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism • identification of DNA with desirable genes; • introduction of the identified DNA into the host; • maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny.
  • 13. Techniques of Genetic Engineering • Creation of recombinant DNA • Gene cloning • Gene transfer
  • 14. Recombinant DNA (rDNA) • Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Applications • Recombinant human insulin, • Recombinant human growth hormone, • Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII, • Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, • Insect-resistant crops etc.
  • 16. Enzymes • α-Amylase: The strain designated as B. subtilis ATCC 39, 705 was genetically derived from an asporogenic variety of B. subtilis ATCC 39, 701, which lacked α-amylase, by introducing genetic material from B. stearothermophilus ATCC 39, 709 for α-amylase production.
  • 17. Low Calorie Beer • Saccharomyces cerevisiae or breing yeast was inserted with gene coding for glucoamylase from A. niger. The glucoamylase expressed by the yeast during fermentation breaks down the soluble starch to glucose; this is metabolized by the yeast, resulting in a lower calorie beer without requiring the use of added enzyme preparations.
  • 18. Wine Making • Experimentally investigated, the malolactic gene of Lactobacillus delbrueckii was introduced into a laboratory yeast strain. When this yeast was used to make wine in a trial fermentation, the malolactic gene was expressed and limited malate conversion occurred.
  • 19. Plant Cell Bioreactors • In the number of plant species that can be grown in culture • In the production of a wide array of secondary metabolites • In our understanding of the biochemical pathways involved and their regulation • In bioreactor design and culture protocols • Two commercial applications, and these are very high-value medicinals and cosmetic ingredients-- shikonin and ginsengoside.