This slide presents our aspect on: . NAND & SSD market trend. . How to build a quality SSD . Challenge on SSD

1. Challenges & Trends of
SSD Design
ADATA SSD Group 5/2

2. SSD Preference by Applications
Application Capacity Price Performance Quality Reliability Supply
Channel 0% and 7% Sensitive Peak Moderate Moderate Flexible
Consumer OP SI
ODM/OEM 0% OP Sensitive Peak High High Moderate
IPC 0% OP Moderate Moderate High Moderate Consistent
Server 7% and
above Moderate Sustain High High Consistent

3. Agenda
 Challenges of SSD Design
– NAND Flash
– Performance
– O/P & Data Compression
– Validation and Failure Analysis
 Trends of SSD Design
– NAND Flash
– PCI-E

4. Confidential
Challenge of SSD Design
NAND Flash

5. Confidential
Key Challenge for Quality SSD
 Failure rates are multiplied proportionately to capacity
 When combined with other problems, it can easily exceed 1%
DPPM > 1%
~8000
500
5/26

6. Confidential Consumer-grade NAND Quality
Qty Bad Estimated DPPM
Flash Sorted Blocks Identified of 128GB SSD
16,200 15 blocks in 12 Flash
(uECC, High BER x 1) ~12,000 DPPM
DPPM R d d
SSD
Reduced
By Flash Sorting
DPPM Reduced
DPPM
By SSD Device Level Testing
Target : 1000 DPPM
6/24

7. Confidential Example of Endurance Verification 2X/2Y/1X NAND
2Y/1X Lot
2Y Quality Lot
2x Quality Lot
7

8. Confidential
Example of Retention distribution 2Y/1X NAND
2Y/1X Lot
2Y Quality Lot
8

9. Confidential
Example of Cross-Temp Verification 2Y/1X NAND
2Y/1X Lot
2Y Quality Lot
Low temp. : 0 degree, High temp. : 70 degree. 9

10. Confidential Challenges of Flash Package for Ultrathin
 Performance requirement is high but PCB
dimension is small.
– TSOP is 1 channel design and hard to support high
performance & high density demand.
– Generic BGA is limited to 2 channel. It’’s hard to
meet high performance demand.
BGA Write Pacakage Channel Performance
TSOP 1 60/40
LGA 2 120/40
100/132/152 Performance
SDP 10 MB/s
DDP 20 MB/s
BGA100/132/152 2 120/40
QDP 40 MB/s
ODP 40MB /s
10
*10MB/s per die BGA 272 4 240/80

11. Confidential Advantage of 4CH Package on High Capacity SSD
Bus #1
mSATA‐4ch flash 2 ch flash
Write
P f
Bus #2
Performance Bus Half‐mSATA‐4ch flash mSATA‐2ch flash
4 ch flash
#1
Bus #2
Bus #3
Bus Half‐mSATA‐2ch flash
#4
128 GB 256 GB
 Advantages of 4 CH Flash Package
– Higher performance of high capacity skew.
– Suitable for design
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compact PCB design.

12. Confidential
Challenge of SSD Design
Performance

13. Performance Requirement of Confidential
Sever SSD
 Most consumer SSD address “Sequential Read/Write”
 Server/Enterprise SSD focus on Sustained 4K R/W
and Latency
70,000
260 MB/s
60,000
? Space
50,000
40,000
= 30 30,000 000
85 MB/s
20,000
= ?
10GB 150 MB/s
10,000
Full Space 25 MB/s
0
5 20 35 50 65 80 95 110
min
Consumer Server

14. Confidential Latency in Cache-based application
120
100
120.00%
100.00%
3000
2500
Max Latency(ms)
times
80
60
40
80.00%
60.00%
40 00%
2000
1500
1000
Qos
20
0
1 1 001 2 001 3 001 4 001 5 001 6 001
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%
500
0
event
14
1,001 2,001 3,001 4,001 5,001 6,001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Max Latency(ms)
-PS : Max latency are recorded by Iometer 2010 every 15 minutes.

15. Confidential Latency in File-based application
sec 40
35
30
25
20
 SSD #1
SSD #2
SSD #3
15
10
5
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
 Multi-tasking environment mixing R/W processes of large & small files.
 Latency may be up to 35 sec if controller FW is not good.
Abnormal long latency causes bad user experience and the risk of failure.

16. Confidential
Challenge of SSD Design
O/P, Data Compression

17. Confidential
OP - Over Provisioning
 OP Usage
– Buffer Space
– Garbage collection
– SSD controller firmware storage (small %)
-0% : 64/128/256/512 GB
-7% : 60/120/240/480 GB
– Spare blocks (small %)
– Data protection (ex: LSI RAISE™)
-28%: 50/100/200/400 GB
 Advantages of higher OP:
– Higher write OP Data
performance
– Lower “Write Amplification”
– Longer Flash life (Endurance) User Data
– Space for data protection beyond ECC

18. Confidential Performance Comparison of OPs
IOmeter IOPS IOmeter IOPS (50% compressible)
60,000
50,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20 000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
20,000
10,000
1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176
OP 0% OP 7% OP 28%
0
1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176
OP 0% OP 7% OP 28%
-Higher OP has more buffer and gives better sustained performance .
-With 50% compressible data(typical case), sustained performance is up to 3~5X
-PS : Data is recorded by Iometer 2010 every 5 minutes.

19. Confidential Data Compression, Gives More OP Space
 Data compressor provides
bigger and reliable over-provisioning
than the general
SSD controller.
f
SSD with
compressor
SSD w/o
compressor
 More OP gives more space for
buffering and garbage
collection.
p p
Free Space (OP)
Larger due to compressor
Free Space (OP)
 If data is highly compressible,
SSD will have more OP so
True Valid Data
True Valid Data
that the performance and
reliability will be better.

20. Confidential Data Compressor + OP improve Reliability
7.0
WAF with In-compressible data
1.4
WAF with 50% Compressible data
6.0
5.0
1.2
1
4.0
3.0
2 0
0.8
0.6
0 4
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.4
0.2
0
1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176
OP 0% OP 7% OP 28%
1 26 51 76 101 126 151 176
OP 0% OP 7% OP 28%
-Hi h Higher OP l also i gives b tt better WAF and d ld could t d extend d i device lif life ti
time.
-With 50% compressible data(typical case), drive life time can be extended at
least 3X.
-PS : Data is recorded by Iometer 2010 every 5 minutes.

21. Confidential Data Compressor + OP improve Performance
IOPS
LSI SandForce Balanced Read/Write Performance
Based on data entropy
Data entropy
50,000
45,000
40,000
py
Compressible
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
0-70%
10,000
5,000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100/0 90/10 80/20 70/30 60/40 50/50 40/60 30/70 20/80 10/90 0/100
Random Read/Write %
10% 70% 100% Samsung 840 Samsung 840 Pro OCZ OCZ Read/Write
Vertex 4 Vector
Random IOPS after Random Writes SSD #1 SSD #2 SSD #3 SSD #4
preconditioning
Data collected using VDBench

22. Confidential
Challenge of SSD Design
Validation
Failure Analysis

23. Confidential SSD Validation & Trouble Shooting
 Validation
– Totally different to previous UFD,
SD, and exHDD.
– Hard to cover all testing during
validation
Flash
validation. Vendor
– Not ? easy to identify failure due to
the failure can be anything, such
as HW, SW, FW, Protocol,
Flash
 Trouble-Shooting
Module
Hose
Controller
Flash…… Vendor
– Need system engineering to
narrow down the issue and find
the root cause.
h
23

24. Confidential Failure Analysis Categories
3 Analysis Categories
1 SATA Interface:
Flash 2
a. SATA Protocol Analysis
Integrity SATA
b. Signal Analysis
2 SATA Controller & Power Circuit :
Controller Flash a 1
a. Controller logging information
b. Power-on timing analysis
3 Fl h C t
Flash
Power
Circuit
Flash Component :
a. Uncorrectable ECC identification
b. Physical address Flash test
c. BER analysis through tester

25. Confidential
Flash and SSD Trends

26. Confidential
2X/2Y/1X/1Y NAND Trend
2012 2013
Spec Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Intel Intel-L84A(20nm) 64Gbit, 8KB MP
Intel-L85A(20nm) 128Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Intel-L84C(20nm) 64Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Intel-L85C(20nm) 128Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Micron-L83A(20nm) 32Gbit, 8KB
Micron-L84A(20nm) 64Gbit, 8KB MP
Micron-L85A(20nm) 128Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Micron-L84C(20nm) 64Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Micron-L85C(20nm) 128Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Hynix A-die(20nm) 64Gbit, 8KB
Hynix B-die(20nm) 64Gbit, 16KB
Hynix D-die(1xnm) 64Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Hynix A-die(3D) 128Gbit, 16KB ES CS
Hynix M-die(1xnm) 128Gbit, 16KB ES
Sandisk 19nm 64Gb, 16KB
Sandisk 1Ynm 64Gb, 16KB ES
26
,
Sandisk TLC1Ynm 128Gbit,8KB,4P ES

27. Confidential MLC Flash Pricing of Mainstream Capacity
$12.00
32 Gbit 64 Gbit 128 Gbit
$10.00
$8.00
$6.00
32Gbit
64Gbit
$4.00
$
128Gbit
2.00
$0.00
 NAND Price go uptrend from 2013/Q4
 128Gbit mono-die MLC ready in 2013/Q3
Source: DRAMExchanges
27
y
 1Y to begin another cycle

28. NAND Getting Worse Confidential
Higher Requirement for Controller
3xnm MLC 2xnm MLC 2y/1x nm MLC 2y/1x nm TLC 3D Flash
Capacity 32Gbit 64Gbit 64/128Gbit 64/128Gbit ?
ECC 12 bit / 512 Bytes 24 bit /1024 Bytes 40 bit /1024 Bytes LDPC ?
PE 5K 1K~5K 1K~3K 500 ~ 1K ?
28

29. Confidential Performance PCI-E SSD to the Mass Market
2100
1800
1500
3 X 3 X
1200
900
600
Read
Write
SATA III bandwidth
300
0
SATA 128GB PCIE 128GB SATA 256GB PCIE 256GB
29
 Up to 3x read performance, comparing SATA SSD

30. Confidential PCI-E SSD Plan in 2013
 PCI-E SSD will be more focus from 2013/H2
 Advantages :
– Bandwidth lead
– Multi-lane for scalability (x2, x4, …..)
– Software compatible PCI-E SSDs can be built as one AHCI device
M.2 2280 SATA Express, 2.5”” SFF 8639, 2.5”
PCI-E

31. Confidential Advantage of ADATA SSD Solutions
 In-house Flash Testing Infrastructure and Component
Engineering
– Flash quality management
– Fast adoption of new Flash technology
 Dedicated System Engineering & Validation Team to
perform System Analysis: right specification targeting and
quick debugging for customers’ time-to-market
 Dedicated HW Development Team: focused in custom
form-factor developments (allow ~ 6-wks lead time) and
product-optimization such as EMI.
 Provide all SSD solution for SI, ODM/OEM, IPC and
Server customers
31

32. Confidential ADATA SSD Solutions
 Retail Consumer
S
 SI/ODM/OEM
– 2.5” SATA S S
– mSATA / mSATA mini
– M – mSATA / mSATA mini
– M.2 SATA / PCI-E
M.2 SATA
32

33. Confidential ADATA SSD Solutions
 IPC
SATA DOM
 Server
– 2 5” SATA
– MO-297
– mSATA / mSATA mini
– 2.5 – 2.5” PCI-E
– CF / CFast
33