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ATTENTION AND HUMAN
FUNCTION
HENRY KAZADI MWANZA
1/20/2017 1
INTRODUCTION
 Attention is a psychological process that we apply in
our everyday lives.
 Attention does not refer to the implied aspect of
concentrating on a particular task.
 It refers to a process in which an individual takes
possession of information in a progressive manner
that allows for its storage and retention.
 Attention can be understood as part of the
perceptual processes and also as part of the
memory.
1/20/2017 2
INTRODUCTION
 James,; defines attention as “taking possession of the
mind in clear, vivid form out of what seems several
simultaneously possible objects or trains of
thoughts” (1890;P,403).
 Our environment is ever dominated with different
simultaneous stimuli and there is need to focus on
the stimuli both in perception and cognition.
 Human communication system has a limited capacity
to process all the stimuli in the environment.
1/20/2017 3
INTRODUCTION
 The human communication selects what to attend to and
focus attention to.
 Selective attention is a situation in which individuals try
to attend to only one source of information while
ignoring other stimuli (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).
 a situation in which two
 Divided Attention is when two tasks are performed at the
same time.
 Attention has being categorized to occur at two levels;
consciously and unconsciously.
 Bourguignon (2000), Consciousness refers to the feeling
of awareness and the content of awareness.
1/20/2017 4
INTRODUCTION
 Unconsciousness is the feeling of not being
aware of the content or the focus of attention.
 Attention has also being classified as active
and passive.
 Active attention occurs in a top down way
which is controlled by the individual’s goals
 while passive attention occurs in a bottom-up
approach in which it is controlled by the
stimuli.
1/20/2017 5
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
BROADBENT’s FILTER THEORY
 Humans have a sensory buffer that allows only one
sensory stimulus at a time even when two stimuli are
presented simultaneously.
 The theory suggests that attention is as a result of a
limited capacity of the information processing
system, which occurs through the sensory buffer
(filter).
1/20/2017 6
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
1/20/2017 7
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
 The theory suggest that focus on a particular stimuli
occurs via the sensory system is that processes
stimuli with highlighted physical features holding
back the other stimuli for later processing.
 It is assumed that the filter operates on a pre-
categorical stage whereby the information is
attended to before assigning any mental category or
meaning.
 sensory stimulation is gathered through a parallel
model while the interpretation and processing occurs
in a serial model.
1/20/2017 8
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
ATTENUATION THEORY (TRIESMANN)
 Suggests that irrelevant or unattended information is not
completely filtered out.
 The strength of the information is the one that
determines its processing (attenuation).
 Messages differ in “subjective loudness”
 Attention modulates subjective loudness: attended
channel is louder
 Individual words have different thresholds of subjective
loudness to be noticed e.g. the cocktail phenemonon.
1/20/2017 9
THEORIES OF ATTENTION
LATE SELECTION THEORY (Deutsch & Deutsch)
 This holds that all information is being processed at
same level, but Selection occurs late in processing
(after information enters STM).
 Listeners can access the meaning of unattended
information.
 The limitation is in the response system, not the
perception, e.g. When we have auditory and visual
stimuli we can process both but only respond to one.
1/20/2017 10
AUTOMATIC ATTENTION
 Automatic attention is defined as effortless,
unconscious & involuntary processing of information
which proceeds without our conscious awareness
(Posner, 1978).
 This does not entail that the person is not aware of
what they are doing but it simply means that a
person does not need to think about the process in
order to perform a task.
 Automatic attention does not just become automatic
in the literally sense but it involves practice and
association of information.
1/20/2017 11
AUTOMATIC ATTENTION
 The early process of attention involves the conscious
awareness before it becomes unconscious.
 Automatic attention involves practice and association of
information that enables the creation of a cognitive map
for the information.
 Automatic processing has a direct link with memory
because in order for someone to be able to perform a
task.
 Logan (1988), suggested that automatization occurs
because we gradually accumulate knowledge about
specific responses to specific stimuli.
1/20/2017 12
AUTOMATIC ATTENTION
• Automatic processes occur in no particular sequence
because they involve less of control and conscious
awareness.
• Automatic attention is termed as a parallel processes.
• Automatic attention has three attributes that
characterize any automatic process these are (Posner &
Snyder, 1975);
1. Not part of consciousness,
2.Unintentional
3. Consumer few resources
1/20/2017 13
AUTOMATIC ATTENTION
 Practice reduces the need for attention by reducing
central cognition, making a task automatic.
 Controlled processes require intentional efforts,
conscious awareness and also sequencing.
1/20/2017 14
VISUAL ATTENTION
 Yantis (2008), Human visual attention system can
divided into two systems which is; voluntary (goal-
directed) and also involuntary (stimulus-driven).
 Visual attention is either driven by our interest or the
attraction of the stimulus.
 The goal directed system is based on expectations,
knowledge and current goals.
 Stimulus driven is based on unexpected, potentially
important stimulus which redirects the focus of
attention.
1/20/2017 15
VISUAL ATTENTION
 Goal directed system has being linked to the
operation of a spotlight in the sense that visual
attention highlights only a small part of the visual
space.
• visual attention can be object- or location-based, and
can be used flexibly.
1/20/2017 16
VISUAL ATTENTION
Visual Search
 visual search is a task involving the rapid detection of a
specified target stimulus within a visual display.
 Feature integration theory, suggests that features of an
object are processed in a parallel model and then
combined by focused attention.
 This theory makes a distinction between the features of
objects (e.g. colour, size, lines in particular orientation)
and the objects themselves.
 The visual features of objects in the environment are
processed together; this does not depend on attention.
1/20/2017 17
VISUAL ATTENTION
 Feature combination can be influenced by stored
knowledge.
 Feature integration theory assumes that lack of
focused attention can produce illusory conjunctions
(random combinations of features).
 Visual attention is processed in the visual cortex.
 Neglect (unilateral neglect), is a condition in which
there is a lack of awareness of stimuli presented to
the side of space on the opposite side of the brain.
1/20/2017 18
VISUAL ATTENTION
 The brain damage is in the right hemisphere and
there is little awareness of stimuli on the left side of
the visual field.
1/20/2017 19
CONCLUSION
 Attention can both be perceptual and memory
oriented.
 Human attention accounts for the acquisition
of information and knowledge.
 Attention is performed both consciously and
unconsciously through the different human
senses.
 Human attention occurs in an integrated
fashion of all the senses.
1/20/2017 20
REFERENCES
 James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
 Logan, G.D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of
automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492 – 527.
 Micheal W. Eysenck & Mark T. Keane. (2010) Cognitive
Psychology 6th Students Handbook. NewYork: Pyschology
Press
 Yantis, S. (2008). The neural basis of selective attention:
Cortical sources and targets of attentional modulation.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 86 – 90.
1/20/2017 21

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Human function and attention ppt

  • 1. ATTENTION AND HUMAN FUNCTION HENRY KAZADI MWANZA 1/20/2017 1
  • 2. INTRODUCTION  Attention is a psychological process that we apply in our everyday lives.  Attention does not refer to the implied aspect of concentrating on a particular task.  It refers to a process in which an individual takes possession of information in a progressive manner that allows for its storage and retention.  Attention can be understood as part of the perceptual processes and also as part of the memory. 1/20/2017 2
  • 3. INTRODUCTION  James,; defines attention as “taking possession of the mind in clear, vivid form out of what seems several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thoughts” (1890;P,403).  Our environment is ever dominated with different simultaneous stimuli and there is need to focus on the stimuli both in perception and cognition.  Human communication system has a limited capacity to process all the stimuli in the environment. 1/20/2017 3
  • 4. INTRODUCTION  The human communication selects what to attend to and focus attention to.  Selective attention is a situation in which individuals try to attend to only one source of information while ignoring other stimuli (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).  a situation in which two  Divided Attention is when two tasks are performed at the same time.  Attention has being categorized to occur at two levels; consciously and unconsciously.  Bourguignon (2000), Consciousness refers to the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness. 1/20/2017 4
  • 5. INTRODUCTION  Unconsciousness is the feeling of not being aware of the content or the focus of attention.  Attention has also being classified as active and passive.  Active attention occurs in a top down way which is controlled by the individual’s goals  while passive attention occurs in a bottom-up approach in which it is controlled by the stimuli. 1/20/2017 5
  • 6. THEORIES OF ATTENTION BROADBENT’s FILTER THEORY  Humans have a sensory buffer that allows only one sensory stimulus at a time even when two stimuli are presented simultaneously.  The theory suggests that attention is as a result of a limited capacity of the information processing system, which occurs through the sensory buffer (filter). 1/20/2017 6
  • 8. THEORIES OF ATTENTION  The theory suggest that focus on a particular stimuli occurs via the sensory system is that processes stimuli with highlighted physical features holding back the other stimuli for later processing.  It is assumed that the filter operates on a pre- categorical stage whereby the information is attended to before assigning any mental category or meaning.  sensory stimulation is gathered through a parallel model while the interpretation and processing occurs in a serial model. 1/20/2017 8
  • 9. THEORIES OF ATTENTION ATTENUATION THEORY (TRIESMANN)  Suggests that irrelevant or unattended information is not completely filtered out.  The strength of the information is the one that determines its processing (attenuation).  Messages differ in “subjective loudness”  Attention modulates subjective loudness: attended channel is louder  Individual words have different thresholds of subjective loudness to be noticed e.g. the cocktail phenemonon. 1/20/2017 9
  • 10. THEORIES OF ATTENTION LATE SELECTION THEORY (Deutsch & Deutsch)  This holds that all information is being processed at same level, but Selection occurs late in processing (after information enters STM).  Listeners can access the meaning of unattended information.  The limitation is in the response system, not the perception, e.g. When we have auditory and visual stimuli we can process both but only respond to one. 1/20/2017 10
  • 11. AUTOMATIC ATTENTION  Automatic attention is defined as effortless, unconscious & involuntary processing of information which proceeds without our conscious awareness (Posner, 1978).  This does not entail that the person is not aware of what they are doing but it simply means that a person does not need to think about the process in order to perform a task.  Automatic attention does not just become automatic in the literally sense but it involves practice and association of information. 1/20/2017 11
  • 12. AUTOMATIC ATTENTION  The early process of attention involves the conscious awareness before it becomes unconscious.  Automatic attention involves practice and association of information that enables the creation of a cognitive map for the information.  Automatic processing has a direct link with memory because in order for someone to be able to perform a task.  Logan (1988), suggested that automatization occurs because we gradually accumulate knowledge about specific responses to specific stimuli. 1/20/2017 12
  • 13. AUTOMATIC ATTENTION • Automatic processes occur in no particular sequence because they involve less of control and conscious awareness. • Automatic attention is termed as a parallel processes. • Automatic attention has three attributes that characterize any automatic process these are (Posner & Snyder, 1975); 1. Not part of consciousness, 2.Unintentional 3. Consumer few resources 1/20/2017 13
  • 14. AUTOMATIC ATTENTION  Practice reduces the need for attention by reducing central cognition, making a task automatic.  Controlled processes require intentional efforts, conscious awareness and also sequencing. 1/20/2017 14
  • 15. VISUAL ATTENTION  Yantis (2008), Human visual attention system can divided into two systems which is; voluntary (goal- directed) and also involuntary (stimulus-driven).  Visual attention is either driven by our interest or the attraction of the stimulus.  The goal directed system is based on expectations, knowledge and current goals.  Stimulus driven is based on unexpected, potentially important stimulus which redirects the focus of attention. 1/20/2017 15
  • 16. VISUAL ATTENTION  Goal directed system has being linked to the operation of a spotlight in the sense that visual attention highlights only a small part of the visual space. • visual attention can be object- or location-based, and can be used flexibly. 1/20/2017 16
  • 17. VISUAL ATTENTION Visual Search  visual search is a task involving the rapid detection of a specified target stimulus within a visual display.  Feature integration theory, suggests that features of an object are processed in a parallel model and then combined by focused attention.  This theory makes a distinction between the features of objects (e.g. colour, size, lines in particular orientation) and the objects themselves.  The visual features of objects in the environment are processed together; this does not depend on attention. 1/20/2017 17
  • 18. VISUAL ATTENTION  Feature combination can be influenced by stored knowledge.  Feature integration theory assumes that lack of focused attention can produce illusory conjunctions (random combinations of features).  Visual attention is processed in the visual cortex.  Neglect (unilateral neglect), is a condition in which there is a lack of awareness of stimuli presented to the side of space on the opposite side of the brain. 1/20/2017 18
  • 19. VISUAL ATTENTION  The brain damage is in the right hemisphere and there is little awareness of stimuli on the left side of the visual field. 1/20/2017 19
  • 20. CONCLUSION  Attention can both be perceptual and memory oriented.  Human attention accounts for the acquisition of information and knowledge.  Attention is performed both consciously and unconsciously through the different human senses.  Human attention occurs in an integrated fashion of all the senses. 1/20/2017 20
  • 21. REFERENCES  James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt.  Logan, G.D. (1988). Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review, 95, 492 – 527.  Micheal W. Eysenck & Mark T. Keane. (2010) Cognitive Psychology 6th Students Handbook. NewYork: Pyschology Press  Yantis, S. (2008). The neural basis of selective attention: Cortical sources and targets of attentional modulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 86 – 90. 1/20/2017 21