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Chapter 10


     Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase




                                                                                                      1
   Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Chapter 10


     Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase




                                                                                                      1
   Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Classical Greece, 800-350 BCE




                                                                                                           2
        Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Early Development of Greek Society
   3,000 - 2,000 BCE - Indo-Europeans migrate to
    Anatolia and peninsular Greece and settle...
   Minoan Society (2,000-1,100 BCE)
       Island of Crete
       Vibrant culture, traded extensively in Med., writing
       Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE
       Foreign invasions sealed their fate




                                                                                                                3
             Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Mycenaean Society
   Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans
    into mainland Greece, c. 2200 BCE (see map)
   Influenced by Minoan culture
   Military expansion throughout region (1500-1100
    BCE)
   Trojan war, c. 1200 BCE (with Troy in Anatolia)
       Homer’s The Iliad, The Odyssey
   Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE
   Mycenaean civilization disappears

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The Polis
   City-states restore political order in Greece
   Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas
       offered protection to surrounding areas in time of war
   Highly independent character
       Monarchies
       “Tyrannies” (generals or ambitious politicians) not
        necessarily oppressive
       Early Democracies take root




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Sparta

   Highly militarized society
   Subjugated peoples: helots
       Serfs, tied to land
       Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6th c. BCE
   Military society developed to control threat of
    rebellion




                                                                                                               8
            Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Spartan Society

   Austerity the norm
   Boys removed from families at age seven
       Received military training in barracks
       Active military service follows
   Marriage, but no home life until age 30
   Some relaxation of discipline by 4th c. CE




                                                                                                                9
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Athens

   Development of early democracy
       Free, adult males only
       Women, slaves excluded
   Yet contrast Athenian style of government with
    Spartan militarism




                                                                                                               10
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Athenian Society

   Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity
    beginning 7th c. BCE
   Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders
   Increasing socio-economic tensions
       Class conflict




                                                                                                                11
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Solon and Athenian Democracy

   Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis
       Aristocrats to keep large landholdings
       But forgive debts, ban debt slavery
   Removed family restrictions against participating
    in public life
   Instituted paid civil service




                                                                                                               12
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Pericles

   Ruled 461-429 BCE
   High point of Athenian democracy
   Aristocratic but popular
   Massive public works
   Encouraged cultural development




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Trade and Integration of the
Mediterranean Basin
   Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes
   Colonies further trade
   Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of
    much of economy




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Panhellenic Festivals

   Useful for integrating far-flung colonies
   Olympic Games begin 776 BCE
   Sense of collective identity




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Patriarchal Society

   Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes
   Limited exposure in public sphere
   Sparta partial exception
   Sappho
   Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture




                                                                                                             29
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Slavery

   Scythians (Ukraine)
   Nubians (Africa)
   Chattel
   Sometimes used in business
   Opportunity to buy freedom




                                                                                                             30
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The Greek Language

   Borrowed Phoenician alphabet
   Added vowels
   Complex language
   Allowed for communication of abstract ideas
       Philosophy




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Greek Theology

   Polytheism
   Zeus principal god
   Religious cults
       Eleusinian mysteries
       The Bacchae
       Rituals eventually domesticated




                                                                                                                35
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Tragic Drama

   Evolution from public presentations of cultic
    rituals
   Major playwrights (5th c. BCE)
       Aeschylus
       Sophocles
       Euripides
   Comedy: Aristophanes



                                                                                                               36
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Greek Colonization

   Population expansion drives colonization
       Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea
           Sicily (Naples: “nea polis,” new city)
           Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)
           Anatolia
           Southern Ukraine




                                                                                                                  14
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Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin
  800-500 BCE




                                                                                                           15
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Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)

   Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia
   Athens supports with ships
   Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE;
    however, Persia routed in 490 at Marathon
   Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as
    well
   150 years of intermittent fighting



                                                                                                             17
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The Delian League
   Poleis create Delian League (mutual defense
    pact)Led by Athens to protect from Persia and
    other threats
       Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion
       Resented by other poleis (especially Sparta)
   Civil war in Greece, 431-404 BCE
    (Peloponnesian War)
   Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta
   Athens forced to surrender
   But conflict continued between Sparta and other
    poleis
                                                                                                                18
             Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Kingdom of Macedon
   Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus (Greece)
   King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds massive
    military
   350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south,
    controls region by 338 BCE
   Alexander “the Great,” son of Philip II rapidly
    expands throughout Mediterranean basin
   Invasion of Persia successful
   Turned back in India when exhausted troops
    mutinied

                                                                                                             20
          Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Alexander's Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.




                                                                                                           22
        Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
The Hellenistic Empires
    Period after Alex’s death to the rise of the
     Roman empire - Greek culture spreads way
     beyond Greece.
    After Alexander’s death, competition for empire
    Divided by generals
        Antigonus: Greece and Macedon
        Ptolemy: Egypt
        Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire
    Economic integration, Intellectual cross-
     fertilization from Med to India!

                                                                                                              23
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The Antigonid Empire

   Smallest of Hellenistic Empires
   Resisted Antigonid rule
   Athens and Corinth prospered
       Heavy colonizing activity - especially to Seleucid
        empire (former Persian empire)




                                                                                                                24
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The Ptolemaic Empire

   Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
   Established state monopolies
       Textiles
       Salt
       Beer
   Capital: Alexandria
       Important port city (could handle 1200 ships at once)
       Major museum, library


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The Seleucid Empire

   Massive colonization of Greeks
   Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India
       Bactria
       Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic




                                                                                                                26
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Socrates (470-399 BCE)

   The Socratic Method
   Student: Plato
   Spoke in public - attempted to get people to think
    and question... condemned on charges of
    immorality
   Forced to drink hemlock




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Plato (430-347 BCE)

   Systematized Socratic thought
   The Republic
       Parable of the Cave
       Theory of Forms/Ideas




                                                                                                               33
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Aristotle (389-322 BCE)

   Student of Plato
   Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas
   Emphasis on empirical findings, reason
   Massive impact on western thought




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          Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
Hellenistic Philosophies

   Epicureans
       Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists
   Skeptics
       Doubted possibility of certainty in anything
   Stoics
       Duty, virtue
       Emphasis on inner peace




                                                                                                                37
             Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

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Classical greece keynote

  • 1. Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase 1 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 2. Chapter 10 Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase 1 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 3. Classical Greece, 800-350 BCE 2 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 4. Early Development of Greek Society  3,000 - 2,000 BCE - Indo-Europeans migrate to Anatolia and peninsular Greece and settle...  Minoan Society (2,000-1,100 BCE)  Island of Crete  Vibrant culture, traded extensively in Med., writing  Series of natural disasters after 1700 BCE  Foreign invasions sealed their fate 3 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 5. Mycenaean Society  Indo-European invaders descend through Balkans into mainland Greece, c. 2200 BCE (see map)  Influenced by Minoan culture  Military expansion throughout region (1500-1100 BCE)  Trojan war, c. 1200 BCE (with Troy in Anatolia)  Homer’s The Iliad, The Odyssey  Political turmoil, chaos from 1100 to 800 BCE  Mycenaean civilization disappears 5 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 6. The Polis  City-states restore political order in Greece  Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areas  offered protection to surrounding areas in time of war  Highly independent character  Monarchies  “Tyrannies” (generals or ambitious politicians) not necessarily oppressive  Early Democracies take root 7 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 7. Sparta  Highly militarized society  Subjugated peoples: helots  Serfs, tied to land  Outnumbered Spartans 10:1 by 6th c. BCE  Military society developed to control threat of rebellion 8 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 8. Spartan Society  Austerity the norm  Boys removed from families at age seven  Received military training in barracks  Active military service follows  Marriage, but no home life until age 30  Some relaxation of discipline by 4th c. CE 9 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 9. Athens  Development of early democracy  Free, adult males only  Women, slaves excluded  Yet contrast Athenian style of government with Spartan militarism 10 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 10. Athenian Society  Maritime trade brings increasing prosperity beginning 7th c. BCE  Aristocrats dominate smaller landholders  Increasing socio-economic tensions  Class conflict 11 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 11. Solon and Athenian Democracy  Aristocrat Solon mediates crisis  Aristocrats to keep large landholdings  But forgive debts, ban debt slavery  Removed family restrictions against participating in public life  Instituted paid civil service 12 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 12. Pericles  Ruled 461-429 BCE  High point of Athenian democracy  Aristocratic but popular  Massive public works  Encouraged cultural development 13 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 13. Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean Basin  Greece: little grain, but rich in olives and grapes  Colonies further trade  Commerce rather than agriculture as basis of much of economy 27 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 14. Panhellenic Festivals  Useful for integrating far-flung colonies  Olympic Games begin 776 BCE  Sense of collective identity 28 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 15. Patriarchal Society  Women as goddesses, wives, prostitutes  Limited exposure in public sphere  Sparta partial exception  Sappho  Role of infanticide in Greek society and culture 29 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 16. Slavery  Scythians (Ukraine)  Nubians (Africa)  Chattel  Sometimes used in business  Opportunity to buy freedom 30 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 17. The Greek Language  Borrowed Phoenician alphabet  Added vowels  Complex language  Allowed for communication of abstract ideas  Philosophy 31 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 18. Greek Theology  Polytheism  Zeus principal god  Religious cults  Eleusinian mysteries  The Bacchae  Rituals eventually domesticated 35 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 19. Tragic Drama  Evolution from public presentations of cultic rituals  Major playwrights (5th c. BCE)  Aeschylus  Sophocles  Euripides  Comedy: Aristophanes 36 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 20. Greek Colonization  Population expansion drives colonization  Coastal Mediterranean, Black sea  Sicily (Naples: “nea polis,” new city)  Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)  Anatolia  Southern Ukraine 14 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 21. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin 800-500 BCE 15 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 22. Persian Wars (500-479 BCE)  Revolt against Persian Empire 500 BCE in Ionia  Athens supports with ships  Greek rebellion crushed by Darius 493 BCE; however, Persia routed in 490 at Marathon  Successor Xerxes burns Athens, but driven out as well  150 years of intermittent fighting 17 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 23. The Delian League  Poleis create Delian League (mutual defense pact)Led by Athens to protect from Persia and other threats  Massive payments to Athens fuels Periclean expansion  Resented by other poleis (especially Sparta)  Civil war in Greece, 431-404 BCE (Peloponnesian War)  Poleis allied with either Athens or Sparta  Athens forced to surrender  But conflict continued between Sparta and other poleis 18 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 24. Kingdom of Macedon  Frontier region to north of Peloponnesus (Greece)  King Philip II (r. 359-336 BCE) builds massive military  350 BCE encroaches on Greek poleis to the south, controls region by 338 BCE  Alexander “the Great,” son of Philip II rapidly expands throughout Mediterranean basin  Invasion of Persia successful  Turned back in India when exhausted troops mutinied 20 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 25. Alexander's Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E. 22 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 26. The Hellenistic Empires  Period after Alex’s death to the rise of the Roman empire - Greek culture spreads way beyond Greece.  After Alexander’s death, competition for empire  Divided by generals  Antigonus: Greece and Macedon  Ptolemy: Egypt  Seleucus: Persian Achaemenid Empire  Economic integration, Intellectual cross- fertilization from Med to India! 23 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 27. The Antigonid Empire  Smallest of Hellenistic Empires  Resisted Antigonid rule  Athens and Corinth prospered  Heavy colonizing activity - especially to Seleucid empire (former Persian empire) 24 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 28. The Ptolemaic Empire  Wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires  Established state monopolies  Textiles  Salt  Beer  Capital: Alexandria  Important port city (could handle 1200 ships at once)  Major museum, library 25 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 29. The Seleucid Empire  Massive colonization of Greeks  Export of Greek culture, values as far east as India  Bactria  Ashoka legislates in Greek and Aramaic 26 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 30. Socrates (470-399 BCE)  The Socratic Method  Student: Plato  Spoke in public - attempted to get people to think and question... condemned on charges of immorality  Forced to drink hemlock 32 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 31. Plato (430-347 BCE)  Systematized Socratic thought  The Republic  Parable of the Cave  Theory of Forms/Ideas 33 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 32. Aristotle (389-322 BCE)  Student of Plato  Broke with Theory of Forms/Ideas  Emphasis on empirical findings, reason  Massive impact on western thought 34 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
  • 33. Hellenistic Philosophies  Epicureans  Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists  Skeptics  Doubted possibility of certainty in anything  Stoics  Duty, virtue  Emphasis on inner peace 37 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

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