1. Current situation of wheat stripe rust in
Turkey: Yr27 virulence and potential
effects
Z. Mert, K. Akan, L. Çetin, A. Yorgancılar, B. Ercan, R.
Ünsal, A. Tülek, V. Urin, C.Şermet, Ü. Küçüközdemir, H.
Ay, A. İlkhan1 and M. Karaman1

2. Outline
 Wheat in Turkey
 Records of stripe rust
 Stripe Rust situation
 Institutions involved, coordination and planning
approaches for management
 Race identification of stripe rust
 Resistance of the cultivars to stripe rust
 Conclusion

3. The staple crop
Ranking of wheat crop in the country compared to other annual crops 60%
Wheat production area; Irrigated wheat 25% and Rainfed wheat 75%
Winter Wheat sowing areas 75 % Spring wheat sowing areas 25%
Winter Wheat productions 65 % Spring wheat productions 35%
Wheat in Turkey
Wheat production Bread Durum Total
Producing area (ha)
(x 1000)
6.765 1.335 8.100
Production (ton)
(x 1000)
16.860 3.740 20.600

4. Central Anatolia, WW
South East Anatolia-SWAegean Region- SW
East Anatolia, WW
Blacksea region , WW, FW
Thrace region WW
Marmara region, FW,SW
Area % Planting date Harvesting date
Coastal 20 1 November- 25 November 25 May-10 June
Planes 35 1 October-20 October 15 July- 15 August
Highlands 45 25 September-15 October 20 July-30 August
BLACK SEA
MEDITERRANEAN
Çukurova, SW
Wheat in Turkey
BLACKSEA
Yellow Rust
Yellow Rust
Yellow Rust
Yellow RustLeaf rust
Leaf rust
Leaf rust
Leaf rust
Leaf rustStem Rust
Stem Rust
Stem Rust

5. Historical yellow rust hot-spots – locations, frequency of
occurrence
In 1991 26.1% loss in potential yield of Gerek 79 in Central Anatolia
(Braun 1991)
 1995 epidemic caused at least 0.5 million tons of wheat loss (Çetin
et al. 1998)
 In 1998 69% of Gerek 79 fields in Central Anatolia was affected
heavily (over 50S)
 In 2009 70 % of Gerek 79 fields in Central Anatolia was affected
heavily (over 50S)
 In 2010, severe epidemics in South East Anatolia and Central
Anatolia, Kaşifbey, Gerek 79 cultivars
Stripe rust played an important role in changing cultivar preference
by the farmers following epidemics of 1995 in Cukurova and of 1998 in
Central Anatolia
Yellow rust records

7. ŞANLIURFA

9. - Yellow rust started at beginning of
the season in southeast and
mediterranean but fungicide
applications prevented epidemics.
- Farmers applied fungicides twice in
some areas.
9
In 2013

10. 10
2014 stripe rust situation

11. 11
Thrace Region (Border of the Europe)

12. 12
Thrace Region (Border of the Europe)

13. 13
Thrace Region (Border of the Europe)

14. 1. Central Research Institute for Field Crops (CRIFC), Ankara
2. Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Eskisehir
3. Aegean Agriculture Research Institute, Izmir
4. Bahri Dagdas International Agriculture Research Institute, Konya
5. Maize Research Station, Sakarya
6. East Mediterranean Agriculture Research Institute, Adana
7. GAP International Agricultural Research Institute, Diyarbakir
8. Black Sea Agriculture Research Institute, Samsun
9. Thrace Agriculture Research Institute, Edirne
10. Eastern Anatolia Agriculture Research Institute, Erzurum
11. GAP Soil - Water Resources and Agriculture Research Institute,
Sanlıurfa
12. East Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agriculture Research
Institute, K.Maraş
National Research Project for Diseases of Temperate Cereals
Institutions involved, coordination and planning
approaches for management

15.  Survey activities to determine current and
potential epidemics in the region.
 Screening of the wheat and barley germplasm
under natural and artificial condition in the
multiplication.
 Coordination of the institute and material
changing among institutes
Aim of the project

16.  Monitoring of the pathogenic variation for
resistance breeding study
 Pathotype / Race analyses.
 Determination of the resistance sources for
breeding programmes.
 Improve technical capacity through training
activities as theoretical and practical.
Aim of the project

17. * Artifical inoculation
Thrace ARI
LR,YR
Sakarya ARI
SR,LR, YR
Karadeniz ARI
LR,SR, YR
East Anatolian ARI
YR,SR
Kastamonu
SR
Şanlıurfa AARI
YR, SR, LR
South East Anatolian ARI
LR,YR, SR
EMARI
YR *,LR,SR
CRIFC
YR*,SR*, LR
Bahri Dağdaş IARI
YR,SR
TZARI
YR *, SR, LR
Aegean ARI
YR *,LR, SR
ARI
YR,LR,SR
Institutions involved, coordination and planning
approaches for management

18. Winter Wheat
National
Rust
Program
Spring Wheat

19. Breeding for resistance
 Breeding program conducted by agricultural
research institutes in their own regions,
 National Program facilitates collaboration
between institutes
 International Winter Wheat Improvement
program (IWWIP), Turkey-CIMMYT-ICARDA
collaboration
Institutions involved, coordination and planning
approaches for management

20. Yellow Rust Stem RustLeaf Rust
Trap nurseries
Resistance genes
Common cultivar
Some cultivars which have important genes
Pathotype/race analyses under controlled greenhouse
condition on differential sets
Monitoring of Pathogenic Variation

21. Race identification by GRRC (Denmark)

22. 22
Old Race New Race Old Race New Race
Genotypes
Resistance
genes
Scores
0-9 scale
Scores
0-9 scale Scores Scores
Chinese 166 Yr1 0 0 0 0TR
Lee Yr7, + 7 7 90S 100S
Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 7 7 70SMS 20MR
Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 1 1 T-10MS R
Moro Yr 10 1 1 10MR R
Strubes Dickkopf Yr Sd, Yr25 7 7 T-30MS 30R
Suwon 92*Omar Yr SU 2 7 0 30S
Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 3 3 T-10MS 10MR
Triticum spelta
album
Yr5
0 0 0 R
Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 1 1 0 R
Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 0 R
Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 6 20R 30MS
Nord Desprez 3N 1 2 20MSS R
Compair Yr8, + 7 7 0 R
Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 0 1 0 R
Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 R
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 30MS 5R
Selkirk Yr27 6 8 20R-MR 100S
Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 2 40R 70 SMS
İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 0 0 R R
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 5 7 10R 100S
*New race were
recorded in 2010 by
GRRC, Denmark in
samples collected
Adana.
 Yr 27 virulence was
recorded in Turkey in
the 2000-2003 years
but Yr Su is the first
record.
 Yr 27 virulence is
widespread in the
world. So people
must be awareness to
this new virulence.
Yellow rust- new race

23. Yellow rust was not widespread in 2013
20 infected samples were collected by
NARS
15 of them recovered and conduct race
analyses study by CRIFC.
23
Race analyses in 2013

24. 13/ 2 13/ 3 13/4 13/5 13/ 6 13/ 7 13/ 8
Chinese 166 Yr1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Lee Yr7, + 8 7 7 7 8 8 8
Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 8 7 8 8 8 7 7
Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 4 6 3 3 5 3 3
Moro Yr 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Strubes Dickkopf Sd, Yr25 7 7 7 7 8 7 7
Suwon 92*Omar SU 7 7 7 7 8 7 7
Clement (W) Yr9+, Cle 7 7 7 5 7 6 7
Triticum spelta album Yr5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 3 5 3 3 4 5 5
Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 6 6 7 7 7 8 7
Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 7 7 8 7 8 8 8
Nord Desprez 3N 6 5 5 6 4 7 6
Compair Yr8, + 7 7 7 7 8 7 7
Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 2 4 2 3 2 2 2
Spaldings Prolific SP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Selkirk Yr27 8 7 8 8 8 8 8
Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 8 8 7 8 8 8 8
Federation*4/Kavkaz Yr9 8 8 7 8 8 8 8
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 7 7 8 8 9 7
Yr26 Yr26 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
Yellow Rust and Pathotypes

25. 13/ 9 13/18 13/19 13/22 13/32 13/41 13/53 13/54
Chinese 166 Yr1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Lee Yr7, + 8 7 8 8 7 7 7 7
Heines Kolben Yr 6,(Yr 2) 8 7 7 7 7 7 * 7
Vilmorin 23 Yr 3+ 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 5
Moro Yr 10 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 6-7
Strubes Dickkopf Sd, Yr25 7 7 5-6 7 7 6-7 1 7
Suwon 92*Omar SU 7 7 7 8 7 6-7 1 6
Clement (W-Kışlık) Yr9+, Cle 7 7 5 6-7 1 7 7 7
Triticum spelta album Yr5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Hybrid 46 Yr4+ 5 1 0 6 1 1 1 1
Reichersberg 42 (W;Yr7+?) 7 7 7 7 6-7 4 5 7
Heines Peko Yr6,Yr2,Yr25,+ 8 5 0 7 7 6 7 6-7
Nord Desprez 3N 6 1-4 0 0 6 6 6 6
Compair Yr8, + 7 6-7 6 0 7 7 6 *
Carstens V Yr32, Yr25, + 2 1 1 0 3 2 7 3
Spaldings Prolific SP 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 7 5 6 0 7 4 5 1
Selkirk Yr27 7 6 7 8 7 7 6 *
Avocet Yr 24 Yr 24 2 1 0 0 2 1 5 1
İzgi 2001 ATAEM/ESK 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
Opata 85 Yr27,Yr18 8 6 8 8 7 7 5 2
Federation*4/Kavkaz Yr9 7 7 8 8 7 7 7 *
Heines VII Yr2,Yr25+ 8 7 8 8 8 8 7 1
Yr26 Yr26 2 1 0 0 1 1 * 2
Yellow Rust and Pathotypes

26. 26
Registered varieties
Private company Public institute University Total
Bread Wheat 58+29 152+2 8 218+31
Durum Wheat 11+3 51 8 70+3
No Cultivar % No Cultivar % No Cultivar % No Cultivar %
1
Ceyhan 99
11 9 Sonmez 2001 2,7 17 Ahmetaga 1,4 25 Basribey 95 0,9
2 Pehlivan 10 10 Kasifbey 95 2,7 18 Cumhuriyet 75 1,2 26 Gelibolu 0,8
3 Bezostaja-1 8 11 Esperia 2,6 19 Quality 1,2 27 Ziyabey 98 0,8
4 Tosunbey 7,2 12 Krasunia Odes'ka 2,3 20 Aldane 1 28 Osmaniyem 0,8
5 Pandas 6,9 13 Sagitario 2,1 21 Syrena Odes'ka 1 29 Meta 2002 0,7
6 Bayraktar 2000 4,8 14 Gonen 98 2,1 22 Altay 2000 1 30 Gun-91 0,7
7 Flamura 85 4,6 15 Selimiye 2 23 Golia 0,9 31 Ekiz 0,4
8 Kate-A1 3,4 16 Adana 99 1,4 24 Konya-2002 0,9 32 Enola 0,4
Registered varieties and estimated
planting area of mega cultivars

27. WHAT IS POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE THIS
NEW RACE TO THE CULTIVAR IF IT WILL BE
SPREAD AND CAUSE EPIDEMIC?
27
-Turkish registered varieties (200 cultivar) were tested against to
this new race (Vir Yr27+YRSu) in İzmir under artificial epidemic
condition (highly pressure) in the 2013 growing season .
-Turkish registered varieties (200 cultivar) were tested against to
old race (avir Yr27+Yr Su) in Ankara under artificial epidemic
condition (highly pressure) in the 2012 growing season.

28. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Yüreğir-89
Yıldız98
Soyer02
KaşifBey95
Carisma
Sagittario
Altay2000
Tina
Ankara98
Nurkent
Murat-1
Aksel2000
ES26
Beşköprü
Karacadağ…
Colfiorito
Pamukova…
Meta2002
Gelibolu
Kaklıç88
İzmir85
Genç88
BasriBey95
Genç-99
Kenanbey
Tahirova…
Alibey
Menemen
Çukurova86
Doğankent1
Seyhan95
Abuşbey
Bancal
new race (vir on yr 27 +Yr Su)
old race
CI
CULTIVARS
CI: Coeficient of the infection
The reactions of the bread wheat cultivars to
New race and old race of yellow rust

29. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Sivas111/33
Gerek79
Harmankaya-99
Kıraç66
Köksal-2000
Nenehatun
Selçuklu-97
Konya-2002
Kaan
May8462
SürakM.
1593/51
Mızrak
Tosun144
Eminbey
Levante
Zenit
Cemre
Özdemirbey-97
new race (vir on yr 27 +Yr Su)
old race
CI
CULTIVARSCI: Coeficient of the infection
The reactions of the bread wheat cultivars to
New race and old race of yellow rust

30. • Some cultivars were susceptible
against new yellow rust race (Vir to +
Yr27)
–Cultivars
Kaşifbey, Basribey, Ziyabey, Meta, Yı
ldız, Sagittario, Gelibolu, Enola etc.
30
Control and Alarming

31. 31
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
1980's 1990's 2000-2005 2006-2010 2011-2014
Gerek 79
Bayraktar 2000
Sönmez 2001
•Cv. Gerek 79, winter wheat, highly adaptable, drought tolerance, susceptible to yellow rust
•Cv. Bayraktar 2000 and Cv. Sönmez 2001 , winter wheat, highly adaptable, drought
tolerance, Resistant to new and previous races of yellow rust
Total
sowing
area (ha)
Years
A success story

32. • In an epidemic season, we assume 30% yield losses in
a susceptible cultivar such as Gerek 79, this means
around 1 tons/ha.
• In total sowing area for two resistant cultivars
(Bayraktar 2000 and Sönmez 2001):
650.000 ha*400 USD= 260.000.000 $ USD
Through development of the resistant varieties, farmers
have income 260.000.000 USD $ in only one epidemic
season.
32
Income of the this resistant varieties to the farmers

33. • Especially some old cultivars originated CIMMYT
germplasm and introduced from the outside of the
country were susceptible to this new race.
• Cultivars Kaşifbey, Basribey, Ziyabey, Meta, Yıldız, Sagittario, Gelibolu, Enola
etc.
• Some old cultivars Kıraç, Gerek 79, Konya 2002 gave
lower reactions to new race than the previous races.
• The combination of the new yellow rust race and
previous races must be taken into consideration by
breeder (IWWIP/National) during development of the
germplasm
33
Summary

34. Central Research Institute for Field Crops
Şehit Cem Ersever Cad. 9-11 Yenimahalle/Ankara
Tel: 0 312 343 10 50 / 13 17 Fax: 0 312 343 62 94
Dr. Zafer Mert, mert_zafer@yahoo.com
• National Agricultural Research Institutes
• ICARDA, Turkey
• GRRC, Denmark
Acknowledgement