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Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
1
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation Policy and
Governance of Climate
Change
Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
Principal Researcher/ Team Leader
Global Climate Law, Policy and Governance
Achala.abeysinghe@iied.org
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
2
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Presentation Outline
 Part I: Key concepts of adaptation
 Part II: Evolution of global responses on
adaptation
 Part II: Adaptation finance
 Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
3
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Part I: Key concepts of adaptation
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
4
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
What is adaptation?
 “Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their effects…”(IPCC)
 “Process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take
advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced,
developed, and implemented” (UNEP)
 “The process or outcome of a process that leads to a reduction in
harm or risk of harm, or realisation of benefits associated with
climate variability and climate change. (The UK Climate Impacts
Program)”
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
5
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Why adaptation?
 CO2 emissions have risen (145 fold since 1850, projected to rise by an additional
54% by 2030 (UNEP))
 At the present rate, global mean temperature will increase above 4°C
relative to pre-industrial level by 2100 (IPCC 2013)
 “Increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe,
pervasive, and irreversible impacts” ( Heat waves, droughts, floods,
cyclones, and wildfires… IPCC)
 The CO2 emitted today will stay in the atmosphere for more than 100
years
 The response to climate change mitigation so far has been inefficient
Therefore countries and communities
have to address climate change
impacts today and tomorrow
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
6
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Principles of adaptation
 Country driven
 Gender responsiveness
 Participatory
 Human rights
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
7
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Climate change and equity: key
questions
 Who is vulnerable to climate change impacts?
 Who should receive support?
 Who should pay for adaptation?
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
8
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Climate change and equity
 From1980 to 2013, roughly 1.28 million people lost their lives in the Least
Developed Countries (LDCs) due to climate-related disasters (Over half of
the global percentage)
 Between 2010 and 2013, a total of nearly 240,000 people from LDCs lost
their lives to climate related disasters (67 per cent of deaths from climate related
disasters worldwide)
 People in the LDCs were five times more likely to die from climate related
disasters than people living anywhere else on earth.
Data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (Brussels).
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
9
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
It is better to face Sandy in the US than Aila in
Bangladesh?
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
10
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
 Every country is vulnerable to climate change but
some are more vulnerable.
 Lack of capacity and resources exacerbates
climate vulnerability
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
11
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Part II: Evolution of Global
Responses on Climate Change
Adaptation
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
12
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Evolution of global
responses to adaptation
Paris
Agreement
Article 7
2015
Lima decision
on Adaptation
component in
Intended
Nationally
Determined
Contributions
2014
Cancun
Adaptation
Framework
2010
Nairobi Work
Programme
on Climate
Change
2005
National
Adaptation
Programmes
of Action
(NAPAs) and
Least
Developed
Countries
Fund (LDCF)
2001
Poor cousin
of mitigation
1992
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
13
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Key elements of adaptation
under the UNFCCC
 Principles
 Planning
 Institutional arrangements
 Funding
 Monitoring and evaluation
 Learning/ awareness
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
14
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Planning: NAPAs and
NAPs
 National Adaptation Programmes of Action- NAPAs (2001)
 To address urgent and immediate adaptation needs of
LDCs
 National adaptation plans- NAPs (2010)
 Medium and long term adaptation plans for all developing
countries
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
15
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Institutional
Arrangements
 Adaptation committee
 Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
16
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Learning, knowledge
and awareness
 Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)
 Nairobi Work Programme
 Adaptation Committee
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
17
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Part III: funding for adaptation
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
18
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation finance and the
UNFCCC
 “The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in
Annex II shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly
vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of
adaptation to those adverse effects.”
 “The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special
situations of the least developed countries in their actions with regard to
funding and transfer of technology”
 “The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement
their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective
implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under
the Convention related to financial resources…”
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
19
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Equity and principles of
adaptation finance
 Adequacy
 Predictability
 Balanced between adaptation and mitigation
 New and additional
 Grant based
 Easy access
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
20
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Financial Mechanism: UNFCCC
 The Global Environment Facility (GEF): an operating entity
of the financial mechanism of the Convention
 The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)
 The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)
 GEF Trust Fund
 The Kyoto Protocol: Adaptation Fund (AF)
 The Green Climate Fund (GCF): as an operating entity of
the Financial Mechanism of the Convention
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
21
Dr. Achala
AbeysingheStatus of Funds
Source: Climate Fund Update, June 2015
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
22
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Other climate funds
Source: Climate Fund Update, June
2015
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
23
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Amount/ Adequacy
Word Bank: $70–100 billion (between 2010 and 2050)
The UNFCCC: Up to US $67 billion a year annually by 2030
UNDP: Up to US $86 billion a year by 2015
DARA: 2030 - $1 Trillion
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
24
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Annual global climate finance flows
 Reached an average of USD 364 billion in 2010/2011
 USD 350 billion went to mitigation measures
 Only USD 14 billion goes to adaptation
 Key recipients: Emerging economies
Source: CPI, February 2013
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
25
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
26
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
27
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
• Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
28
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation in the Paris
Agreement: Key elements
 Recognizes that the current need for adaptation is
significant
 greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for
additional adaptation efforts,
 greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation
costs
 Long term vision: global goal for adaptation
 Equal footing with mitigation
 Establish common responsibilities
 Establish link to level of warming and adaptation support
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
29
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Paris Agreement…
 Each Party to engage in adaptation planning
processes and the implementation of actions
including national adaptation plans
 Continuous and enhanced international support
to be provided to developing country Parties for
the implementation
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
30
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Paris Decisions…
 Reference to the Adaptation Committee and the
Least Developed Countries expert Group
 Requests Parties to strengthen regional
cooperation and establish regional centres and
networks
 Further requests the Green Climate Fund to
expedite support for the LDCs for the
formulation of the National Adaptation Plans
(NAPs)
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
31
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Adaptation in Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDCs)
 Adaptation as voluntary element in the
INDCs
 Elements include:
 Type(s) of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities
and adaptation needs, by Sector
 Type(s) of Policies, Actions and Tools
 Quantified goals (if any)
 Timeframe
 Methodologies and Assumptions
 Implementation
 Support Needs
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
32
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Example: Mexican INDC
Three areas of action in 2020-2030
1. Adaptation to climate change for the social sector
- e.g. Guarantee food security under CC; reduce by 50% number of
municipalities regarded most vulnerable etc.
2. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation
- e.g. 0% deforestation target, reforestation of watersheds, strengthen
coastal protection etc.
3. Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and productive systems
- e.g. infrastructure relocation in high-risk zones, incorporate adaptation
criteria in public building systems etc.
July 29, 2016
32
Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and
Policy
33
Dr. Achala
Abeysinghe
Questions

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Adaptation in international climate change law

  • 1. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 1 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Adaptation Policy and Governance of Climate Change Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Principal Researcher/ Team Leader Global Climate Law, Policy and Governance Achala.abeysinghe@iied.org
  • 2. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 2 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Presentation Outline  Part I: Key concepts of adaptation  Part II: Evolution of global responses on adaptation  Part II: Adaptation finance  Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
  • 3. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 3 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Part I: Key concepts of adaptation
  • 4. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 4 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe What is adaptation?  “Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects…”(IPCC)  “Process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed, and implemented” (UNEP)  “The process or outcome of a process that leads to a reduction in harm or risk of harm, or realisation of benefits associated with climate variability and climate change. (The UK Climate Impacts Program)”
  • 5. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 5 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Why adaptation?  CO2 emissions have risen (145 fold since 1850, projected to rise by an additional 54% by 2030 (UNEP))  At the present rate, global mean temperature will increase above 4°C relative to pre-industrial level by 2100 (IPCC 2013)  “Increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts” ( Heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires… IPCC)  The CO2 emitted today will stay in the atmosphere for more than 100 years  The response to climate change mitigation so far has been inefficient Therefore countries and communities have to address climate change impacts today and tomorrow
  • 6. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 6 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Principles of adaptation  Country driven  Gender responsiveness  Participatory  Human rights
  • 7. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 7 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Climate change and equity: key questions  Who is vulnerable to climate change impacts?  Who should receive support?  Who should pay for adaptation?
  • 8. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 8 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Climate change and equity  From1980 to 2013, roughly 1.28 million people lost their lives in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) due to climate-related disasters (Over half of the global percentage)  Between 2010 and 2013, a total of nearly 240,000 people from LDCs lost their lives to climate related disasters (67 per cent of deaths from climate related disasters worldwide)  People in the LDCs were five times more likely to die from climate related disasters than people living anywhere else on earth. Data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (Brussels).
  • 9. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 9 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe It is better to face Sandy in the US than Aila in Bangladesh?
  • 10. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 10 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe  Every country is vulnerable to climate change but some are more vulnerable.  Lack of capacity and resources exacerbates climate vulnerability
  • 11. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 11 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Part II: Evolution of Global Responses on Climate Change Adaptation
  • 12. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 12 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Evolution of global responses to adaptation Paris Agreement Article 7 2015 Lima decision on Adaptation component in Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 2014 Cancun Adaptation Framework 2010 Nairobi Work Programme on Climate Change 2005 National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) and Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) 2001 Poor cousin of mitigation 1992
  • 13. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 13 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Key elements of adaptation under the UNFCCC  Principles  Planning  Institutional arrangements  Funding  Monitoring and evaluation  Learning/ awareness
  • 14. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 14 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Planning: NAPAs and NAPs  National Adaptation Programmes of Action- NAPAs (2001)  To address urgent and immediate adaptation needs of LDCs  National adaptation plans- NAPs (2010)  Medium and long term adaptation plans for all developing countries
  • 15. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 15 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Institutional Arrangements  Adaptation committee  Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)
  • 16. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 16 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Learning, knowledge and awareness  Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG)  Nairobi Work Programme  Adaptation Committee
  • 17. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 17 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Part III: funding for adaptation
  • 18. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 18 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Adaptation finance and the UNFCCC  “The developed country Parties and other developed Parties included in Annex II shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.”  “The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and special situations of the least developed countries in their actions with regard to funding and transfer of technology”  “The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources…”
  • 19. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 19 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Equity and principles of adaptation finance  Adequacy  Predictability  Balanced between adaptation and mitigation  New and additional  Grant based  Easy access
  • 20. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 20 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Financial Mechanism: UNFCCC  The Global Environment Facility (GEF): an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention  The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)  The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF)  GEF Trust Fund  The Kyoto Protocol: Adaptation Fund (AF)  The Green Climate Fund (GCF): as an operating entity of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention
  • 21. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 21 Dr. Achala AbeysingheStatus of Funds Source: Climate Fund Update, June 2015
  • 22. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 22 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Other climate funds Source: Climate Fund Update, June 2015
  • 23. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 23 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Amount/ Adequacy Word Bank: $70–100 billion (between 2010 and 2050) The UNFCCC: Up to US $67 billion a year annually by 2030 UNDP: Up to US $86 billion a year by 2015 DARA: 2030 - $1 Trillion
  • 24. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 24 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Annual global climate finance flows  Reached an average of USD 364 billion in 2010/2011  USD 350 billion went to mitigation measures  Only USD 14 billion goes to adaptation  Key recipients: Emerging economies Source: CPI, February 2013
  • 25. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 25 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
  • 26. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 26 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe
  • 27. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 27 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe • Part IV: Adaptation in the Paris Agreement
  • 28. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 28 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Adaptation in the Paris Agreement: Key elements  Recognizes that the current need for adaptation is significant  greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts,  greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation costs  Long term vision: global goal for adaptation  Equal footing with mitigation  Establish common responsibilities  Establish link to level of warming and adaptation support
  • 29. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 29 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Paris Agreement…  Each Party to engage in adaptation planning processes and the implementation of actions including national adaptation plans  Continuous and enhanced international support to be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation
  • 30. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 30 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Paris Decisions…  Reference to the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries expert Group  Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation and establish regional centres and networks  Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the LDCs for the formulation of the National Adaptation Plans (NAPs)
  • 31. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 31 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Adaptation in Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)  Adaptation as voluntary element in the INDCs  Elements include:  Type(s) of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation needs, by Sector  Type(s) of Policies, Actions and Tools  Quantified goals (if any)  Timeframe  Methodologies and Assumptions  Implementation  Support Needs
  • 32. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 32 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Example: Mexican INDC Three areas of action in 2020-2030 1. Adaptation to climate change for the social sector - e.g. Guarantee food security under CC; reduce by 50% number of municipalities regarded most vulnerable etc. 2. Ecosystem-Based Adaptation - e.g. 0% deforestation target, reforestation of watersheds, strengthen coastal protection etc. 3. Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and productive systems - e.g. infrastructure relocation in high-risk zones, incorporate adaptation criteria in public building systems etc. July 29, 2016 32
  • 33. Adaptation in international Climate Change Law and Policy 33 Dr. Achala Abeysinghe Questions

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Adaptation used to be thought that only poorer developing countries needed to worry about adaptation - this is no longer true as we now realise that all countries, including the rich will need to adapt as well For example, the Hurricane Sandy has done a thousands of pounds worth damage in the US –the Obama Government recently allocated 60 million USD to recover from the Hurricane. In 2007, The Cyclone “Sidr” hit the south and south-western parts of Bangladesh. A seven foot high tidal surge crossed through the country, killing about 4,000 people, flattening houses, uprooting trees, snapping telephone and power lines. When Bangladesh was still reeling from the shocks of Sidr, cyclone Aila hit the south-western part of the country in 2009. Several hundred thousands of homes were washed away when wind-driven tidal surges up to 3 meters destroyed the coastal belt. However, while the US can take swift actions and allocate finance and technology to adapt to future similar events, Bangladesh will still be suffering and trying to heal from the damages done few years back. Lack of resources and capacity of vulnerable developing countries pose a serious challenge to equity in adaptation practice.