Communities Combating Illegal Wildlife Trade session seven

1. Communities Combatting Illegal Wildlife Trade Online Learning Event Series Event 7 of 7 © Philip J. Briggs

2. Key Messages & Highlights from the Series © Philip J. Briggs

3. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. COMMUNITY TOC A. B. C. D. 3b. CONSTRUCT IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC 4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK 5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP KEY STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS 4b. CONSTRUCT COMMUNITY TOC A. B. C. D. BASELINE TOC 3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER INTERVIEW 1. SCREENING / SCOPING 2. INCEPTION WORKSHOP 6. COMMUNICATE LESSONS LEARNED 7. MONITOR & ADAPT

4. What is the FLoD approach? • A structured and iterative approach to articulate and test assumptions of communities and implementers on ways to combat IWT; • A methodology to improve project outcomes and interventions; • An open-source methodology for practitioners; • A tool to understand and articulate project logic and underlying assumptions; • A tool to identify what is working in a project; and • A tool to identify potential flaws in logic and project design

5. ….and what it isn’t • For every place and every situation • A blueprint for intervention or project design; • An audit, assessment or evaluation of project performance or achievement; • A project intervention checklist; nor • A methodology for beginner practitioners.

6. It can also effectively: • Explore some of the site-specific drivers of IWT and shed light on which community-based strategies for addressing it are likely to be most effective; • Enhance the achievement of outcomes or impacts; • Help donors improve the effectiveness of investments in combatting IWT; • Provide lessons for other existing and new projects currently being designed; and • Provide lessons to help enhance the response to IWT at local, national, regional and international levels.

7. The Basic Equation BENEFITS FROM CONSERVING WILDLIFE COSTS OF CONSERVING WILDLIFE BENEFITS FROM ENGAGING IN IWT COSTS OF ENGAGING IN IWT > Photo credits:H. Dublin from Cooney et al 2016 Conservation Letters NET BENEFITS OF CONSERVING NET BENEFITS OF POACHING >

8. Highlights from Session 3 © Philip J. Briggs

10. Define the locality Identify and gather context ⎼ Geographical / topographical ⎼ Administrative ⎼ Institutional ⎼ Cultural ⎼ Social Define Community - Existing management unit, e.g. conservancy - Set of villages with shared characteristics - Local community for a project being designed - More complex communities may require sampling approaches to achieve representation

11. Assess feasibility Site based criteria Site is clearly defined (area, community, implementer / designer) The community has a role in facilitating or combatting IWT The site is secure enough to undertake fieldwork It is logistically possible for the core team to move around and for key stakeholder group representatives to come together The resources and infrastructure are present for fieldwork, including access to electricity, a room that can be made dark for projection, accommodation and other working conditions for the team Conditions allow the introduction of an impartial individual, team or institution to implement the FLoD methodology Implementers / designers, key stakeholders, and community members are willing to engage with the core team to participate in the FLoD methodology Implementers / designers and communities are willing to articulate ToCs Implementers / designers are willing to adapt interventions based on lessons emerging from the process There is not a potentially unmanageable risk that by implementing the methodology, you will create conflict with and between stakeholders A skilled local language interpreter is available, independent from the community, local partners or project designers A long-term partner is in place that is willing and able to implement any findings and recommendations from the full FLoD process. There are adequate financial resources to implement the full methodology Process based criteria

12. Group listing of species/by-products in use

13. A. Increase costs of participating in IWT C. Decrease costs of living with wildlife D. Increase non-wildlife- based livelihoods B. Increase incentives for stewardship

14. DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE .

15. FOR EACH PATHWAY ENABLING ACTIONS INTERVENTIONS OUTPUTS PRIMARY OUTCOMES ASSUMPTIONS ASSUMPTIONS ASSUMPTIONS INTERIM OUTCOMES ASSUMPTIONS

16. Stronger and more effective collaboration betweenwell- capacitated community scoutsand well-trained formal enforcement agencies Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor poaching / trafficking for IWT Strengthened community action against internal orexternal poachers/ traffickersengaged in IWT Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community A-I A-R A-P E F Formal and traditional disincentive mechanismsare strengthened, socially acceptable, and applied Social norms effectively imposed on individuals engaged in poaching / trafficking for IWT Reduced recruitmentofcommunity membersby poachers/ traffickers engaged in IWT e.g. Strengthentraditional sanctions protecting wild plants &animals e.g. Train & equipcommunity members toact as effectivelaw enforcementpartners Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders

17. Step 1: Screening & Scoping

20. Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor poaching / trafficking for IWT Strengthened community action against internal orexternal poachers/ traffickersengaged in IWT Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community E F Reduced recruitmentofcommunity membersby poachers/ traffickers engaged in IWT Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders PATHWAY C - DECREASE COSTS OF LIVING WITH WILDLIFE e.g. Supportpractical approaches to deterringproblem animals at thesitelevel Costs to communities imposed by presence of wildlife are reduced Communities can mitigate conflict better Decreased antagonismtoward wildlife C-P C-R e.g. Supportinsurance, compensationor offset schemes thatreducethecost of living with wildlife e.g. Supportland useplanning thatreduces thehuman-wildlife interface C-I e.g. The full costs of living with wildlife are known and can be quantified e.g. Resources and tools are available to mitigate HWC e.g. Communities with decreased antagonism towards wildlife have a decreased incentive to directly or indirectly support IWT. e.g. Communities with greater ability to mitigate HWC (resources, tools, policies) feel less antagonism towards wildlife. e.g. The relative risk of being apprehended, arrested or prosecuted is not so low that it undermines community action against IWT.

21. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade COMMUNITYTOC A. B. D. C. BASELINE TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade PROCESS

22. Interviewing the implementer / designer Implementer / Designer FLoD Team

23. SERIES OF STATEMENTS

24. Developing the Implementer / Designer ToC IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade FLoD Team

25. Validating the Implementer / Designer ToC IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade Implementer / Designer FLoD Team

26. Key stakeholder interviews Stakeholder information For each stakeholder, mark whether they have knowledge (K), authority (A) or influence (I) on each category Scale Notes Contact name Email/phone Interview location Background, context, data Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D National Regional Local Step 2: Inception Workshop Practical information Information on area of ToC National Regional Local • Knowledge? • Authority? • Influence?

29. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade COMMUNITYTOC A. B. D. C. BASELINE TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade PROCESS

30. Exploration of pathways and their assumptions by focus group

31. YOUTH Tangible: • Employment (scouts) • Tourism • Scholarships / bursaries • selling of beadwork Intangible • Conserve for future generations • Wildlife supports a healthy environment • elephants shake the tree and share the pods with the other animals • lions manage the population of ungulates, allowing grass to be used by livestock • seed dispersal

32. Iterative validation Step 4: Community ToC

33. Pathway ranking by focus group

34. Whole community meeting Step 4: Community ToC

35. There are legal markets for wildlife and wildlife products (e.g. including tourism) WOMEN MEN YOUTH Disagree: • There is demand for some products, but we, as a community, do not wish to engage in it because it will destroy the habitat. Strongly disagree: • Viewing tourism is possible, but not much else. • People can use some resources (medicinal plants) for themselves but not sell to others. • There is no legal domestic market for wildlife - if # of wildlife in conservancy grows, we can give to others but not sell. Strongly agree: • Research and tourism markets

36. Women PathwayB – Wildlife-basedbenefits Men Youth Legal markets exist

37. Group discussions (within and among focus groups)

38. Pathway Ranking across Focus Groups 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Pathway A Pathway B Pathway C Pathway D Women Men Youth

39. Whole community pathway ranking

40. Key Messages from the Series & Highlights from Sessions 6 © Philip J. Briggs

42. Validating the Community ToC • Have we got the story right? • Has anything changed since our visit? COMMUNITYTOC A. B. D. C. FLoD Team Community +

43. Identification and discussion on key differences and similarities IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade COMMUNITYTOC A. B. D. C.

44. Explore and recommend the ways forward FLoD Team Community + + Implementer / Designer + Other stakeholders: policy influencers, tourism operators Current / potential donors

45. Communicating lessons learned – possible outputs Outputs of the process could include: • A resource for the community and implementers / designers as they move forward with activities on the ground • Fact sheets • Case studies • Policy briefs • Case study on People not Poaching • Journal articles • Revised project implementation plans It depends on the objectives of your implementation of FLoD

46. Submitting a case study is easy! Download this template from the People not Poaching website or email olivia.wilsonholt@iied.org

47. 2.2 Implement Actions 2.1 Plan Actions Transition Zone Ownership transfer 2.3 Evaluate Actions 3.2 Implement Actions 3.4 Re- contextualize & Reconstruct 3.3 Evaluate Actions And on… 3.1 Re-contextualize & Plan New Actions Contextualize & Re-construct Source: Modified from Rowe (2016) A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade Baseline ToC Adaptive process FLoD Team Collective ownership Adaptive management arising from FLoD

49. Using FLoD to design IWT projects from scratch

50. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade COMMUNITYTOC A. B. D. C. BASELINE TOC A. B. C. D. Decreased pressure on species from illegal wildlife trade

51. PARTNER TOC A. B. D. C. BASELINE TOC A. B. C. D. JOINT TOC A. B. C. D. COMMUNITY TOC

52. Using FLoD for different challenges

53. Use of ToC for other types of interventions….

54. Another example • Make all use of Natural Resources (legal or illegal / subsistence or commercial) sustainable

55. The Basic Equation still holds BENEFITS FROM MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES COSTS OF MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES BENEFITS FROM UNSUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESROUCE USE COSTS OF ENGAGING IN UNSUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCE USE > Photo credits:H. Dublin NET BENEFITS OF MANAGINGNR NET BENEFITS OF UNSUSTAINABLE USE >

56. HOLLY TOC DIANE TOC JOINT TOC A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D.

57. Pr ovide informationto l ocal communities r egarding species in legal v s illegal tradeand a ssociated penalties Reg ulated collection of t hatching grass inPark “X” M a kemicrofinance availableto w omenin the community for self- ow ned and run businesses Incomes of community women cover basic household food needs Decreased antagonism toward wildlife Reduced activeor tacit community participation in unsustainableuse ofNR Strengthened community action against internal orexternal NR use that isunsustainable Reduced unsustainable use by community B-I A-I C-I D-I B-R A-R B-P C-P C-R E INDICATIVE ACTIONS (EXAMPLES) RESULTS OVERALL OUTCOMES LONG-TERM IMPACT Viable non-wildlife-based livelihood strategies in place and generating enough income to substitute for income from unsustainable use of NR D-R F ENABLING ACTIONS PATHWAY OUTCOMES Formal and traditional knowledge & disincentive mechanisms are strengthened, accepted and applied Communities make the link between sustainable use and long-term benefits Compileinformation on a ny social sanctionsor t aboos on key speciesin use Col laboratively set sustainable quotas for l egal offtakeof key species A l low communities to eat t he meat of animals killed on problem animal control CROSS-CUTTING OUTCOMES Reduced unsustainable use by outsiders Support development and implementation of policy and institutional frameworks for the equitable devolution ofuser rights over NR Build community capacity andinstitutions Fight corruptionand strengthengovernance Analyseto better understand thedifferences in accrualof costs andbenefits at theindividualvs community level Perception of losses to wildlife not entirely negative Communities gain tangible benefits from sustainable NR use Communities gain understanding of formal penalties and traditional sanctions around the illegal use of some species Pathway A. Increase costs of unsustainable use of natural resources Pathway B. Increase incentives for stewardship Pathway C. Decrease costs of living with wildlife Pathway D. Increase non-wildlife-based livelihoods

58. Pathway A. Increase costs of unsustainable or illegal use of wildlife Pathway B. Increase incentives for stewardship Pathway C. Decrease costs of living with wildlife Pathway D. Increase non- wildlife-based livelihoods S t rengthen partnerships between community scouts and formal LE a g encies S upport other activities t o generatelivelihoods a nd other benefitsfrom w i ld plants and animals S upport practical approaches to deterring problem animals at the site l evel S upport interventions to generate livelihood options from non-wildlife-based activities Stronger and more effective collaboration between well-capacitated community scouts and well-trained formal enforcement agencies Communities recognise and access tangible and intangible benefits from sustainable use of wild plants and animals Communities are more empowered to manage and benefit from sustainable use of wild plants and animals Costs to communities imposed by presence of wildlife are reduced Communities have a greater diversity of non-wildlife-based livelihood options Communities can mitigate conflict better Decreased antagonism toward wildlife Reduced activeor tacit community supportfor illegal or unsustainableuse Strengthened community action against illegal or unsustainableuse Reduced unsustainable use by insiders or outsiders B-I A-I C-I D-I B-R A-R B-P C-P C-R E INDICATIVE ACTIONS (EXAMPLES) RESULTS OVERALL OUTCOMES LONG-TERM IMPACT Viable non-wildlife-based livelihood strategies in place and generating enough income to substitute for illegal or unsustainable use of wildlife D-R F ENABLING ACTIONS PATHWAY OUTCOMES Formal and traditional disincentive mechanisms are strengthened, socially acceptable and applied Social norms effectively imposed on individuals engaged in poaching/trafficking for IWT Communities value wild plants and animals more as a result of increased benefits S t rengthen traditional sanctions protecting wild pl ants and animals Recogniseand profile effective community approaches against poa ching/trafficking for IWT S upport insurance, compensation or offset schemes that reduce the cost of living with wildlife CROSS-CUTTING OUTCOMES Tr ain and equip community members to a ct as effective law enforcement (LE) partners Put in place community monitoring systems to t r ack illegal or unsustainable use S upport/reinvigorate t r aditional valuesaround w i ld plants and animals Reduced illegal use by insiders or outsiders S upport land use pl anning that reduces t he human-wildlife i nterface Generate/support paid jobs for local peopleas community scouts Support development and implementation of legal and institutional frameworks for effective andfair wildlife protection, benefits and management Build community capacity andinstitutions Fight corruptionand strengthengovernance Analyseto better understand thedifferences in accrualof costs andbenefits at theindividualvs community level

59. COMMUNITYTOC PARTNER TOC JOINT TOC A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D. & + + + A. B. C. D.

61. What next for FLoD?

62. Local Communities: First Line of Defence (FLoD) against illegal wildlife trade An Implementation Guide Local Communities: First Line of Defence (FLoD) against illegal wildlife trade Training – Facilitation Guide Guidance

63. Potential future activities • Training of trainers • Engaging regional (national?) training institutions • Supporting roll out of FLoD at site level

64. Don’t hesitate to be in touch! holly.dublin@gmail.com leo.niskanen@iucn.org skinner.diane@gmail.com dilys.roe@iied.org olivia.wilsonHolt@iied.org Learn more at: • www.peoplenotpoaching.org • www.iucn.org/flod

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