1.
Communities Combatting
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Online Learning Event Series
Event 2 of 7
Welcome! This online learning event will start at 2pm EAT
©PhilipJ.Briggs

2.
Learning Event Series on Communities
Combatting Illegal Wildlife Trade
• Supported by USAID Kenya and East Africa through the
Conserving Natural Capital and Enhancing Collaborative
Management of Transboundary Resources (CONNECT)
project and the European Union through the BIOPAMA
programme.
• Focused on the region of the East African Community
• Designed to support wildlife conservation and management
authorities in the EAC partner States and relevant non-
governmental and community-based organizations in the
region
• Series of 7 learning events between September and
December

3.
Event Date Title
1 September Introduction to community engagement on
IWT
2 September Local Communities as the First Line of
Defence – an approach to strengthen
practice.
3 October Implementing FLoD: Screening, scoping
and inception.
4 October Implementing FLoD: Developing the
Implementer / Designer TOC
5 November Implementing FLoD: Developing the
Community TOC
6 November Implementing FLoD: Feedback and
communication
7 December The future of FLoD
Learning Event Series on Communities Combatting
Illegal Wildlife Trade
Introduction,
Awareness-raising
Familiarization
Targeted training on
the FLoD
methodology

4.
Highlights from Session 1
Diane Skinner
©PhilipJ.Briggs

5.
• Opening remarks (EAC, IUCN, USAID, EU)
• Introduction to EAC Strategy to Combat Poaching,
Illegal Trade and Trafficking of Wildlife and Wildlife
Products
• Policy context for engaging local communities
• From policy to practice
• Case studies and introduction to the People Not
Poaching platform
Learning Event 1: Introduction to community
engagement in IWT

6.
Four key pillars of international IWT Policy
Eradicatemarket
forillegalproducts
Buildeffective
legalframeworks
Strengthenlaw
enforcement
Supportsustainable
livelihoods
STOP ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE

7.
African Elephant Summit (2013)
London Declaration (2014)
Kasane Declaration (2015)
Brazzaville Declaration (2015)
UNGA Resolution 69/314 (2015)
SDG Targets 15.7 & 15.c (2015)
CITES Rural Communities Working Group (2016)
UNEA Resolution 2.14 (2016)
Hanoi Declaration (2016)
UNGA Resolution 71/326 (2017)
London Declaration (2018)
ENGAGEMENT OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES
IN COMBATTING IWT
The policy platform

8.
HOW
?

9.
THE BASIC EQUATION
BENEFITS
FROM
CONSERVING
WILDLIFE
COSTS OF
CONSERVING
WILDLIFE
BENEFITS
FROM
ENGAGING IN
IWT
COSTS OF
ENGAGING IN
IWT>
Photo credits: H. Dublin

10.
People Not Poaching
Communities & IWT Learning Platform
www.peoplenotpoaching.org
18 case studies from the
East African Community
region
Majority from Kenya &
Tanzania, nearly all focusing
on charismatic mammal
species, such as elephants,
rhinos & lions

11.
• IWT destabilizes local governance structures.
• Communities are critical for effectively combatting wildlife
crime.
• Community engagement is complex – no clear blueprint.
• More collaboration is needed among strategic partners,
Governments, communities
• Engaging with communities meaningfully means
recognizing the rights of communities to ownership and
use of the wildlife resource, and acknowledging local
community knowledge in managing wildlife resources
• The equation is imbalanced - benefits going to the
communities are meagre and cannot compensate for their
disrupted way of life.
• Increasing militarization of conservation may re-centralize
power over natural resources, away from communities.
Highlights from the discussion

12.
Local Communities as the First Line of Defence –
an approach to strengthen practice.
 Introduction to FLoD
Dr Holly Dublin
• IUCN ESARO Senior Adviser
• IIED Senior Associate
• IUCN SULi
 Overview of the FLoD methodology
Diane Skinner
• IUCN SULi
 Experience with FLoD
Dr Dilys Roe
• IIED Principal Researcher and Biodiversity
Team Leader
• Chair, IUCN SULi

13.
Introduction to FLoD
Online Learning Event Series
Holly Dublin

14.
PA/CA governance
Well-being outcomes
`
Ecological outcomes
PA/CA management
Management
effectiveness
assessment
GAPA
SAPA FLoD
What is FLoD?

15.
Photocredit:MicahConway
WHY A NEW METHODOLOGY AND TOOLS
• Built on an Action Research approach to engage both project implementers and
communities
• Interrogates the theories of change and key assumptions of designers and
implementers of anti-IWT interventions and compares with those of
communities
• Highlights often flawed and sometimes naïve TOCs by donors and intervention
planners and divergence from reality on the ground
• Empowers communities, strengthens community voice, enhances collaboration
and builds trust between implementers and communities
• Helps design more effective interventions to combat IWT with community
engagement

16.
Pilot Sites…
6,000 acres/2,428

17.
KEY FOCAL GROUPS
women, men and
youth

18.
Interactive
Sessions

19.
Key informant interviews
Photo credit: Micah Conway

20.
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
.
Four Primary Pathways
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

21.
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
.
Ranking the Pathways
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-
wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

22.
FOR EACH
PATHWAY
ENABLING ACTIONS
INTERVENTIONS
OUTPUTS
PRIMARY OUTCOMES
ASSUMPTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS
INTERIM OUTCOMES
ASSUMPTIONS

23.
Building our understanding

24.
Local Communities: First Line
of Defence (FLoD) against
illegal wildlife trade
An Implementation Guide
Local Communities: First Line
of Defence (FLoD) against
illegal wildlife trade
Training – Facilitation Guide
Guidance

25.
How can FLoD contribute to the
implementation of EAC & national
strategies & policies?

26.
Four Primary Pathways
A. Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D. Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B. Increase
incentives
for
stewardship
Increase the
participation of
local communities
in the planning
and management
of wildlife
resources
Support sustainable
and alternative
livelihoods for
communities
adjacent wildlife
conservation areas
Support sustainable
utilization of wildlife
resources by the local
people
Promote wildlife-
based revenue and
other benefits sharing
schemes with the
local people
Support
development
and
implementation
of legal &
institutional
frameworks for
effective & fair
wildlife
protection and
management
Fight
corruption
and
strengthen
governance
Build
community
skills and
capacity
Mitigate human
wildlife conflicts in
order to reduce the
cost of living with
wildlife
Promote
conservation
outside protected
areas including
wildlife farming
Establish
compensation or
consolation schemes
to offset cost of
wildlife induced
damage
Enabling Actions
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FLoD
EAC’sAnti-poaching
&
IWTStrategy
(Communityelements)
Crf: any law
enforcement
elements of the
Strategy that are
directly focused on
communities
(e.g. Obj ii, Obj iv)

27.
Four Primary Pathways
A. Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D. Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B. Increase
incentives
for
stewardship
Identify and fund
potential
enterprises
in each elephant
range
communities
Engage
communities in
activities that do
not require
them to encroach
upon
protected areas
(e.g. bee keeping
around
gardens)
Promote and
improve community
based tourism
and increase
benefits to frontline
communities
Support
development
and
implementatio
n of legal &
institutional
frameworks
for effective &
fair wildlife
protection and
management
Fight
corruption
and
strengthen
governance
Build
community
skills and
capacity
Establish
committee
structures
in communities for
human-elephant
conflicts
Target poachers
who are truly
poor and
struggling to be
empowered in
other areas that
will discourage
them from
continued
poaching of
elephants
Establish a
compassionate
budget for injuries
and death outside
the protected area
by
elephants
Enabling Actions
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FLoD
ElephantConservation
ActionPlanforUganda
(2016-2026)
(Communityelements)
Fund capacity
building of the
communities in
entrepreneur
skills to manage
projects on their
own
Conduct training
courses at the
national/local
level
for ranger staff
Develop a
resource access
policy and
strengthen the
resource access
monitoring
systems
Recruit
community
monitors

28.
Four Primary Pathways
A. Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D. Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B. Increase
incentives
for
stewardship
Promote legal and
sustainable
utilization of
wildlife through
providing clear
policy guidelines
Provide opportunities
for sustainable
utilization of natural
resources
Support
development
and
implementatio
n of legal &
institutional
frameworks
for effective &
fair wildlife
protection and
management
Fight
corruption
and
strengthen
governance
Build
community
skills and
capacity
Devolve
progressively the
responsibility for
problem animal
control to operating
community-based
conservation
programmes and
continue to give
assistance where
village communities
have not yet
developed this
capability
Give wildlife
resources economic
value
Enabling Actions
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FLoD
Tanzania’sWildlife
Policy2007
(Communityelements)
Village
communities
living adjacent to
protected areas,
wetlands or in
wildlife corridors
will be encourage
to establish
WMAs
Provide
technical
support and
conservation
education to
villages
Provide
appropriate
training at all
levels
Encourage and
establish wildlife
conservation areas on
village land and
devolve management
to village
communities

29.
Four Primary Pathways
A. Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D. Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B. Increase
incentives
for
stewardship
Develop and
implement a clear
framework for
access and benefit
sharing from
wildlife resources
and biodiversity
Diversify community
livelihood sources
through investment
in alternative
compatible income
generating
activities to reduce
over-reliance on
income from
tourism
Develop + implement
a comprehensive
incentives package to
encourage voluntary
conservation
Create opportunities
for employment
+ participation for
local communities
in biodiversity
conservation activities
+
sustainable use
Support
development
and
implementatio
n of legal &
institutional
frameworks
for effective &
fair wildlife
protection and
management
Fight
corruption
and
strengthen
governance
Build
community
skills and
capacity
Develop + implement
mgt approaches incl.
harnessing
traditional
knowledge in
mitigating HWC
Develop + promote
alternative
consolation
programmes to
ensure prompt
response for loss,
injury and damage
caused by wildlife
Enabling Actions
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM FLoD
Kenya’sNational
WildlifeStrategy2030
(Communityelements)
Develop effective
governance
structures
involving
communities
Transparency and
accountability at
all levels
Increase the
extent of land
effectively
managed by
communities for
biodiversity
conservation
Identify capacity
needs and
priorities to
support
sustainable
wildlife
conservation
and
management at
all levels

30.
“Local communities are critical - they are our first line of
defence and we must do all that we can to enable their voices
and secure their support… [to combat poaching]”
President E Mnangagwa, 7 May 2019

31.
Thank you!
©PhilipJ.Briggs

32.
Overview of the FLoD
methodology
Online Learning Event Series
Diane Skinner
©PhilipJ.Briggs

33.
What is a Theory of Change?
Theory of Change is essentially a comprehensive
description and illustration of how and why a desired
change is expected to happen in a particular context.

34.
Why a Theory of Change?
Stakeholders identify the conditions they believe have to
unfold for their long-term goals to be met.
Theory of Change requires clarity on long-term goals,
measurable indicators of success, and actions to
achieve goals.
• It shows a causal pathway from here to there by specifying
what is needed for goals to be achieved.
• It requires you to articulate underlying assumptions which can
be tested and measured.
• It changes the way of thinking about initiatives from what you
are doing to what you want to achieve and starts there.

35.
Gives the big picture, and context that
you can’t control.
Shows all the different pathways that
might lead to change.
Describes how and why you think
change happens - with explicit
assumptions.
Is mainly used as a tool for program
design.
A Theory of Change…

36.
What about a logframe?
Gives a detailed description of the
program or project
Is linear – no feedback loops
Includes risks and assumptions, that are
basic and implicit.
Is mainly used as a tool for planning
activities and monitoring.

37.
Image credit: Sidney Harris

38.
Pathway A. Increase costs of
participating in IWT
Pathway B. Increase incentives for
stewardship
Pathway C. Decrease costs of
living with wildlife
Pathway D. Increase non-wildlife-
based livelihoods
Strengthenpartnerships
betweencommunity
scouts andformal LE
agencies
Support otheractivities to
generatelivelihoods and
otherbenefits from wild
plants andanimals
Support practicalapproachesto
deterringproblemanimals at thesite
level
Support interventions to generatelivelihood
optionsfrom non-wildlife-basedactivities
Stronger and more effective collaboration
between well-capacitatedcommunity scouts
and well-trained formalenforcement
agencies
Communities recognise and access
tangible and intangible benefits from
wild plants and animals
Communities are more empowered
to manage and benefit from wild
plants and animals
Costs to communities imposed by
presence of wildlife are reduced
Communities have a greater diversity of
non-wildlife-basedlivelihood options
Communities can mitigate conflict
better
Decreased antagonism toward wildlife
Reduced active or tacit community support for poaching/trafficking for IWT
Strengthened community action against internal or external poachers/traffickers engaged
in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by community
B-IA-I C-I D-I
B-RA-R
B-P C-P
C-R
E
INDICATIVE
ACTIONS
(EXAMPLES)
RESULTS
OVERALL
OUTCOMES
LONG-TERM
IMPACT
Viable non-wildlife-basedlivelihood
strategies in place and generating
enough income to substitute for
poaching income
D-R
F
ENABLING
ACTIONS
Support development and implementation of legal and institutional frameworks for effective and fair wildlife protection and
management
Build community capacity and institutions
Fight corruption and strengthen governance
Analyse to better understand the differences in accrual of costs and benefits at the individual vs community level
PATHWAY
OUTCOMES
Formal and traditional disincentive
mechanisms are strengthened, socially
acceptable and applied
Social norms effectively imposed on
individualsengaged in
poaching/trafficking for IWT
Communities value wild plants and
animals more as a result of increased
benefits
Reduced recruitment of community members by poachers/traffickers engaged
in IWT
Strengthentraditional
sanctions protecting wild
plants andanimals
Recogniseandprofile
effectivecommunity
approaches against
poaching/trafficking for IWT
Support insurance,
compensationor offset
schemesthat reducethe
costof livingwithwildlife
CROSS-CUTTING
OUTCOMES
Trainandequip
community members to
act as effectivelaw
enforcement (LE)partners
TrainandequipformalLE
agents to act as effectiveLE
partners withcommunities
Support/reinvigorate
traditionalvaluesaround
wildplants andanimals
Reduced poaching / trafficking for IWT by outsiders
Support landuse
planning that reduces
the human-wildlife
interface
Generate/supportpaid
jobs for local people as
communityscouts
The FLoD ToC

39.
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
.
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

40.
An overview of the FLoD Methodology

41.
Designer / Implementer Community
≠

42.
BASELINE TOC
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC COMMUNITY TOC
Developing TOCs
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
A. B. C. D.
Decreased pressure on species
from illegal wildlife trade
A. B. D.C.

43.
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
A. B. C. D.
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
3b. CONSTRUCT
IMPLEMENTER /
DESIGNER TOC
4a. COMMUNITY FIELDWORK
5. FEEDBACK WORKSHOP
KEY STAKEHOLDER
INTERVIEWS
4b. CONSTRUCT
COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D.
BASELINE TOC
3a. IMPLEMENTER / DESIGNER
INTERVIEW
1. SCREENING /
SCOPING
2. INCEPTION
WORKSHOP
6. COMMUNICATE
LESSONS LEARNED
7. MONITOR &
ADAPT
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
Session 6

44.
Users
Users Application
Project implementers /
designers
 Developing new projects or improving existing projects
(NGOs, government agencies, etc.)
 Interrogate the design of programmes and use the
results from FLoD to decide on framework and design
of projects
Donors  Designing new programmes and funding strategies
 Assessing the funding of new projects or improving
existing projects
 Interrogate the logic of programmes and use the
results from FLoD to decide on funding projects
Policy and decision
makers
 Developing new projects or improving existing projects
 Development of new policies and revision of existing
policies being informed by FLoD
Community
associations
 Developing new projects or improving existing projects
Researchers  Understanding and interrogating existing projects

45.
Roles
• FLoD facilitation team
• FLoD lead facilitator
• FLoD facilitator (multi-task)
• Local liaison
• Local language interpreter

46.
• Enhances all stakeholders’ understanding of:
• Implicit ToCs of both communities and designers
• Articulates differences within communities and
between communities and designers
• May expose reasons for success or failure of
particular components of a project
• Can effectively:
• Explore site-specific drivers of IWT
• Enhance achievement of outcomes and impacts
• Help donors improve effectiveness of investments
in combatting IWT
• Provide lessons for other projects
• Provide lessons to help enhance the response to
IWT at local, national, regional and international
level
Strengths

47.
Guiding principles
• Remove bias and create an environment where communities can speak freely and
…team needs independence from both the designer/implementer and the
community.
• Encourage broad involvement and seek representation from diverse
stakeholder groups.
• Clearly communicate that all participants’ opinions matter;
• Create relationships with stakeholders that are based on mutual learning,
understanding, and desire to identify solutions that benefit all participants.
• Establish clear, frequent and transparent information and feedback processes.
• Transfer ownership and accountability of the ToC to the players on the ground,
both implementer / designer and the community;

48.
Thank you!
©PhilipJ.Briggs

49.
Applying FLoD: Case
study findings
Online Learning Event Series
Dilys Roe, IIED
©PhilipJ.Briggs

50.
TEST SITES…
6,000 acres/2,428

51.
Olderkesi Conservancy
Cottar’s Safari Services
- Maasai pastoral economy
- 7,000 acres/2,833 ha
- Bordering Masai Mara
National Reserve

52.
Kilitome Conservancy
Big Life Foundation
- Maasai pastoral economy
- 6,000 acres/2,428 ha
- Bordering on Amboseli
National Park

53.
Shompole-Ol Kiramatian
SORALO
- Maasai pastoral economy
- 111,200 acres / 45,000 ha
together in conserved area
- Southern Rift Valley

54.
IMPLEMENTER TOC COMMUNITY TOC
A. B. C. D. A. B. C. D.
Different perspectives
“Land use planning and separation of humans
and wildlife is the best way to enhance
tolerance”
“We want to coexist with wildlife but the
costs of conflict must be reduced through
field-based mitigation measures”
Had previously engaged only with male
elders
New insights through engaging with
women and youth
“The community wishes to maintain
livestock as its core economic activity”
“Pastoralism is important culturally, but
cash income is needed and we engage in
many other economic activities”
Concern about poaching , IWT and
sustainable wildlife management
Concern with maintaining a healthy
ecosystem – poaching one of many threats

55.
• Communities recognize the importance of law
enforcement - IF it is in partnership with them
• Strong laws and heavy penalties generally seen as fair
• Belief that both social sanctions and pressure, reinforce
government penalties & stop poaching
BUT
• Strong objections that government response to IWT and
retaliation killings is stronger and faster than the response
to deaths, injuries and other losses to wildlife
LESSONS FROM THE FIELD

56.
LESSONS FROM THE FIELD
• A strong sense of “ownership”
results in a motivation to
protect
• Management of conflict and
coexistence through land
zoning – traditional or
contemporary is critical
• Strong trust and/or
transparency with tourism
ventures around earnings and
sharing is essential

57.
LESSONS FROM THE FIELD
• Communities recognize
differences between individual vs
community costs and benefits
• Revenues from wildlife not
sufficient
• Sometimes non-wildlife based
livelihoods are totally critical to
the story – but must not be in
conflict with long term wildlife-
based interventions and
outcomes

58.
OVERALL FINDINGS
• All four pathways of ToC supported although
emphasis varies
• Very similar communities have differing views
• Within communities, different perspectives based
on gender and age
• Greater concern about managing a healthy
ecosystem (and all the associated benefits),
rather than poaching

59.
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE
OUR BASELINE
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

60.
C. Maintain and enhance co-
existence between people
and wildlife
D. Support non-wildlife-based
livelihoods
Share
information w.
communities to
avoid HWC
incidents (e.g.
wildlife
movements in
area)
Support sustainable
livestock production
systems
Tolerance of
communities to
wildlife is
maintained or
enhanced
Livelihoods from
sustainable livestock
production systems
are improved at
community level
Antagonism toward
wildlife does not
increase
Reduced active or tacit community
support for poaching / trafficking for
IWTStrengthened community action against internal or
external poachers / traffickers engaged in IWT
Reduced poaching / trafficking
for IWT by community
C D
K
G
M
INDICATIVE
INTERVENTIONS
RESULTS
OVERALL
OUTCOMES
LONG-TERM
IMPACT
Livestock production
as a long term viable
primary livelihood
option secured
H
N
ENABLING
ACTIONS
Support development and implementation of legal and institutional frameworks for effective and
fair wildlife protection and management
Enhancing social capital
Fight corruption and strengthen governance
Understand and recognize the difference in accrual of costs and benefits at the individual vs. community level from: engagement in
IWT; impact of IWT; impact of enforcement; engaging in wildlife stewardship; living with wildlife; and engaging in non-wildlife-
related livelihoods
PATHWAY
OUTCOMES
Reduced recruitment of community members by
poachers / traffickers engaged in IWTCROSS-CUTTING
OUTCOMES
Reduced poaching / trafficking for
IWT by outsiders
Support land use planning that
reduces the human-wildlife
interface
B. Increase
incentives for
stewardship
Generate revenue
and jobs from
ecotourism and
wildlife-related
research
Communities recognise and
access tangible and
intangible benefits from
wild plants and animals
Communities are more
empowered to manage
and benefit from wild
plants and animals
B
F
J
Communities value wild
plants and animals more as
a result of increased
benefits
Support or
reinvigorate
traditional
values around
wild plants and
animals
Generate or
support paid
jobs for local
people as
community
scouts
Strengthened land use system
supporting sustainable livestock
production and wildlife conservation
A. Disincentivise
activities contributing
to IWT
Strengthen
partnerships
between
community
scouts and
formal law
enforcement
agencies
Stronger and more effective
collaboration between well-
capacitated community scouts
and well-trained formal
enforcement agencies
A
E
Formal and traditional
disincentive mechanisms are
strengthened, socially
acceptable, and applied
Social norms effectively
imposed on individuals
engaged in poaching /
trafficking for IWT
Support
strengthening
of traditional
sanctions that
protect wild
plants and
animals
Train and
equip
community
members to
act as effective
law
enforcement
partners Discourage
traditions
harmful to
wildlife e.g.
lion hunts
Community
scouts
respond to
conflict
incidents
Sustainable co-existence of livestock and wildlife
maintained
Healthy ecosystem for people & wildlife

61.
A. Disincentivise
illegal killing of
wildlife for IWT B. Increase incentives for stewardship
C. Reduce the
human-wildlife
interface
D. Support non-wildlife-related
livelihoods
Strengthen Enabling Conditions
Support institutional framework to enforce
against IWT
Build community capacity
Prov
Provide top up payments
to county rangers
Train community scouts
Recruit undercover
informants
Penalise illegal behaviour
Pay lease fees
Pay bed night fees
Provide jobs
Provide social benefits (schools,
transport bursaries etc
Provide infrastructure
Support conservancy development
Use land use planning to separate
people and wildlife Invest in agriculture development projects
Provide microfinance mechanism
Establish a conservancy herd
Stronger collaboration
between local community &
rangers / other enforcement
agencies
Communities perceive and receive
financial and non-financial benefits
(e.g. meat, pride, community assets)
from wildlife
Communities are more empowered to
manage and benefit from wildlife
Costs to communities
imposed by presence of
wildlife are reduced More empowered communities
have a greater diversity of
livelihood options
Competition for land
between wildlife and
livestock reduced
Decreased antagonism
toward wildlife
Wildlife becomes an economically viable land use option
BA C
D
FE
J K
G
M
INTERVENTIONS
OUTPUTS
PRIMARY
OUTCOMES
IMPACT
Communities less dependant on
livelihoods that compete with
wildlife
H
N
ENABLING
ACTIONS Fight corruption and strengthen
governanceIncrease perceived fairness of wildlife laws Strengthen laws for community wildlife management
INTERIM
OUTCOMES More empowered
communities draw
people away from
illegal activities
Social norms effectively
imposed on individuals
engaged in illegal activity
Communities value wildlife more
as a result of increased benefits
Reduced poaching Reduced conflict
killing
Reduced grazing
Reduced physical
demarcation of
land
Reduced
immigration
Provide incentives for relocation
away from wildlife areas (buy houses,
provide water etc)

62.
FUNCTIONING AND INTACT NATURAL
ECOSYSTEM
.
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

63.
Costs to communities
imposed by presence of
wildlife are reduced
Communities can
mitigate conflict better
Decreased antagonism toward
wildlife
Reduced active or tacit
support for poaching
Reduced poaching
Stronger action against
poachers from within and
outside the community
Decrease human-wildlife conflict Reduce the human-wildlife interface
Costs to communities
imposed by presence
of wildlife are
reduced
Decreased antagonism toward
wildlife
Wildlife becomes an economically
viable land use option
Reduced
poaching
Reduced
conflict
killing
Reduced
physical
demarcation of
land
Reduced
immigration
Reduced
grazing
Competition for
land between
wildlife and livestock
reduced

64.
DECREASED PRESSURE ON SPECIES FROM
BUSHMEAT TRADE
.
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

65.
SUSTAINABLE USE OF PLANTS & ANIMALS
.
A.
Increase
costs of
participating
in IWT
C.
Decrease
costs of
living with
wildlife
D.
Increase
non-wildlife-
based
livelihoods
B.
Increase
incentives
for
stewardship

66.
Thank you!
©PhilipJ.Briggs