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African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
  Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
   BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                     Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011




                        Dr Andre Ngangnou
                       Animal Pathology Dpt
National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) GAROUA - CAMEROON
                                                                        1
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
    Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET
     BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                       Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011


                    OUTLINE
   • INTRODUCTION
   • ASF in CAMROON
   • Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon
   • Control Measures
   • Conclusion
   • Perspectives
                                                                              2
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

1. Introduction
1.1. Overview of National Vet Services

                                                                   Far-North

    Country divided into Ten Regions
                                                                 North
   Distribution of National Vet
                                        North-
             Services
                                        West         Adamaoua
10 Regional Delegations
58 Divisional Delegations                   West
                                South-West
257 Sub Divisional Delegations                   Centre
                                         Littoral
700 Veterinary and zootechnical                            East
Centres
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
          Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
           BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                             Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
LANAVET
1. Introduction (Cont’d)

1.2. Pig population and Production system

. Estimated to 2 millions.

. Low annual Production: 42.000 tons of meat tons per year

. Traditional sector: 30% of pig production (local breed, practiced all over the country)

. Family sector: 50% of pig production (cross breed from local/exotic), practiced in 04
   regions (North West, West, Centre and Littoral)

. Modern sector: 20% of pig production (exotic breeds with Large White, Landrace et
   Duroc) ; characterized by adequate feeding system, practiced mainly in three regions
   (West, North West and Littoral)

. More than 250.000 pig breeders are registered within the country                  4
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
2. ASF in Cameroon

2.1. 1982-2000

. First outbreaks registered in 1982 in Littoral regions

. Origin of the introduction unknown, several hypothesis developed, but not confirmed

. Controlled measures (Disinfection, stamping out, sanitary empty, financial compensation)

. Disease not eradicated as endemic in the southern part of the country


. A specialized ASF laboratory installed in Yaounde with the support of FA0

.
Epidemiological survey carried out in 2004: 12% of sero prevalence
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
2. ASF in Cameroon (Cont’d)
2.2. 2002-2009
. Country divided into three zones: Northern part (free), Buffer zone (Adamawa),
   Southern part (endemic)

. Pig movements (trade) from free zone to endemic

. Uncontrolled movements from the endemic zone to free (male bought from endemic
   areas to free areas, aiming at producing cross breed)

. Development of the National Programme, aiming at improving pig breeding system
   (2005)

. Trough out control measures, reduction of the incidence of ASF from 11% in 1988 to
   4%, in 2006-2007
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011       )
3.1. Keys epidemiological information
. Early 2010: Suspicion of ASF based on unusual cases of mortality in the North and
   Adamawa regions.
. Late 2010: Suspicion of ASF based also on unusual mortalities in the Far North
   Regions.

3.2. Field investigations:
  Teams: Mixed (Laboratory and technicians
from the Ministry of Livestock)
  . 122 pig farms visited
  . 35 carcasses autopsied
 (22 in the North and 13 in the Far-North regions)
                                                          Disinfection        7
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
          Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan, Africa,
           BecA-ILRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
                              Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d
3.3. Main clinical signs findings
  Uncoordinated movements, paresis, hyperaemia, anorexia, petechia
  (skin), ecchymosis of the abdominal skin and legs, death




                            Skin hemorrhage (exotic breed)
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d

3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)




            Paresis                                 Uncoordinated movements
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
          Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET    BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                             Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011


3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d
3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d)




    Skin hemorrhage (local breed))                      Paresis (local breed)
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3.4. Main post mortem findings
  Massive haemorrhage of the gastro-hepatic and lymphatic lymph nodes, petechial
   haemorrhage of the kidney and larynx, spleenomegaly.




                                                      Spleenomegaly
             Hydrothoraxes
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011



    3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011    ) cont’d
   3.4. Laboratory analysis

    .Tissues samples collected
     . Laboratory analysis
    - Serology (Blocking ELISA)
    - Multiplex ASF and CSF PCR techniques
    Region            Samples      Quantities       Lab Techniques      Results
    . Results below (Adamawa region)
   Adamawa         Entire blood         32               PCR           11 Positive
                     Kidney             04               PCR           03 Positive

                     Spleen             05               PCR           03 Positive

                     Serum              58              ELISA          03 Positive

                 Total Adamawa          99                                 20
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
       Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                          Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011   ) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
Results (North region)

    Region          Samples         Quantities   Lab Techniques     Results
     North         Entire blood        13             PCR          07 Positive
                     Kidney            06             PCR          00 Positive

                     Spleen            04             PCR          02 Positive

                     Serum             26            ELISA         01 Positive

                   Total North         49                              11
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
                           Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1. Results (Far North region)
    Region          Samples          Quantities    Lab Techniques    Results

   Far North       Entire blood         36               PCR        13 positive
                     Kidney             15               PCR        07 Positive
                     Spleen             17               PCR        04 Positive
                     Serum              36              ELISA       00 Positive
                   Total North          104                             24
Comments
. Serology:
-ASF Blocking ELISA, Ingezim PPA Compac, 11.PPA.K3, Ingenesa, Madrid, Spain
-The kit uses polystyrene plates pre-coated with purified protein extract from VP73,
major structural protein from ASFV
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
          Bech-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)
PCR
- Technique as described by Agüero et al. (1) protocol.

- Primers as recommended by the OIE

- A gel based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential detection
   of ASFV and CSFV in clinical samples as described by Agüero et al. used to screen
   the same samples

- Suspicions confirmed based on Laboratory investigations (Serology and PCR)
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)

- At the same period, confirmation of the role of pig population movements as
   sources of the dissemination of the disease from the endemic zones (southern part
   of the country) to the previously free zones (northern regions)

- PCR technique sensitive for the early detection

- Country as a whole considered as infected
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)

• A total of 22 outbreaks (15 in 2010 and 7 in early 2011) confirmed by laboratory
   analysis out of about 40 reported in different farms of various infected localities in
   the three northern regions of Cameroon.

• Out of theses 22 outbreaks, 20 confirmed by the detection of ASF viral DNA in
   tissues and whole blood samples using PCR

• 2 out of 22 outbreaks confirmed using blocking ELISA for the detection of ASFV
   antibodies in sera.
                                                                                  17
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
       Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
        BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                   Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d
3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d)
3.4.1.Results (Cont’d)
Comments (Cont’d)

- Positive cases were registered using serology (three in Adamawa region and one in
   the in the North region.

- Tissue samples of. A multiplex RT-PCR used to differentiate ASFV from CSFV

- The multiplex RT-PCR detected only ASFV nucleic acids

- No case of CSF detected
                                                                              18
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
           Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
            BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                       Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
4. Control Measures

4.1. Administrative
. Ministerial decision N° 00150 (Ministry of Livestock) of 28 of April 2010 including:

- Destruction of the Pig PARC in the Ngaoundere (Adamawa) railways station
.- Stamping out of pigs reared in infected areas in Garoua and Ngaoundere down town

- Banning pigs movements from the southern to the northern regions of the country

- Closing of Pigs markets in Adamawa and North regions

- Reinforcement of sanitary barrier created by the decision N° 00163/MINEPIA of 25
   July 2006

- Involvement of each Regional Delegate in the implementation of all official
   decisions with regard to the eradication of ASF
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
4. Control Measures (Cont’d)
4.1. Administrative
. Ministerial decision N°00175 (Ministry of Livestock) of 10 May 2010, extending
    application of the ministerial decision N° 150 of the 28 April 2010 to the Far North
    Region

. Decision of the 2nd of June, issued by the Diamare Divisional Officer declaring this
   Division infected and detailing sanitary measure to be put in place, mainly:

- Banning free range pig rearing, pig trade markets, slaughtering, pig movement
   within and outside the Division ;

- Implementation of the stamping out strategy in infected farms.

- Liftage of implemented measures if negative results obtained in sero surveillance
   activities in infected areas three months after the last case, assuming that disinfection
   carried out in infected farms
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

4. Control Measures (Cont’d)
4.2. Sanitary : stamping Out
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
            BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET                    Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011
5. Conclusion

. ASF introduced in Cameroon in 1982

. Although eradication measures put in place, southern regions of the country endemic
   with regard to ASF up to 2010

. In 2010, ASF outbreaks confirmed in the northern regions

. In these regions, 14 subdivisions out of 75 were infected

. Cause of the introduction of ASF in the Northern regions: Commercial activities

. Mortality:15.373 animals

. Control measures included: Administrative and sanitary
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
          Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
LANAVET
              BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
                             Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011

5. Conclusion (Cond’t)

. Sanitary (Stamping out): 12.262 animals

. Other measures implemented (banning of animals movements, pigs markets, etc.).

. In 2011: only 02 (two) outbreaks registered (Far North region)

. Although control measures put in place, ASF not eradicated

. ASF: Mayor constraint in the development of pigs breeding in Cameroon

. Estimated financial lost to National Economy: More that 40.000.000 USD per year

. Main cause of inefficiency of control measures: lack of financial compensation after
   stamping out
African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of
        Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa
         BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative
LANAVET
                           Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011


     6. Perspectives
     - Role of Ornitodorus moubata in the epidemiology of ASF (vector): yet to
        be determined

     - Role of Wild live as reservoir in the ASF spread in Cameroon: not
        excluded, but to be confirmed

     - Importance of tracing the source of infection using Molecular
        epidemiological investigation

     - Importance to constitute a bank of different strains of ASFV circulating in
        the country and its neighbouring countries

     - Importance of regional approach in the control of ASF
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION




                            25

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Status and Impact of ASF in Cameroon

  • 1. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 Dr Andre Ngangnou Animal Pathology Dpt National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET) GAROUA - CAMEROON 1
  • 2. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 OUTLINE • INTRODUCTION • ASF in CAMROON • Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon • Control Measures • Conclusion • Perspectives 2
  • 3. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 1. Introduction 1.1. Overview of National Vet Services Far-North Country divided into Ten Regions North Distribution of National Vet North- Services West Adamaoua 10 Regional Delegations 58 Divisional Delegations West South-West 257 Sub Divisional Delegations Centre Littoral 700 Veterinary and zootechnical East Centres
  • 4. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 LANAVET 1. Introduction (Cont’d) 1.2. Pig population and Production system . Estimated to 2 millions. . Low annual Production: 42.000 tons of meat tons per year . Traditional sector: 30% of pig production (local breed, practiced all over the country) . Family sector: 50% of pig production (cross breed from local/exotic), practiced in 04 regions (North West, West, Centre and Littoral) . Modern sector: 20% of pig production (exotic breeds with Large White, Landrace et Duroc) ; characterized by adequate feeding system, practiced mainly in three regions (West, North West and Littoral) . More than 250.000 pig breeders are registered within the country 4
  • 5. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 2. ASF in Cameroon 2.1. 1982-2000 . First outbreaks registered in 1982 in Littoral regions . Origin of the introduction unknown, several hypothesis developed, but not confirmed . Controlled measures (Disinfection, stamping out, sanitary empty, financial compensation) . Disease not eradicated as endemic in the southern part of the country . A specialized ASF laboratory installed in Yaounde with the support of FA0 . Epidemiological survey carried out in 2004: 12% of sero prevalence
  • 6. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 2. ASF in Cameroon (Cont’d) 2.2. 2002-2009 . Country divided into three zones: Northern part (free), Buffer zone (Adamawa), Southern part (endemic) . Pig movements (trade) from free zone to endemic . Uncontrolled movements from the endemic zone to free (male bought from endemic areas to free areas, aiming at producing cross breed) . Development of the National Programme, aiming at improving pig breeding system (2005) . Trough out control measures, reduction of the incidence of ASF from 11% in 1988 to 4%, in 2006-2007
  • 7. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 ) 3.1. Keys epidemiological information . Early 2010: Suspicion of ASF based on unusual cases of mortality in the North and Adamawa regions. . Late 2010: Suspicion of ASF based also on unusual mortalities in the Far North Regions. 3.2. Field investigations: Teams: Mixed (Laboratory and technicians from the Ministry of Livestock) . 122 pig farms visited . 35 carcasses autopsied (22 in the North and 13 in the Far-North regions) Disinfection 7
  • 8. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan, Africa, BecA-ILRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d 3.3. Main clinical signs findings Uncoordinated movements, paresis, hyperaemia, anorexia, petechia (skin), ecchymosis of the abdominal skin and legs, death Skin hemorrhage (exotic breed)
  • 9. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d 3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d) Paresis Uncoordinated movements
  • 10. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon ((2009-2011) Cont’d 3.3. Main clinical findings (Cont’d) Skin hemorrhage (local breed)) Paresis (local breed)
  • 11. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3.4. Main post mortem findings Massive haemorrhage of the gastro-hepatic and lymphatic lymph nodes, petechial haemorrhage of the kidney and larynx, spleenomegaly. Spleenomegaly Hydrothoraxes
  • 12. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 ) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis .Tissues samples collected . Laboratory analysis - Serology (Blocking ELISA) - Multiplex ASF and CSF PCR techniques Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results . Results below (Adamawa region) Adamawa Entire blood 32 PCR 11 Positive Kidney 04 PCR 03 Positive Spleen 05 PCR 03 Positive Serum 58 ELISA 03 Positive Total Adamawa 99 20
  • 13. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa LANAVET BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011 ) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) Results (North region) Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results North Entire blood 13 PCR 07 Positive Kidney 06 PCR 00 Positive Spleen 04 PCR 02 Positive Serum 26 ELISA 01 Positive Total North 49 11
  • 14. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) 3.4.1. Results (Far North region) Region Samples Quantities Lab Techniques Results Far North Entire blood 36 PCR 13 positive Kidney 15 PCR 07 Positive Spleen 17 PCR 04 Positive Serum 36 ELISA 00 Positive Total North 104 24 Comments . Serology: -ASF Blocking ELISA, Ingezim PPA Compac, 11.PPA.K3, Ingenesa, Madrid, Spain -The kit uses polystyrene plates pre-coated with purified protein extract from VP73, major structural protein from ASFV
  • 15. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa Bech-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) 3.4.1.Results (Cont’d) Comments (Cont’d) PCR - Technique as described by Agüero et al. (1) protocol. - Primers as recommended by the OIE - A gel based multiplex RT-PCR assay for the simultaneous and differential detection of ASFV and CSFV in clinical samples as described by Agüero et al. used to screen the same samples - Suspicions confirmed based on Laboratory investigations (Serology and PCR)
  • 16. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) 3.4.1.Results (Cont’d) Comments (Cont’d) - At the same period, confirmation of the role of pig population movements as sources of the dissemination of the disease from the endemic zones (southern part of the country) to the previously free zones (northern regions) - PCR technique sensitive for the early detection - Country as a whole considered as infected
  • 17. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) 3.4.1.Results (Cont’d) Comments (Cont’d) • A total of 22 outbreaks (15 in 2010 and 7 in early 2011) confirmed by laboratory analysis out of about 40 reported in different farms of various infected localities in the three northern regions of Cameroon. • Out of theses 22 outbreaks, 20 confirmed by the detection of ASF viral DNA in tissues and whole blood samples using PCR • 2 out of 22 outbreaks confirmed using blocking ELISA for the detection of ASFV antibodies in sera. 17
  • 18. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 3. Recent Re-emergency of ASF in Cameroon (2009-2011) cont’d 3.4. Laboratory analysis (Cont’d) 3.4.1.Results (Cont’d) Comments (Cont’d) - Positive cases were registered using serology (three in Adamawa region and one in the in the North region. - Tissue samples of. A multiplex RT-PCR used to differentiate ASFV from CSFV - The multiplex RT-PCR detected only ASFV nucleic acids - No case of CSF detected 18
  • 19. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 4. Control Measures 4.1. Administrative . Ministerial decision N° 00150 (Ministry of Livestock) of 28 of April 2010 including: - Destruction of the Pig PARC in the Ngaoundere (Adamawa) railways station .- Stamping out of pigs reared in infected areas in Garoua and Ngaoundere down town - Banning pigs movements from the southern to the northern regions of the country - Closing of Pigs markets in Adamawa and North regions - Reinforcement of sanitary barrier created by the decision N° 00163/MINEPIA of 25 July 2006 - Involvement of each Regional Delegate in the implementation of all official decisions with regard to the eradication of ASF
  • 20. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 4. Control Measures (Cont’d) 4.1. Administrative . Ministerial decision N°00175 (Ministry of Livestock) of 10 May 2010, extending application of the ministerial decision N° 150 of the 28 April 2010 to the Far North Region . Decision of the 2nd of June, issued by the Diamare Divisional Officer declaring this Division infected and detailing sanitary measure to be put in place, mainly: - Banning free range pig rearing, pig trade markets, slaughtering, pig movement within and outside the Division ; - Implementation of the stamping out strategy in infected farms. - Liftage of implemented measures if negative results obtained in sero surveillance activities in infected areas three months after the last case, assuming that disinfection carried out in infected farms
  • 21. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 4. Control Measures (Cont’d) 4.2. Sanitary : stamping Out
  • 22. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 5. Conclusion . ASF introduced in Cameroon in 1982 . Although eradication measures put in place, southern regions of the country endemic with regard to ASF up to 2010 . In 2010, ASF outbreaks confirmed in the northern regions . In these regions, 14 subdivisions out of 75 were infected . Cause of the introduction of ASF in the Northern regions: Commercial activities . Mortality:15.373 animals . Control measures included: Administrative and sanitary
  • 23. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa LANAVET BecA-IlRI, CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 5. Conclusion (Cond’t) . Sanitary (Stamping out): 12.262 animals . Other measures implemented (banning of animals movements, pigs markets, etc.). . In 2011: only 02 (two) outbreaks registered (Far North region) . Although control measures put in place, ASF not eradicated . ASF: Mayor constraint in the development of pigs breeding in Cameroon . Estimated financial lost to National Economy: More that 40.000.000 USD per year . Main cause of inefficiency of control measures: lack of financial compensation after stamping out
  • 24. African Swine Fever Diagnostic, Epidemiology and Control: Identification of Researchable Issues Targeted to the Endemic Areas with sub-Saharan Africa BecA-IlRI and CSIRO-AusAID-Africa Australia Food Security Initiative LANAVET Workshop, Nairobi, 19-22 July 2011 6. Perspectives - Role of Ornitodorus moubata in the epidemiology of ASF (vector): yet to be determined - Role of Wild live as reservoir in the ASF spread in Cameroon: not excluded, but to be confirmed - Importance of tracing the source of infection using Molecular epidemiological investigation - Importance to constitute a bank of different strains of ASFV circulating in the country and its neighbouring countries - Importance of regional approach in the control of ASF
  • 25. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION 25