1.
Presentation
by
Dr. Anil Kane
President Emeritus
World Wind Energy Association
Chairman Emeritus
Indian Wind Energy Association
At
The 3rd Asia Energy Security Summit 2013
At Bang
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2.
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3.
The World Wind Energy Association
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4.
25 % of the People are in Darkness
Source: International Energy Agency
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5.
“ The Contribution of Wind Energy in
the Energy Mix of the World”
The fastest growing industry of the world today is
the Wind Energy. It had grown at a compound
rate of 23.6% for last 10 years. No industry in
the history has grown at this rate. Various
agencies have projected the demand by using
various methods.
The wind sector became a global job generator
and has created 6,70,000 jobs worldwide.
The wind sector represented in 2010 a turnover of
40 billion €.
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6.
Installed Capacity 2010
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7.
Country-Wise Total Capacity installed
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8.
Total Installed Wind Capacity 1997 – 2010 (MW)
Projection up to 2020
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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9.
Developed economies take lion’s
share in energy consumption
Per capita electricity consumption
17,179
13,338
11,126
kWh / year
7,689
5,642
1,900
631
Canada USA Australia France Russia China India
Source : International Energy Agency
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10.
Key growth drivers for wind energy - I
Concern Demand Catalysts
Aggressive global targets
Zero  Kyoto Protocol: CO2 emissions to reduce by
5.2% of 1990s levels by 2012
Climate Change carbon
and solution  EU declaration: 20% from RE by 2020
Global Warming  US: 21 States with 10% to 20% RPS mandates
 China RE law: 20% by 2020 from RE
 India: 10 States with 2% to 10% RPO mandates
Source : American Wind Energy Association
BTM Consult ApS World Market Update 2006
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11.
Key growth drivers for wind energy - II
Concern Demand Catalysts
 Hedge against geopolitical risks - local and
Local secured supply
Energy Security availability  No risk of fuel price volatility
 Socially, ecologically and economically
sustainable growth
Source : American Wind Energy Association
BTM Consult ApS World Market Update 2006
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12.
Key growth drivers for wind energy - III
Concern Demand Catalysts
 Energy - key to economic growth in developing
countries (India, China etc. require all sources
Increased Abundant quickly to bridge gap)
Electricity resource
Demand  Wind’s global electricity generation contribution
expected to increase from 0.82% in 2006 to
4.04% in 2016
Source : American Wind Energy Association
BTM Consult ApS World Market Update 2006
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13.
Key growth drivers for wind energy - IV
Concern Demand Catalysts
 Improvement in yields (cost/ kWh)
Cost  Cost / kWh of generation: US$ 0.03 - 0.06
competitiveness  Wind Energy directly competing with
Zero fuel
and hedging conventional power
cost
 Frozen lifecycle power cost for utilities
Source : American Wind Energy Association
BTM Consult ApS World Market Update 2006
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14.
CURRENT OPERATING COSTS
Though Wind Energy is a capital intensive proposition,
you will see from the figure, the operating cost of wind is
lower than any other method. Sometimes people think
that nuclear is cheaper, but that is not the case. On the
contrary, these figures regarding the operating cost of
nuclear system will be much higher than shown here
since the price of uranium also has skyrocketed like the
oil price. While the only steady operating cost is wind
since there is no raw material cost.
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15.
CURRENT OPERATING COSTS
3.69
4
Cost in cents per kilowatt hour
3.5
3
2.13
2.5 1.82
2
1.5 1
1
0.5
0
NUCLEAR COAL FIRED NATURAL GAS WIND
POWER PLANTS
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16.
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has
predicted that the world electrical energy requirement will
triple by 2050. The current electrical energy installation is
around 3.6 million MW, which will become about 11 million
MW. It is unthinkable to imagine this much quantity being
produced by fossil fuel. What will happen to the green
house gases (including carbon dioxide concentration) is no
more a guess work. It will make the world unsuitable for
life. We can keep these figures lower only by adopting
18th century life style. But this is not possible. If China
and India start consuming per capita electrical energy, as
much as what the US consumes, the figures are
unbelievably large.
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17.
The realization through out the world has come that this
Earth does not belongs to the present generation; it belongs
to our children and we have borrowed it from them. It is our
sacred duty that we return the earth in a better shape to our
children than what we have received from our forefathers.
The fossil fuels are finite and we must use them very
judiciously instead of burning them off for generation of
electrical energy. We must preserve them for high value
added petrochemicals and other important materials. The
basic definition of economics tells us “Economics is the
science which deals with ends and scarce means which have
alternate uses”. The fossil fuels are scarce and they have
better alternate uses than burning them off for energy.
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18.
Another important thing which normally people do not
realize is that with increase in the population of the
world, the demand for food grains is also increasing.
Consequently the demand for chemical fertilizers is
also increasing. All the chemical fertilizers, through
out the world, are produced by burning fossil fuels. If
we exhaust fossil fuel for energy, how are we going to
meet the increasing food demand for the inflating
population? We will have to resort to natural organic
fertilizers and preserve fossil fuels.
The recent studies carried out by the California Energy
Commission (CEC) mandated with the task of
periodically examining the cost of various electricity
generation technologies have clearly indicated that
most renewable technologies, even solar photovoltaic,
will be able to generate electricity at a lower price than
the nuclear power in 2018.
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19.
IOU – Investor-Owned Utility POU – Publicly-Owned Utility
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20.
Is the renewable energy capable of meeting
this incredible demand of electrical energy?
Intensive researches are going on in photovoltaic and its related
fields. The prices of PV cells are slowly dropping, but still they are
quite far from commercial viability without governmental supports.
It may become possible to economically produce large scale
electrical energy by PV within 45 years.
The tidal energy has limitations. You need a particular geographic
condition to have a tidal power plant. The only sizeable power
plant working in France is at a place called La Rance. It produces
240 MW for more than 40 years very successfully. It is estimated
that around 200,000 MW can be generated from various places
known to have a conducive situation for tidal energy production
around the world. The Government of Gujarat in India has
embarked upon an ambitious project called “Kalpasar” where 5800
MW of electrical energy will be produced by tidal power.
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21.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
Europe
Source : Stanford Edu. - Cristina L. Archer
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22.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
North America
Source : Stanford Edu. - Cristina L. Archer
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23.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
Asia
Source : Stanford Edu. - Cristina L. Archer
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24.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
Africa
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25.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
Australia
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26.
EVALUATION OF GLOBAL WIND POWER
South America
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27.
The study concludes that if only the areas having an annual
average wind velocity grater than 7 m/se are taken into
account, wind worldwide could produce approximately 72
trillion watt hours of electrical energy per year. This is equal
to about 54,000 million tones of oil equivalent. Even if only
20% of this power is captured, it is more than the total
energy requirement of the entire world for all purposes. If
we consider just the electrical energy requirement of the
entire world, this potential is seven times the world needs,
which is 1.6 to 1.8 Trillion Watt hours.
If we take into consideration areas which have got lesser
than 7m/sec wind velocity, and the offshore potential, the
figure will be astronomical.
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28.
While looking at the World map for the potential of wind energy, it
is clear that very large land mass of the earth fall under
uneconomical zone, having inadequate wind velocity for economic
electricity production.
Necessity is the mother of invention. People around the world are
working on designs which can produce electricity economically
even in these zones. Some such ideas are discussed here. They
are;
• Air Rotor System – Magenn
• Wind Mills in the Sky (Autogyro) - USA
• Wind Energy Marine Unit (WEMU) Being Developed in Russia
• Ladder Mill (Kiteplanes) - Denmark
• Multi-Rotor Shaft
• Vertical Axis Turbine
• Maglev Wind Turbine
• Linear Motor Frame
• Dual Rotor Design - Korea
• Wind Lens Turbine
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29.
Air Rotor System - Magenn
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30.
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31.
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32.
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33.
Wind Mills in the Sky
(Autogyro) - USA
Groups working in the US, Netherlands and Canada are readying to set up wind farms 9
kilometers up in the sky. This is where we have the so called jet stream, or corridors of high
velocity winds, which high altitude aircraft make use of while flying eastwards.
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34.
Wind Energy Marine Unit (WEMU) Being Developed in
Russia
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35.
Wind Energy Marine Unit (WEMU) Being Developed in
Russia
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36.
LADDERMILL (KITEPLANES) - Denmark
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37.
Multi-rotor Shaft
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38.
Maglev Wind Turbine
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39.
Linear Motor Frame
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40.
Linear Motor Frame
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41.
Dual Rotor Design - Korea
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42.
Wind Lens Turbine
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43.
Power Amplified Upper Level Aerogenerator - PAULA
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44.
Additional aspects needing attention
- To overcome fluctuation in wind power production on daily
as well as seasonal basis, large quantity of electrical energy
storage has become necessity. Considerable success has
been reported.
- It is necessary to make production of small wind turbines in
mass so that the current exorbitant prices can be brought
down to affordable levels If this happens, it is anticipated
that every roof top will have a small wind turbine/PV hybrid
system to meet domestic electrical demands. This is also a
very big portion of electrical consumption.
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45.
Recent developments have made it possible to store large
scale, MW hours, electrical energy. This will enable
a) Storing energy in off peak time and supply during
peak demand periods.
b) Smooth load and grid stability control.
c) Frequency and voltage fluctuation control.
d) Grid reinforcement.
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46.
Advances in
Technologies and work
on R & D Front
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47.
The commercial scale large storage equipment - 1
NAS Battery (Sodium Sulphur Batteries), Japan
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48.
NAS Battery (Sodium Sulphur Batteries), Japan
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49.
The commercial scale large storage equipment - 3
VANADIUM REDOX FLOW Batteries, Canada
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50.
The modern battery systems consists of
Lead Acid
Nickel Cadmium
Nickel-Metal Hydride
Sodium-Nickel Chloride
Lithium-Ion, etc. &
VANADIUM REDOX FLOW Batteries
Sodium Sulphur Batteries (NAS)
The specific storage capacity integrated by kWh
per kg is given in the table.
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51.
Techno-economic parameters for Chemical Storage batteries
Sodium
Nickel Sodium nickel Zinc Polysul Vanadium
Technical parameter Lead acid Lithium Ion
Cadmium Sulphur chloride bromine de-bromide redox
battery
Round-trip efficiency (%) 70-82 60-70 85-98 70-90 85-90 60-75 57-75 60-85
Self-discharge (% energy/day 0.033-0.3 0.067-0.6 0.1-0.3 0.05-20 15 0.24 - 0.2
Cycle lifetime (no.of cycles) 100-2,000 800-3,500 1,000-10,000 2,500 2,500 2,000 2,000 12,000-14,000
Expected lifetime (years) 3-20 5-20 5-15 5-15 10-14 5-10 10-15 5-15
Specific energy (watt-hour/kg) 30-50 50-75 75-200 150-240 100-120 30-50 10-50 10-30
Specific power (watt-hour/kg) 75-300 150-300 150-315 150-230 150-200 - - -
Energy density (watt-hour/litre) 50-80 60-150 200-500 150-250 150-180 30-60 16-60 16-33
Power density (watt/litre) 10-400 - - - 220-300 - - -
Cost
Power (S/kW) 175-600 150-1,500 175-4,000 150-3,000 150-300 175-2,500 330-2,500 175-1,500
Energy (S/kWh) 150-400 600-1,500 500-2,500 250-500 100-200 150-1,000 120-1,000 150-1,000
Balance of plant (S/kWh) 120-600 120-600 120-600 120-600 120-600 120-600 120-600 120-610
Operation and maintenance cost
1.8-52 6-32 12-30 23-61 23-61 15-47 18-96 24-65
(S/kW year)
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Source: Energy Storage Technology Review by Kyie Bradbury, August 2010 51

52.
In conclusion, the wind energy is
progressing very well and is going
definitely to come to the rescue of
the mankind. In my opinion, this is
the only source, which is in
abundance and can be economically
exploited without disturbing the
balance of nature.
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53.
Thank You
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