ISHA

1. GIT DISFUNCTIONS
ISHA ZULFIQAR

2. OBJECTIVE:
•Diarrhea
• Infectious
• Psychogenic
• Ulcerative colitis
•Constipation
• Vomiting
• Jaundice

3. INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA:
Step 1
•Bacterial infection
Step 2
•Large intestine irritated (enteritis)
Step 3
•Large quantities of water + electrolytes secreted from mucosa + normal viscid alkaline mucous
Step 4
•Dilute irritating factor + rapid movement of feces towards anus
Step 5
•Diarrhea with loss of large quantities of water & electrolytes recovery

4. CAUSES:
Enteritis
Inflammation of intestinal tract by
virus/ bacteria
Infectious diarrhea in large
intestine & distal part of ileum
Increased secretion & motility
Fluid wash irritants & propel food
Cholera
Colon bacilli toxin
Excessive electrolytes & fluid secretion
from crypts of leiberkuhn
10-12 liters/ day secreted, 6-8 liters
reabsorbed/ day
Excessive fluid loss 50% death
Treatment= IV + antibiotics no death

5. PSYCHOGENIC DIARRHEA:
• Accompanied by period of nervous tension
• Excessive stimulation of parasympathetic fibers
• Increase motility & secretion in distal colon

6. ULCERATIVE COLITIS:
Allergic/ immune destructive effects/ chronic bacterial infection
hereditary tendency
Disease of extensive area of large intestine (inflammation/
ulceration)
Increase motility/ Increased secretions  mass movement
diarrheal bowel movements
Ileostomy until healing (S.I contents to drain to exterior)
Surgical removal of ulcers if fail to heal

7. CONSTIPATION:
• Slow movement of feces through the large intestine associated with
large quantities of dry, hard feces in the descending colon
• Over absorption of fluids.
• Causes: tumors, adhesions, ulcers, irregular bowel habits of
inhibition of the normal defecation reflexes.
• Infant constipation due to inhibiting natural defecation reflex
• Atonic colon
• Can be due to spasms of small portion of sigmoid colon
• Excessive colonic secretions/ diarrhea

8. MEGACOLON (HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE):
• Constipation bowel movements once every several days or
once a week.
• Tremendous fecal matter accumulate in colon 3-4 inches
distension
• Cause: lack/ deficiency of ganglion cells in myenteric plexus of
sigmoid colon
• Sigmoid small & spastic mega colon in ascending, transverse
and descending colons.

9. thank
you